Nutrition Chapter 12

How long should you wait before introducing solid foods?

-4-6 months - do so gradually (every 2-3 days) -Between 6 and 12 months, add toast, Zwieback teething biscuits

why is breast milk important from infancy to 1 year?

-Designed to support optimal growth & development - composition is uniquely superior for infant feeding. - Research shows that breastfeeding decreases the incidence and/or severity of infectious diseases *breastfeeding for the first 6 month of life is very important

What are the serving size guidelines for toddler?

-Fruit or vegetable serving 1 Tbsp. per years of age -2 to 2.5 cups milk per day

what are the eating characteristics of children 4-6 years of age?

-Independence -Variable hunger and appetite levels -Continue to introduce new foods -Food jags

Premature infants

-Infant born before 37 weeks of gestation -Sucking reflex not developed until 34 weeks of gestation -Infants born earlier require total parenteral nutrition, tube feedings, or bolus feedings

what are the eating characteristics of children 7 to 12 years of age?

-Peer influences increase -Healthy snack options -Nutrition requirements

what happens with birth weight from infancy to 1 year?

-doubles by 4-6 months of age - triples by 1st birthday; length increases by 10 inches.

What is the best solid food to start your baby on?

-iron-fortified rice cereal - New foods should be introduced in plain and simple foods, one at a time for a period of 2 - 3 days - peanuts or peanut butter should be avoided

At what age does whole milk become a major source of nutrients?

1 year

What is the suggested amount of calories for females aged 12-18?

2000

What is the suggested amount of calories for males 12-18?

3000 -Requirements for calcium and iron (for males only) are higher during adolescence than at any other time in the life cycle.

What nutrients are most likely to be deficient?

Fiber, vitamin A, calcium, iron, and potassium

what happens with growth during adolescence?

Period of rapid growth and physical changes -20% adult height, 50% adult weight

nutrients most likely to be deficient in a female adolescent's diet are a. vitamin A and folate b. protein and vitamin C c. zinc and phosphorus d. iron and calcium

d. iron and calcium

What is one way to help prevent obesity in children?

educate the parents

what are some foods that may cause choking in infants?

grapes, hot dogs, nuts and seeds, popcorn, raw carrots (pg.257 Box 12.5)

What do adolescents have an increased need for?

iron

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend about milk?

low-fat or nonfat milk not be started until after the age of 2 years

what are some good sources of calcium?

milk, yogurt, turnip greens, spinach, cottage cheese, ice cream, sardines

Should breast feeding stop when solid foods are introduced?

no, even after solid foods are introduced, breastfeeding should continue until at least the first 12 months of age

what is one of the biggest hazards of formula feeding?

overfeeding

What are some good sources of nonheme iron?

raisins, bean dip, peanut butter, canned plums, cooked apricots

motivational interviewing

a goal-oriented, client-centered counseling style that facilitates and engages intrinsic motivation to change behavior.

which groups are adolescents most likely to eat in inadequate amounts? (select all that apply) a. whole grains b. vegetables c. fruits d. meat

a,b,c

a mother asks why todlers shouldn't drink all the milk they want. Whoch of the following is the nurse's best response? a. "consuming more than the recommended amount of milk can displace the intake o iron-rich foods from the diet and increase the modeler's risk of iron deficiency anemia." b. "consuming more than the recommended amount of milk increases the risk of milk allergy." c. "too much milk can lead to overhydration." d. "consuming more than the recommended amount of milk will provide too much protein."

a. "consuming more than the recommended amount of milk can displace the intake o iron-rich foods from the diet and increase the modeler's risk of iron deficiency anemia."

calorie requirements during adolescence a. are higher than during adulthood because of growth and development changes. b. peak early and then fall until adulthood is reached c. are lower than during childhood d. cannot be generalized because individual variations exist

a. are higher than during adulthood because of growth and development changes.

Whens should juice be introduced?

after 6 months old

what is the fundamental cause of overweight and obesity?

an imbalance between calorie intake and calorie expenditure. -Prevention of obesity is critical.

What is milk anemia?

an iron deficiency anemia related to excessive milk intake, which displaces the intake of iron rich foods from the diet.

the nurse knows her instructions about introducing solids into the infant's diet have been effective when the mother states a. "babies should be introduced to solid foods at 1-3 months of age." b. "new foods should be given for at least 2-3 days so that allergic responses can be easily identified." c. "infants are more likely to accept infant cereal for the first time if is is mixed with breast milk or formula and given from a bottle." d. "the appropriate initial serving size for solids is 1-2 tbsp."

b. "new foods should be given for at least 2-3 days so that allergic responses can be easily identified."

which of the following would be the best snack for a 2 year old? a. popcorn b. banana slices c. fresh cherries d. raw celery

b. banana slices

Why should infants not be put to bed with a bottle of milk?

because they could get caries/cavities

the client asks if her 10 year old daughter needs a weight loss diet. which of the following would be the nurse's best response? a. "rather than a diet at this age, you should just forbid her to eat sweets and empty calories." b. "because prevention of overweight is more effective than treatment, you should start to limit her calorie intake by only serving low-fat and artificially sweetened foods." c. "ten year old girls are about to enter the growth spurt of puberty, and it is natural for her to gain weight before she grows taller. diets are not recommended for children, although healthy eating and moderation are always appropriate." d. "she needs extra calories for the upcoming growth spurt, so you should be encouraging her to eat more than she normally does."

c. "ten year old girls are about to enter the growth spurt of puberty, and it is natural for her to gain weight before she grows taller. diets are not recommended for children, although healthy eating and moderation are always appropriate."

Which statement indicates the mother understands the nurses' instructions about breast feeding? a. "breastfeeding should only last 5 minutes on each breast." b. "sometimes, babies cry just because they are thirsty, so a bottle of water should be offered before breastfeeding begins to see of the infant is just thirsty." c. "the longer the baby sucks, the less milk I will have for the next feeding" d. "the first breast offered should be alternated with each feeding."

d. "the first breast offered should be alternated with each feeding."