Nutrition Ch 4

hair, nails and skin make up the majority of this system

integumentary

most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the upper part of the small intestine....called __________

jejunum

the colon and the rectum are the major sections in this

large intestine

this organ makes cholesterol and uses lipid to make bile

liver

a hollow space in an organ or structure that is surrounded by walls

lumen

lungs are the primary structure in this system. They enable the body to exchange gases, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxed

lungs

kindey and bladder are components of this system.

urinary

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the _______. A. small intestine B. stomach C. large intestine D. esophagus

B

Involuntary muscle contractions that move swallowed material through the gastrointestinal tract are called _______. A. chyme B. defecation C. mastication D. peristalsis

D

structures in a cell that have specific functions

organelles

what is the typical enzyme ending?

ase

involves breaking down molecules...ie digestion

catabolic reactions

an inherited incurable disease that is usually diagnosed in early childhood. Certain cells produce thick, sticky mucus that blocks passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive systems.

Cystic fibrosis

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the _______. A. large intestine B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine

D

A vast number of bacteria normally live in the large intestine. T or F

T

the intestinal folds, villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the lumen, which helps increase nutrient absorption. T or F

T

the stomach produces gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid. T or F

T

each villus has an outer layer of epithelial cells called _______ ________

absorptive cells

synthesizing new compounds...ie repairing damaged tissue after an injury

anabolic reactions

carry blood away from the heart

arteries

a substance that prepares fat and fat-soluble vitamins for digestion and absorption. made by teh liver

bile

the extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it

bioavailability

frequent bowel movements with loos stools is considered _________. -this occurs when more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract, and the extra water softens and dilutes the stools.

diarrhea

the process by which large molecules in food are broken down into smaller ones, requires decomposition reactions.

digestion

mouth, teeth, esophagus, etc in this system have the primary purpose of breaking down large food molecules into smaller components so absorpution of these nutrients can occur

digestive

as chyme passes through the large intestine, the residue becomes semisolid and is called stools or _______. this contains undigested fiber from plant foods; a small amount of water, protein and fat; and some mucus and cells shed from the walls of the intestinal tract

feces

what can break down undigested food; make vitamins K, B-12, thiamin, and biotin

intestinal bacteria

about 1/6 americans suffer from this syndrome, a condition characterixed by intestinal cramps and abnormal bowel functions, particularly diarrhea, constipation and alternating episodes of both. -the cause of this is unknown

irritable bowel syndrome

filters unneeded substances rom the blood and helps body maintain proper fluid balance

kidneys

the section of the esophagus that is next to the stomach that after food enters the stomach constricts, clsoing and opening between the esophagus and the stomach. if this part does not properly function and relaxes while food is still in the stomach, reflux, the backflow of irritating stomach contents into the esophagus can occur and cause heartburn

lower esophageal sphincter

includes a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. what two systems are these that help the body defend against diseases

lymphatic and immune

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

metabolism

each absorptive cell on the villi has tiny harlike ________ at the end that faces the lumen of the small intestine

microvilli

what are elements such as calcium, iron and potassion referred to as? found in the earth's crust

minerals

organelles that play a major role in the generation of energy

mitochondria

where does digestion start?

mouth

The digestive system relies on many organs to digest food, absorb nutrients from food, and eliminate solid wastes. Arrange the primary organs of the digestive system in the order that they function for digestion, absorption, and elimination. colon, stomach, small intestine, rectum, mouth/salivary glands

mouth/salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum

a slippery alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes. basically protects the stomach from digesting itself.

mucus

this is composed of various tissues that function in a related fashion

organ

forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon. These are in a wide variety of foods, particularly fruits, veggies and whole grains

prebiotics

The digestive system relies on many organs and organ components to digest food and absorb nutrients from food. Arrange the digestive organs and organ components in the order that they function for digestion and absorption. Stomach, duodenum, ileum, pyloric sphincter, jejunum

stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, pyloric sphincter

cells that have similar characteristics and function are usually joined together in larger masses called _______

tissues

the lining of hte small intestine has circular folds that look like rings, and the surface is covered by tiny, fingerlike projections called ________

villi

occurs when this center in the brain interprets information from various nervous system receptors concerning the physical and chemical conditions of the stomach, small intestine and bloodstream. when a toxic chemical is detected, the center initiating this action by contracting the abdominal muscles

vomitting

Chemists measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in a watery solution by using the pH scale. Put the items on the left in order of most acidic (1) to least acidic/most basic (4). lemon juice, milk, baking soda, tomatoes

1. lemon juice 2. tomatoes 3. milk 4. baking soda

How does sucrose change the configuration (shape) of sucrase? A. By binding to the active site of the enzyme B. by changing the pH of the solvent C. by forcing it to fall apart when under pressue D. by competing for hydrolytic energy when they collide

A

in simple terms, sucrase ________ A. breaks sucrose into H, O, and C atoms B. breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose C. forms a disaccharide from a monosaccharide D. joins glucose and fructose together to form sucrose

B

how often can a sucrase enzyme be used to Hydrolyze sucrose? A. never B. once C. many times D. twice

C

frequent choking on food A. gallstone formation B. Lac of hydrochloric acid production C. liver cancer D. loss of teeth

D

what enables the nucleus to control various cellular activities, inclusding cell division and enzyme production?

DNA

Digestion begins in the stomach. T or F

F

the general name of a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines. -the inflammation disrupts digestion and nutrient absoprtion, and damages the intestines. -ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease are two common forms of this.

Inflammatory bowel disease

chemicals that elicit a _____ are often poisonous, so you are more likely to eat sweet tasting food and reject these

bitter

heart, blood and blood vessels are in this system

cardiovascular

the acidic stomach contents mix with alkaline fluids secreted by the pancreas and gallbladder. this process neutralizes the acidity of chyme and enables enzymes that function in more alkaline conditions to work. part of the small intestine

duodenum

comprised of organs and tissues, such as fat cells, that produce a variety of chemical messengers called hormones

endocrine

a molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes (speeds up) a particular chemical reaction

enzyme

the _______ is a flap of tough tissue that prevents the food from entering the larynx and trachea

epiglottis

what type of chemical reactions occur during digestion (water breakdown)

hydrolytic

the last portion of the small intestine

ileum

muscles are the main organ of this system. this system enables movement ot occur and stability for the body

muscular

the brain, spinal cord and nerves throughout the rest of the body make up this system

nervous

waves of muscular activity that help propel material through the digestive tract

peristalsis

structures involved in the assembly of proteins

ribosomes

the small intestine relies on _________ to help in digestion. This involves regular contractions of ringlike intestinal muscles followed by muscular relaxation to mix chyme with a short portion of the small intestine

segmentation

what is beneficial for stimulating appetite and detecting nutrients or toxic substances in substances that enter the mouth?

taste

What helps relay information about the chemicals dissolved in saliva to a pat of the brain that identifies the particular tase based on past experiences?

taste buds

what nutrients are already in their simplest form and are not digested but absorbed?

water, cholesterol, minerals and most vitamins

Poor fat digestion A. gallstone formation B. Lac of hydrochloric acid production C. liver cancer D. loss of teeth

A

What organ produces bile? A. liver B. stomach C. small intestine D. pancrease

A

overgrowth of harmful bacteria A. gallstone formation B. Lac of hydrochloric acid production C. liver cancer D. loss of teeth

B

where is sucrase found in the human body? A. in the pancreas B. on the microvilli in the small intestine C. on surface of the gastric linind D. in the liver

B

Inability to store many nutrients A. gallstone formation B. Lac of hydrochloric acid production C. liver cancer D. loss of teeth

C

The presence of ______ stimulates a reflex that facilitates the elimination of solid wastes from the body. A. food in the stomach B. chyme in the duodenum C. feces in the rectum D. saliva in the mouth

C

all of the following stimulate the secretion o HCl in the stomach EXCEPT ... A. the smell of food B. the distention of the stomach as it fills with food C. the presence of iron in food D. the taste of food

C

Undigested food rots in your stomach, causing toxic materials to build up in your tissues. T or F

F

the atom is the smallest living unit in the body. T or F

F

poorly digested forms of carbs including fructose in fruit, table sugar and high-fructose corn syrup

FODMAPs

lack of dietary fiber low water intake anxiety depression changes in typical routine can all change pattern of what

bowel movements

arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels until they form ________, which are tiny blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick

capillaries

what the stomach contents are called with in a semisolid liquid state...this happens after the churning of the food

chyme

when bowel movements occur less frequently an/or are difficult to eliminate, the condition is called _________

constipation

the primary function of the ________ is to transfer a mass of swallowed food into the stomach

esophagus

a watery solution that contains hydrochloric acid and some enzymes. this is very acidic

gastric juice

frequent heartburn and may include nausea, gaggin, coughin or hoarseness. if not treated properly, the lining of the lower esophagus and contributes to the development of esophageal ulcers.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

the mouth, esophagus, stomach and small/large intestines are the major structures of the digestive system...otherwise referred to as the ?

gastrointestinal tract

the small intestine should have few of these but the large intestine is home to a vast number of various species of bacteria called _____ ____________

gut microbiota

this bacteria damages the protective mucous coating that covers the lining of the stomach. when this happens, stomach acid comes in contact with the stomach lining and destroys it.

h pylori

gnawing pain or burning sensation generally felt in the upper chest, under the breastbone. -caused by the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus

heartburn

an iron-containing protein in red blood cells, carries most of the oxygen in the blood

hemoglobin

eating a high or low fiber diet appears to reduce the level of protein fermentation in the gut?

high

an internal chemical and physical environment that supports life and good health

homeostasis

this organ produces and secretes more of the enzymes that break down carbs, proteins and fat in the GI tract. This organ also secretes bicarbonate ions that neutralize HCl in chyme when it enters the duodenum.

pancreas

a sore that occurs primarily in the lining of the stomach or the upper small intenstine. symptoms include: burning pain in the upper abdominal area that occurs when the stomach is empty such as between meals or durin ght enight

peptic ulcer

live, beneficial intestinal microbes (primarily bacteria or yeast) that have been grown under lab conditions they may help prevent the diarrhea that often occurs when antibiotics are taken. may be useful in treating IBS.

probiotics

feces remain in the rectum ______, the lowr portion of the large intestine, until muscular contractions move the material into the anal canal and then out the body through the anus

rectum

men and woman have different parts in this system. the primary purpose is to produce children

reproductive

when food comes in contact with ___________ or other watery fluids, certain molecules in the food dissolve.

saliva

bones, tendons and ligaments are the principle organs of this system. they provide the support, movement and protection for the body

skeletal

what type of ion stimute your taste buds to detect salty taste; a food that tastes salty may contain other mineral nutrients as well

sodium

the ________ taste can indicate the presence of ascorbic acid, more commonly known as vitamin C

sour

foods that tase _______ usually contain more carbs, more energy sources for your cells

sweet