Nutrition ch.7

High quality(complete) protein

A _________ contains all essential amino acid's and amounts that support protein deposition in muscles and other tissues, as well as a young child grow

wheat, rice, and corn

Cereal grains such as __________are good sources of tryptophan and methionine, but they tend to be low in lysine

Kwashiorkor

Children affected by _____ have stunted growth; unnaturally blond, sparse, and brittle hair, and patches of skin that have lost their normal coloration

Kwashiorkor

Children with ____ have some subcutaneous fat and swollen cheeks, arms, legs, and bellies that make them look well fed, but there appearance is misleading

energy

Muscle cells can deaminate certain amino acids and use their carbon skeletons for

Amino acids

Nitrogen containing chemical units that comprise proteins

Amino acids

Regardless of how much protein is eaten, A child will fail to grow properly if his or her diet lacks essential

True

The shape of a protein is important because it influences the compounds activity in the body

Genetics

This plays a major role in the risk of food allergies

True

To make proteins cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to the information provided by DNA

Vegan

Total vegetarian, eats only plant foods

Skin, blood, nerve, bone

_________- all cells in your body- contain proteins

pregnancy, infancy, and puberty, and when people are recovering from illness or injury

Positive balance occurs during periods of rapid growth such as

Dispensable and indispensable

Sometimes, nonessential an essential amino acids are referred to as ______ amino acids

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Soon after the polypeptides enter the small intestine, the pancreas secretes protein splitting enzymes, including

Enzymes

Speed up the rate of chemical reactions without becoming a part of the products

Essential amino acids

The remaining nine amino acids are ______ that must be supplied by foods, because the body cannot synthesize them or make enough to meet its needs

Edema

The resulting accumulation of fluid into tissues is called

Abdominal bloating, chronic diarrhea, and weight loss

The signs and symptoms of celiac disease very from person-to-person but usually include

Dehydration

Excess amino acid or protein intake can lead to____, because the kidneys need more water to dilute and eliminate toxic waste products of amino acid metabolism and urine

True

Foods differ not only in the amount of protein they contain but also in their protein quality

Kwashiorkor

Form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein

Pepsin

Gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides

Nonessential amino acids

Group of amino acids that the body can make

Complementary combination

Mixtures of certain foods that provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins

Polypeptides

Most naturally occurring proteins are ________ compressed of 50 or more amino acids

Quinoa and soy protein

Most plant foods are not sources high quality proteins. But _________ are exceptions

Fat

Peas, lentils, and most kinds of beans contain more protein and complex carbohydrates than _____

True

People often associate animal foods with protein, but beans, nuts, seeds, grains, and certain vegetables are good sources of protein to

True

People with low incomes , especially the elderly, are at risk of protein deficiency

Amino or nitrogen-containing group

Portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen

Semivegetarian

Avoids red meat but consumes other animals foods, including fish poultry and eggs and dairy products

True

It is not necessary to consume all essential amino acids during a meal for the body to utilize them for growth

Marasmus

Sever PEM cause extreme weight loss and a condition called _____ which is commonly referred to as starvation. Obvious signs of this is weakness and wasting

Conditionally essential

Several nonessential amino acids are "_______", which means they become essential in certain situations

Peptides

Small chains of amino acids; usually contain fewer than 15 amino acids

Collagen

Structural proteins such as __________ are in your cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue

food allergen labeling and consumer protection act

The US Congress passed the ______, which required food manafacturers to identify potential allergenic ingredients

Allergen

The _____ is a protein, Some proteins in a food that eaten does not undergo digestion, and the small intestine absorbs the whole molecule

Liver

The _____ keep some amino acids for its needs and releases the rest into the general circulation

Liver

The ______ is the main site of nonessential amino acid production

High quality proteins

______ are well digested and absorbed by the body. Ex: Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk and milk products

Keratin

______ is another structural proteins; it is in your hair, nails, and skin

DNA, peptide bond

______ supplies the directions for synthesizing each protein and the "hook" on each bead is a ______

70, 22

______% of muscle tissue is water and only about ___% is protein

Vegans

______Have lower calcium intake's and higher risk of bone fractures then vegetarians Who include milk and milk products and their diet

Blood proteins

______Help counteract the effects of blood pressure by attracting the fluid, returning it to the bloodstream

Animal food

_______ are among the best dietary sources of essential amino acids

Legumes

_______ are plants that produce pods that have a single row of seeds, such as soybeans, peas, peanuts, lentils, and beans

Vegetarians

_______ rely heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods and their diets

Egg

________ protein generally rates very high for protein quality because it is easy to digest and has a pattern of essential amino acid's that closely resembles that needed by humans

Metabolic processes

_________ can produce acidic or basic by-products

Glucose

After an amino acid undergoes deamination, the carbon skeleton that remains can be used for energy or converted to other compounds, such as

Obesity, type two diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers

Compared to people who eat meat, vegetarians tend to have a lower risk of

Ovovegetarian

Eats eggs to obtain animal protein

Dipeptide's, tripeptides, and individual amino acids

Enzymes released by the absorptive cells of the small intestine break down most of the shortened peptides into

Plants and animals

Humans have obtained amino acids directly by eating

Plants, animals, bacteria, and even viruses

These contain hundreds of proteins

Proteins

________are also necessary for your blood to clot properly

Ribosomes

mRNA transfers the information concerning the amino acid sequence from the nucleus to____, protein manufacturing sites in the cytoplasm

Polypeptide acid chain

when assembly of the new protein has been completed, the_____coils and folds into a three dimensional shape that is characteristic of that particular protein

Nonessential amino acids

A healthy human body can make 11 of the 20 amino acids. These compounds are the

Acid group

Acid portion of a compound

Kwashiorkor and marasmus

At one time, nutrition experts thought there were only two types of PEM; the distinctions between these conditions are often blurred because protein deficiency is unlikely when a persons energy intake is adequate

True

At the ribosome, the amino acid that has been delivered by tRNA attaches to the peptide chain, lengthening it

Proteins

Complex organic molecules that are chemically similar to lipids and carbohydrates because they contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen Atoms

Lactovegetarian

Consumes milk and milk products, including yogurt, cheese, and ice cream, to obtain animal protein

Limiting amino acids

In most instances, tryptophan, threonine, lysine, and the sulfur-containing amino acid's methionine and cysteine are the ________ in foods

Walnuts, cashews, and almonds

Tree nuts include

Nitrogen

Urinary elimination of urea and creatinine accounts for most of the lost

Exercising regularly, practicing relaxation activities(meditation) and avoiding tobacco products and excess alcohol

Vegetarians often adopt other healthy lifestyle practices, such as

Lactoovovegetarian

consumes milk products and eggs to obtain animal protein

Dipeptide

A ______ forms when two amino acids bond and a molecule of water is released in the process

Buffer

A _________ can protect the pH of a solution

Peptide bond

A chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

Celiac disease

A common inherited condition that results in poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells, is comprised of four polypeptide chains coiled together

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Breakdown polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids

As a result, the body can use the amino acids and pasta for growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues

By mixing large amounts of cooked pasta with smaller amounts of lysine Rich meat, seafood, chicken, or cheese, the proteins and the animal food enhance the quality of the wheat proteins

Insulin and glucagon

Certain hormones, such as_____________, are proteins

Trye

Certain parts of plants contain more proteins than other parts. Seeds, tree nuts, and legumes supply more protein per serving than servings of fruit or the edible leaves, roots, flowers, and stems of vegetables

Hormones

Chemical messengers that regulate body processes and responses, such as growth, metabolism, and hunger

Hives, Red bumps that usually appear on the skin, swollen for itchy lips, skin flushing, scaly skin rash (eczema), difficulty swallowing, wheezing and difficulty breathing, and abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea

Common signs and symptoms of food allergies include

Pancreatic cancer

Consumption of red meat, pork, and processed meats is associated with an increased risk of

Melanin

Contractile proteins in your muscles enable you to move, and the pigment protein _______ determines the color of your eyes, hair, and skin.

True

Daily nitrogen losses also occurred as your nails and hair grow, and when you shed The outermost layer of your skin and cells from your intestinal tract

ammonia

Deamination occurs primarily in the liver. Liver cells remove NH2 from glutamic acid, forming _______, A highly poisonous waste product

Poor girl, slowed recovery from illness, and even death

Diets that contain low quality proteins can result in

Denaturation

Does not kill a protein, but the process usually permanently alters the proteins shape and functions

Resistance exercise

During ______, proteins in working muscles break down, but protein synthesis occurs during the recovery period that follows and lasts about 24 to 48 hours. As a results, muscles grow larger and stronger

Starvation

During ________, The level of protein and blood decreases, as a result, some water leaks out of the bloodstream and enter spaces between cells

edema

During starvation, levels of these proteins decline, resulting in _____, which can make the protein deficient child look plump and overfed instead of thin and under nourished

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Each specific ________ molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosomes

True

If a particular body fluid becomes too acidic or two basic, cells can have difficulty functioning and may die

Food allergy

Immune system cells in the small intestine recognize the food protein as a foreign substance and try to protect the body by mounting a defensive response; in response the person who is allergic to the food experience signs and symptoms

Amino acids

In living things, the beaded chains are proteins that contain

Marasmic kwashiorkor

In many cases, the child suffering from kwashiorkor does not obtain enough energy and eventually develops ________, A condition characterized by edema and wasting

Anaphylactic shock

In severe cases, sensitive people who are exposed to food allergens can develop _______ A serious drop in blood pressure that affects the whole body

Nutrients and oxygen

In the bloodstream, proteins transport

Antibodies

Infectious fighting _____ are proteins

Human growth hormone (HGH)

Injecting various amino acids into the bloodstream can stimulate the pituitary gland in the brain to release _____

Gene

Is a portion of DNA that contains information concerning the order of amino acids that comprise a specific protein

Carbon skeleton

Is an important component of an amino acid, because the body can convert the carbon skeletons of certain amino acids to glucose and use the simple sugar for energy

Quinoa

Is botanically related to sugar beetsand spinach, but the quality and amount of protein in the seeds are superior to those of many cereal grains. When cooked it is often used as cereal

Low-quality (incomplete) protein

Lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. The human digestive tract does not digest these sources as efficiently as foods containing high quality protein

B-12

Pregnant vegan women should consult with her physicians about the need to take ____ because it is important to have in breastmilk so that the baby doesn't develop severe developmental delays associated with neurological damage

FDA

Prepared rules for the gluten-free on product labels

Kwashiorkor

Primarily occurs in developing countries where mothers commonly breastfeed they infants until they give birth to another child. The older youngster, who is usually a toddler, is fairly healthy until abruptly weaned from its mothers milk to make way for the younger sibling.

Soy beans

Processed ________ are used to make a variety of nutritious foods, including soy milk, infant formula, and substitutes; eating this may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers

Dietary protein

Protein digestion and absorption is very efficient: very little ______ escapes digestion and is eliminated and feces

Chronic diseases, particularly heart disease, colorectal cancer, and possible prostate cancer

The typical Western diet that contains high amounts of meat protein and saturated fat is associated with increased risk of certain

Gene

To begin the process a section of the DNA double helix unwinds, exposing a

Legumes, grains, seeds, and tree nuts

To ensure an adequate mix of proteins, combine one or more foods from at least two of the plant food groups

7.35 to 7.45

To function properly, blood and tissue fluids need to maintain a pH of _______, which is slightly basic

Positive nitrogen balance

When the body is in a state of ________ it retains more nitrogen then it loses as proteins or added to various tissues

Denatured

When you cook egg white, it becomes white and firm as its proteins become

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A rare genetic metabolism disorder that affects 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 15,000 infants in the us

Denaturation

A protein undergoes__when it is exposed to various conditions that alter the macronutrients natural folded and coiled shape

True

Adding sunflower seeds kernels, kidney or black beans, cashews, and bread cubes to a salad boosts the amount of protein and provides a complete mix of amino acids

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Affects people whose diets lack sufficient protein as well as energy. The failure to consume nourishing food also results in vitamin and mineral defiencies; underweight is often a sign

Villi

After a person with celiac disease eats foods or is exposed to substances that contain gluten, stimulates the body to mount an immune response in the small intestine that inflames or destroys ___

True

Although cells can use proteins for energy, normally they metabolize very little for energy, conserving the nutrient for other important functions that carbohydrates and lipids are unable to perform

True

Americans consumed more protein from meat, fish, and poultry than from plant foods

Liver

Amino acid's are the end products of protein digestion. After being absorbed, the amino acid's enter the portal vein and travel to the _______ where they may enter the general circulation

Endogenous

Amino acids that are not incorporated into proteins become part of a small amino acid pool, can be used for future protein synthesis, The amino acid pool is an _____, or internal, source of nitrogen

Essential amino acids

Amino acids the body cannot make or make enough to meet its needs

Food allergy

An inflammatory response that results from the bodies immune system reacts inappropriately to one or more harmless substances in the food

Sickle cell anemia

An inherited condition characterized by abnormal hemoglobin; is a common genetic disorder that generally affects people with African, Caribbean, or Mediterranean ancestry

In fact, animal foods, including eggs and milk product, supply almost 2/3 of the protein in American diet

Animal foods contribution the largest share of the protein in your diet

True

Animal foods generally provide a higher amounts of protein then similar quantities of plant foods

Saturated fat and cholesterol

Animal sources of protein are often rich sources of

43

Approximately____% of the protein and an average persons body is in his or her skeletal muscle mass

Dipeptides and tripeptides

Are compounds that consist of two and three amino acids

High-protein diets

Are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because it leads to higher than normal urinary losses of the mineral nutrient calcium

Green peas

Are good sources of lysine, but they contain low amounts of tryptophan and methionine

Vegetarian diets

Are often lower in fat and energy than "Western diet" that contain animal foods, particularly plenty of red meat

Heart disease and cancer

Are the leading causes of death in developed countries, including the US

Deamination

As a result of ________, The amino acid that gives up it's amino group becomes a carbon skeleton

True

During the translation process, ribosomes read mRNA. The coded instructions indicate which amino acid to add to the polypeptide chain and it's sequence

Amino or nitrogen-containing group, the R group(side chain), and the acid group

Each amino acid has a carbon atom that anchors a hydrogen atom and three different groups of Atoms

Wasting

Is the loss of Organ and muscle proteins as the body tears down these tissues to obtain amino acid's for energy metabolism

Tryptophan, threonine, lysine, and methionine

Most plant foods are poor sources of one or more essential amino acids, particularly

Nuts, seafood, and wheat

Most youngsters outgrow their food allergies by the time they are five years old. But allergies to these items are usually never outgrown

Lean or low fat meat

Myplate food plan:Americans should choose ______ meat and poultry

Enzymes

Nearly all _____ are proteins

True

Nearly all foods contain protein, but no naturally occurring food is 100% protein

Starvation, serious bonuses, and severe injuries

Negative balance occurs during

Nitrogen balance or nitrogen equilibrium

Normally, and adults body maintains its protein content by maintaining _________, that is balancing nitrogen intake and proteins turnover with losses

Protein turnover

Not all pro team must be supplied by the diet.________Is the process of breaking down old or untreated proteins into their component amino acid's and recycling them to make new proteins, occurs constantly within cells

Nonessential or essential

Nutritionists classify amino acid's as either_______according to the bodies ability to make them

PKU

Occurs when cells are unable to produce an enzyme that converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to other compounds. As a result phenylalanine or its toxic by products build up in tissues and damage cells including nerve cells in the brain

Transamination

Occurs when the nitrogen containing is transferred to another substance to make an amino acid; these reactions are reversible

Nitrogen balance

Overtime, resistance training induces a state of positive ______

R group

Part of amino acid that determines the molecules physical and chemical properties

Serving the two foods together as a peanut butter sandwich provides adequate amounts of these essential amino acids

Peanuts are a fair source of lysine. Bread contain some methionine but low in lysine.

Protein undernutrition

People suffering from alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or certainintestinal tract disorders are at risk of

celiac disease

People with ______ cannot tolerate foods that contain gluten, a group of related proteins in wheat, barley, and rye.

Protein-rich diets and amino acid supplements

People with liver or kidney diseases may need to avoid______ because metabolizing the axis amino acids is a burden to their bodies

Dehydration

Potentially life-threatening condition in which the body is water level is too low

Pepsin

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where hydrochloric acid denatures food proteins and ______, an enzyme, digest proteins into smaller polypeptides

Double helix

Protein synthesis begins with DNA in the cells nucleus. DNA is a twisted, two stranded molecule referred to as a

Acid - base balance

Proteins also help maintain ___________, The proper pH of body fluids

Amino acids

Proteins are comprised of smaller chemical units called

Buffers

Proteins can act as_____, because they have acidic and basic components

Albumin

Proteins in blood, such as_____, also help maintain the proper distribution of fluids and blood and body tissues

Vegetarian diets

Provide more fiber, phytochemicals, folic acid(vitaminB), vitamins E and C, and the minerals potassium and magnesium; often supply less saturated fat and cholesterol then diets that include animal foods

anemia (blood disorder) osteoporosis (weak bones), infertility, liver disease, and intestinal cancer

Serious health problems such as _____can result from untreated celiac disease

True

The element cells need to make a wide array of important biological compounds

Limiting

The essential amino acid's that are in relatively low amounts are referred to as _________ amino acids, because they reduce the proteins ability to support growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues

0.66

The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein is _______ g of protein/kg of body weight

Pregnancy, breast-feeding, periods of rapid growth, and recovery from serious illnesses, love losses, and burns

The estimated average requirement EAR for protein increases during

True

The extra amino acids undergo deamination, and cells convert the carbon skeletons into glucose or fat, or metabolize them for energy

Blood pressure

The force of____moves watery fluid out of the bloodstream and into tissues

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

The gene undergoes transcription, that is, the sequence of its amino acids is copied in a special manner, forming ________ in the process

Digestive systen

The human _______ is designed to digest large protein molecules from the mixture of proteins that naturally occurs in foods

20

The human body contains proteins made from___different amino acids

Omnivores

The intestinal tract is able to obtain nutrients from both plants and animals, and humans are______ nevertheless, eating more plant and animal sources of protein may provide important health benefits

True

The kidneys filter urea, small amounts of ammonia, and creatinine from blood and eliminate the compounds in urine

Urea

The liver can use the ammonia to make ____, A metabolic waste product that is released into your bloodstream

Amino group

The nitrogen atom is in the

resistance exercises

The only effective way to increase muscle mass safely is to combine a nutritionally adequate diet with a program of muscle strengthening exercises, particularly __________, such as weightlifting

Deamination

The process of removing the nitrogen containing group from an unneeded amino acid

Negative nitrogen balance

When the body is in a state of ________, The body loses more nitrogen then it retains and protein intake is less than what the body needs

Carbon skeleton

When the nitrogen containing group is removed, the R group, acid group, and anchoring carbon atom form the "______" of an amino acid

True

When the translation process is complete, the ribosome releases the polypeptide, and the new protein generally undergoes further processing at other sites within the cytoplasm

protein

While following high-protein weight loss diets to lose weight, people often report decreased feelings of hunger and increased sense of fullness after meals. This response is probably because ______ contributes to fullness to a greater extent than fat or carbohydrate

True

With PKU you need to avoid rich sources of phenylalanine such as nuts, milk product, eggs, meats, and other animal foods, soft drinks, and anything containing aspartame

DNA

Your body makes proteins information coded in your ____, the hereditary material in a cells nucleus

Exogenous(dietary)

Your body obtains about two-thirds of its amino acid supply from endogenous sources and the remainder from ______ sources

Nitrogen

Your body uses amino acids to replace the lost

Proteins

______ are necessary for muscle development and maintenance, but the more then 200,000 different proteins in your body have a wide variety of functions