Nutrition Chapter 12

Approximately how many people in north america have HIV or aids?

1.5 million

What is the magnitude of the increase in risk for CVD for a person with a blood pressure reading of 140/80 compared with the optimum blood pressure?

100%

Type 2 diabetes usually develops after people reach the age of?

40

What term describes an abnormal cell mass that is not cancer? A) Benign tumor B) Promoting tumor C) Malignant tumor D) Premalignant tumor

A) Benign tumor

What is the best predictor for risk of a stroke? A) Blood pressure B) LDL-cholesterol C) HDL-cholesterol D) Trans-fatty acid intake

A) Blood pressure

Which of the following describes the actions of a carcinogen? A. Cancer-initiating substance B. Cancer-inhibitory substance C. Cancer treatment substance D. Cancer antipromoter substance

A. Cancer-initiating substance

A substance that causes cancer is a: A: Carcinogen B: Antipromoter C: DNA-modifier D: RNA-modifier

A: Carcinogen

Presently, HIV is known to be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated body fluids from all of the follwing sources except? A: saliva B:blood C:semen D:vaginal secretions

A: saliva

potatoes that are fried or baked at high temperatures are a source of the carcinogen

Acrylamide

which of the following is a characteristic of gender and coronary heart disease?

At every age, men have a higher risk for CHD

Strategies to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in people who drink include limiting daily alcohol intake to A) 1 drink for both women and men. B) 1 drink for women and 2 for men. C) 2 drinks for both women and men. D) 2 drinks for women and 4 for men.

B) 1 drink for women and 2 for men

Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV or AIDS? A) HIV but not AIDS is curable B) AIDS develops from HIV infection C) Optimal nutrition can prevent but not cure HIV D) Since the 1990s, the death rate from HIV and AIDS has increased markedly

B) AIDS develops from HIV infection

Immunoglobulins are produced primarily by A) T-cells. B) B-cells. C) antigens. D) phagocytes.

B) B-cells.

What happens to the risk for CVD for a person with a blood pressure of 120/90? A) It is halved B) It is doubled C) It is unchanged D) It is reduced by 25%

B) It is doubled

Among the following lifestyle changes, which is least effective at reducing blood pressure? A) Adopting the DASH eating plan B) Limiting daily alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks C) Reducing body weight to achieve a BMI of less than 25 D) Performing physical exercise for 30 minutes per day, 5 days a week

B) Limiting daily alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks

What is the primary reason for increased urine output in uncontrolled diabetes? A. Insufficient levels of circulating insulin permit the kidneys to lose excess water B. High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine drawing water with it by osmosis C. Excess circulating insulin affects the output of antidiuretic hormone which allows greater losses of water D. Large amounts of body fat and glycogen are broken down resulting in increased release of cellular water

B. High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine drawing water with it by osmosis

Which of the following is not among the functions of the t-cells? A: Recognition of antigens B: production of antibodies C: Release of killer chemicals D: Suppression of the immune system when appropriate

B: production of antibodies

Phytochemicals that induce cancer cells to die are known to be contained in? A: Brewed green tea B: Brewed senna leaves C: The myrrh plant resin D: Cold-pressed valerian root

Brewed in Green Tea

Approximately what percent of people with high blood pressure are sensitive to salt? A) 5-10 B) 15-25 C) 30-50 D) 100

C) 30-50

A person's level of C-reactive protein appears to be a strong predictor for A. cancer. B. diabetes. C. a heart attack. D. HIV progression.

C. a heart attack.

A tumor that releases cells leading to the spread of cancer to other regions of the body is said to A. promote. B. augment. C. metastasize. D. infiltrate downstream.

C. metastasize.

People who use diuretics are most at risk of developing imbalances of? A: Sodium B: Calcium C:potassium D: phosphate

C: potassium

A person who hasn't consumed anything except water for the past 8 hours has a blood glucose concentration of 101 mg/dL. This person would be classified as A: normal B: diabetic C: prediabetic D: impaired glucose tolerant

C: prediabetic

The DASH diet was developed to lower the risk for: A: Cancer B: diabetes C:hypertension D: metabolic syndrome

C:hypertension

Which of the following is a characteristic of factors associated with hypertension? A) Most people with hypertension have BMIs <25 B) Most people with hypertension are extremely salt sensitive C) Three to 4 alcohol drinks per day lowers risk for hypertension D) African Americans develop high blood pressure earlier in life and their average blood pressure is higher than others

D) African Americans develop high blood pressure earlier in life and their average blood pressure is higher than others

Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet? A. Age B. Gender C. Heredity D. Low HDL level

D. Low HDL level

A person with diabetes is most likely to develop A. AIDS. B. cancer. C. diverticulosis. D. strokes and heart attacks.

D. strokes and heart attacks.

Calcium-channel blockers are drugs chiefly for the treatment of: A:Atherosclerosis B: prostate cancer C: type 2 diabetes D: high blood pressure

D: high blood pressure

Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?

It is an autoimmune disorder

The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot that broke away from arterial plaque is termed:

an embolism

Ace inhibitor drugs are prescribed primarily to treat?

hypertension

Brooke is a 42 year old obese person who seems to be always hungry and thirsty. She is constantly drinking sodas and likes to end her dinner every night with a piece of chocolate cake and ice cream. After going to the doctor, Brooke is diagnosed with diabetes. Which of the following types of diabetes does Brooke most likely have?

Type 2

Microangiopathies are disorders of the: A: Kidneys B: pancreas C: capillaries D: coronary vessels

capillaries

The frequent urination common in diabetes is known as

polyuria

The percent risk of developing hypertension later in life when the blood pressure is normal at age 55 is?

90

In the development of plaque, what is thought to be responsible for oxidation of LDL cholesterol during the inflammatory phase? A) Free radicals B) Beta-blockers C) P-reactive protein (PRP) D) Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A

A) Free radicals

Which of the following is a characteristic of arterial plaque? A) Size of the plaque is not as important as composition B) Stabilization of the plaque occurs with moderate intake of alcohol C) The amount of C-reactive protein in the plaque is a marker for high risk D) The rough surface of plaques promotes neutrophil aggregation and antigen formation

A) Size of the plaque is not as important as composition

Which of the following is the most likely reason that a blood pressure reading should be repeated before confirming a diagnosis of hypertension? A) The person reacted emotionally to the procedure B) Blood pressure measuring devices often give inaccurate readings C) The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too tightly on the arm D) The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too loosely on the arm

A) The person reacted emotionally to the procedure

Which of the following statements describes a risk factor for high blood pressure? A) Three alcohol drinks per day increases the risk for developing high blood pressure B) Most people are genetically sensitive to sodium and will develop high blood pressure from excess salt intake C) Ninety-five percent of people under 50 years of age with high blood pressure respond favorably to low salt intake D) Ninety-five percent of people with high blood pressure who restrict salt intake show a significant decrease in blood pressure

A) Three alcohol drinks per day increases the risk for developing high blood pressure

Beverly is a 48-year-old woman with a strong family history of atherosclerosis. She eats a diet high in fat, smokes, and doesn't exercise much because she typically works 12-hour days. Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains. Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack. Which of the following would be the most definitive predictor of this suspicion? A) Platelet count B) C-reactive protein concentrations C) LDL cholesterol serum concentrations D) HDL cholesterol serum concentrations

B) C-reactive protein concentrations

Which of the following statements represents current thought regarding the development of cancer? A) Dietary fat appears to be protective against many types of cancer B) Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer C) Food contaminants play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer D) Dietary protein from animal sources appears to be protective against many types of cancer

B) Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer

Stefan was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. He is very scared about this new diagnosis because no one in his family has ever had it and he hasn't ever heard of it. His primary care physician refers him to your office for some counseling on his modifiable risk factors. Which of the following topics will you most likely discuss with Stefan? A) What medications to take B) How to improve his atherogenic diet C) How to slow down his aging process D) How to map out his family tree, identifying all relatives with heart disease

B) How to improve his atherogenic diet

Peripheral resistance is affected primarily by the resistance of A) the ventricles in the atria. B) blood flow in the arterioles. C) the carotid arterial flow in the brain. D) blood flow in the portal venous system.

B) blood flow in the arterioles.

The DASH diet is actually the acronym for A) Dramatic Alternatives to Solving HIV. B) Diabetes and Sodium Hyperglycemia. C) Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. D) Disorders-Associated Severe Hyperlipidemias.

C) Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

Why is complementary and alternative medicine considered to be unconventional medicine? A) It is not taught in medical schools B) Insurance companies refuse to cover it C) Safety and effectiveness are not well established D) It is used primarily by chiropractors and herbalists

C) Safety and effectiveness are not well established

Which of the following cooking techniques for meats results in the least formation of carcinogens? A) Frying B) Grilling C) Broiling D) Marinating before cooking

D) Marinating before cooking

Conventional medicine and alternative medical therapies are commonly linked together into a practice called A. interactive therapy. B. yin and yang medicine. C. herbal-assisted healing. D. complementary medicine.

D. complementary medicine.

In the measurement of blood pressure, the units are expressed as?h A: cm of silver B: cm of dept C:mm of plaque D:mm of mercury

MM of Mercury

What is the name of the cancer-treatment substance first extracted from the bark of old Pacific yew trees (and now synthesized in the laboratory)?

Paclitaxel