Nutrition Chapter 15: Life Cycle Nutrition: Toddlers through the Later Years

________ deficiency may affect a person's sense of taste, which in turn could reduce their ability to consume nutritious foods.

A zinc

The inadequate consumption of what nutrient can reduce peak bone mass, making the adolescent more prone to fractures later in life?

Calcium

The increase in childhood obesity is due entirely to fast-food intake. True or False?

False Fast food is only part of the problem. Too little exercise and too much screen time also contribute.

arthritis

Inflammation in the joints that can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling

A deficiency of which nutrient can cause lasting effects to a child's cognition, behavior, and overall development?

Iron

Teen boys and girls are at risk for a deficiency of which of the following? Fat Vitamin C Iron Vitamin A

Iron Teenagers are growing at a rapid rate and they require adequate iron to make muscle mass. Teen girls need to replace monthly losses of iron caused by menstruation.

epiphyseal plate

The growth plate of the bone. In puberty, growth in this area leads to increases in height.

life expectancy

The number of years a person is expected to live

Lunches served under the National School Lunch Program must meet certain nutritional standards. True or False?

True Lunches served under the National School Lunch Program must meet certain nutritional standards.

Young children often get "stuck" on particular foods. True or False?

True Young children often go on "food jags" or may get hooked on particular foods and eat only those items.

Older adults need fewer _______.

calories

toddlers

children between the ages of 1 and 3

school-aged children

children between the ages of 6 and 11

Because they are still growing but have diminished appetites (compared with infants), toddlers and preschoolers should

consume nutrient-dense foods. Toddlers need to eat nutrient-dense foods in order to obtain all the nutrients they need. Their smaller appetites mean they aren't likely to eat large meals, and foods high in fat and sugar may add significant calories without contributing many nutrients.

childhood overweight and obesity

excess body fat in children

bone mineral density (BMD)

the amount of minerals, in particular calcium, per volume in an individual's bone

adolescence

the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

There appears to be a relationship between the rise in childhood obesity and the increase in

type 2 diabetes in children. Rates of type 2 diabetes among children have risen along with rates of overweight and obesity.

picky eating

unwillingness to try unfamiliar foods

food jags

when a child will only eat the same food meal after meal

________ or less is the recommended intake of daily sodium from the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans for those over the age of 50.

2300 miligrams

If a child wants to eat only macaroni and cheese for a week, what is this an example of?

A food jag

Approximately how many calories do active toddlers ages 2 to 3 require each day?

Active toddlers ages 2 to 3 require 1,000 to 1,400 calories each day. Sedentary toddlers require 1,000 to 1,200 calories daily. Meals and snacks for toddlers should consist of small portions of protein-rich foods, such as lean meat, eggs, poultry, dairy products, beans, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Moderately active children ages 4 to 8 and sedentary girls ages 9 to 13 require 1,400 to 1,600 calories daily. Moderately active boys ages 9 to 13 require 1,800 to 2,200 calories daily. Moderately active boys ages 14 to 18 require 2,400 to 2,800 calories daily.

Physical changes that occur during adolescence include all of the following EXCEPT: decreasing body fat stores development of secondary sex characteristics increasing lean muscle mass lengthening and thickening of bones

Adolescence is the stage of the life cycle between the start of puberty and adulthood in which many transformations occur. Decreasing body fat stores is NOT a physical change that occurs during adolescence. In fact, body fat stores actually increase during adolescence. Other physical changes that occur during adolescence include appearance of secondary sex characteristics such as pubic and axillary (underarm) hair, growing taller and heavier, increasing lean muscle mass, and the lengthening and thickening of bones. Adolescents must eat a balanced diet with adequate amounts of protein, calcium, vitamin D, and iron during this vital time of growth.

Adolescent acne is largely caused by ________.

Adolescent acne is largely caused by hormonal changes. Hormonal changes during adolescence are also responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics, such as pubic hair, and a lower speaking voice in boys. Girls experience breast development and their first menstrual period due to these hormonal changes. Eating fatty foods, having inadequate fluid intake, and drinking too much chocolate milk are not healthy habits, but they do not cause acne. Some research suggests, however, that a Mediterranean diet pattern may reduce the risk for acne.

Adults of any age who have coronary heart disease should be following a heart-healthy diet that limits all of the following EXCEPT ________. protein from plant sources saturated and trans fats cholesterol sodium

Adults of any age who have coronary heart disease do not have to limit their intake of protein from plant sources. They should be following a heart-healthy diet that limits saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium, and includes protein from plant sources, whole grains, lean meat, seafood, and low-fat dairy. Coronary heart disease is caused by a buildup of plaque that restricts the flow of blood to the heart.

Which of the following conditions in the elderly can result in fractured bones?

Alcohol abuse

Carcinogens, or cancer-causing agents, include which of the following? Alcohol Tobacco Red and/or processed meats

All of the above Alcohol, tobacco, and red and/or processed meats are all associated with an increased risk for cancer.

Which of these factors is/are associated with the high rate of obesity among school-age children? Children are overeating, taking in excessive energy. Children are not getting enough physical activity to expend the energy they consume. Children are spending too much time on their screens (i.e., watching television, video games, computer).

All options are correct. The high rate of obesity among school-age children is associated with many factors. Children are overeating, taking in excessive energy. Children are spending too much time on their screens (i.e., watching television, video games, computer) and are not getting enough physical activity to expend the energy they consume. As a result, the childhood obesity rate has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years.

Which of the following foods would be the best source of dietary calcium for a young toddler? whole or low-fat milk fortified orange juice fortified soy beverage

All options are correct. Whole or low-fat milk, fortified orange juice, and fortified soy beverage are good sources of dietary calcium for a young toddler. Eight ounces of milk, fortified soy beverage, or fortified orange juice each provide about 300 milligrams of calcium. Children between 1 and 3 years of age should consume 700 milligrams of calcium per day.

Which of the following is a benefit of eating breakfast? It boosts academic performance. It leads to higher school attendance rates. It promotes a higher-quality diet.

All options are correct. Children who eat breakfast typically have higher school attendance rates and better academic performance, and breakfast contributes to a higher-quality diet. Eating a morning meal improves blood glucose levels, which positively affects a child's ability to learn. Children can eat a healthy breakfast at home or at school through the School Breakfast Program.

Which of the following is an appropriate tip from ChooseMyPlate.gov to help parents and caregivers make healthy choices for children? Eat foods from every food group every day. Cook with healthy fats. Be physically active on a regular basis.

All options are correct. Eating foods from every food group every day, cooking with healthy fats, and being physically active on a regular basis are all tips from ChooseMyPlate.gov to help parents and caregivers make good food choices for children. Eating foods from every food group every day allows children to get a wide variety of foods, helping ensure they are meeting their nutrient needs. Healthy fats, such as olive oil, tub margarine, avocados, and nuts, are part of a balanced diet. Regular physical activity helps balance calories consumed to promote a healthy weight. Children should get at least 60 minutes of physical activity daily while limiting screen time to 1 to 2 hours per day.

________ absorption declines with age and suggested intakes change with time.

Calcium

Which mineral supports healthy bone development and is particularly important during adolescence?

Calcium Adolescents need adequate amounts of calcium to support their growing bones. Vitamin D is not a mineral but is also very important for bone growth.

Which of the following two nutrient needs increase with age? Vitamin B12 and fat Calcium and vitamin D Protein and carbohydrates Vitamin K and calories

Calcium and vitamin D The need for both vitamin D and calcium is increased in older adults. Whereas vitamin B12 absorption decreases with age, fat, protein and carbohydrate needs do not increase. Vitamin K and calories are necessary for health, but you don't need them in higher amounts as you age.

Which nutrients are particularly important during adolescence to ensure adequate bone and muscle growth?

Calcium, vitamin D, and iron are particularly important during adolescence to ensure adequate bone and muscle growth. During this period of rapid bone growth, inadequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D can result in low peak bone mass and increase fracture risk now and decades later. Compared with earlier in their childhood, adolescents need additional iron to support muscle growth and increased blood volume, and teen girls need more iron than boys to offset iron loss in menstruation. Because many adolescents live in the "here and now," they may not realize the long-term health consequences of poor diet and lifestyle habits they might adopt during these years. It's important for them to make healthy food choices to get adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals.

preschoolers

Children between the ages of 3 and 5

Children may need to be exposed to a food ______ before accepting it.

Children may need to be exposed to a food repeatedly (10 to 15 times) before accepting it. Caregivers should keep offering an array of nutritious choices to children, even when they don't accept new foods right away. Children will often adapt to the foods available to them.

Which of the following is NOT something a teenage girl could eat to prevent iron-deficiency anemia? Citrus fruits Fortified grains Lean meats Poultry

Citrus fruits

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Collective term for a group of brain disorders that make it difficult or impossible for a person to communicate and relate to others and may also be characterized by repetitive activities.

Which of the following probably has the most influence on older adults' ability to consume a nutritious diet? Eating three meals a day Working outside the home Television-watching habits Living on a fixed income

Living on a fixed income Older adults who may have a limited income may not be able to purchase adequate amounts of healthy foods to meet their nutrient needs. Dental problems, including ill-fitting dentures and tooth loss, may limit their food choices based on their inability to chew certain nutritious foods such as meat. Excessive alcohol in the diet displaces nutritious foods, and alcohol use increases the risk of falls and injuries.

In which disease does the immune system attack the tissue of the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis

_______ is recommended for those over 50 to consume via fortified foods and supplements to benefit their body.

Synthetic vitamin B12

Fiber and _______ can help keep older adults regular while also potentially reducing the risk of diseases like obesity and heart disease.

fluids

Teens' rapid rate of growth increases their nutrient needs from childhood. True or False?

True An adolescent's rapid rate of growth must be supported with a balanced eating plan that includes adequate amounts of protein, calcium, vitamin D, and iron.

Older adults don't need as many calories daily as they did when they were younger. True or False?

True Because a person's metabolism slows naturally with age, older adults need fewer calories than their younger counterparts.

Toddlers don't grow as quickly as infants do. True or False?

True Between the ages of 1 and 4, small children are extremely active and may not be interested in eating at mealtime.

Young children who fill up on low-iron foods, such as milk and juice, may have an iron deficiency. True or False?

True In small children, iron deficiency is often caused by a limited diet that relies too heavily on milk or other iron-poor food sources.

Preformed _______, which is stored in the body, may increase the risk for osteoporosis and fractures.

Vitamin A

The skin's ability to make _______ from sunlight declines with age.

Vitamin D

Congregate meals are

hot meals that are served at a site in the community, such as at churches and synagogues. Congregate meals allow older adults in a community to meet and eat hot meals together. Older adults who are homebound can request that a healthy meal be delivered to their home. A variety of frozen meals can be purchased at the grocery store by adults of all ages.

Breakfast is important for school-aged children because

it improves alertness and ability to concentrate throughout the day. School-aged children who eat breakfast have been shown to perform better in school and to have higher rates of physical activity and lower rates of obesity. Breakfast doesn't have to be eaten at the table, as caregivers can provide "to go" foods for children if they are in a hurry.

dementia

loss of memory alone with confusion and disorientation

congregate meals

meals served at churches, synagogues, or other community sites where older adults can receive a nutritious meal and socialize

peak bone mass

the genetically determined maximum amount of bone mass an individual can build up

food insecurity

the inability to satisfy basic food needs due to lack of financial resources or other problems

According to Ellyn Satter's Division of Responsibility, parents are responsible for

when, where, and what a child is offered to eat. The Division of Responsibility suggests that it is a parent's responsibility to decide what foods children are offered to eat, as well as when and where they eat, while children are responsible for how much they eat, if anything at all.

Which of the following cancer-fighting nutrients acts by neutralizing free radicals, which can damage cellular DNA?

Antioxidants

Because older adults are at increased risk for constipation, they need adequate __________ and ____________ in their diets.

Because older adults are at increased risk for constipation, they need adequate fluid and fiber in their diets. Adults of all ages need adequate dietary fiber as part of a healthful diet to prevent many chronic diseases and to promote elimination. As adults age, their kilocalorie requirements decrease, which often leads to lower fiber intake. Additionally, aging causes individuals to lose their ability to detect thirst, which often leads to dehydration. This combination of dehydration and low fiber intake contributes to constipation as the stool becomes hard and compacted in the colon. Fluid and fiber work together to help prevent constipation, so older adults should consume high-fiber foods such as whole-wheat bread, cereals and grains, vegetables, and whole fruit, along with adequate amounts of fluids such as water and milk. Although calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 are important nutrients, they do not help alleviate constipation.

All of the following are physiological changes that typically occur with aging EXCEPT ________. decreased body fat decreased lean tissue (muscle mass) decreased bone density decreased metabolism

Decreased body fat is NOT a physiological change that typically occurs with aging. Rather, body fat typically increases. The body's metabolic rate declines with age, and, generally speaking, older adults require fewer kilocalories than younger adults. This decline in energy needs is often a result of lean tissue loss, primarily muscle mass, and less physical activity. As people age, bone density decreases. Adequate protein, calcium, and vitamin D are important to help maintain as much bone mass as possible.

What activity can a child do that will improve blood glucose levels, help maintain healthy body weight, and support learning comprehension?

Eat breakfast every day

Which of the following is not a practice that is encouraged by ChooseMyPlate.gov? Eating foods from every food group every day Using healthy fats Eliminate unhealthy foods from your diet Choosing healthier foods from each group

Eliminate unhealthy foods from your diet

Food insecurity among elders is not an issue in the United States. True or False?

False Financial circumstances or reduced mobility can cause older adults to experience food insecurity.

Alcohol abuse is extremely rare among older adults. True or False?

False Older adults sometimes turn to alcohol to deal with discomfort, loneliness, or boredom.

Once a child refuses a food, there is no point in offering it again. True or False?

False Parents and caregivers may need to offer foods several times before a child accepts the food.

Which of these foods will help provide teen girls with the extra iron they need to offset what is lost during menstruation? fortified grain products and lean meats, poultry, and seafood fresh fruits and vegetables milk, yogurt, and cheese

Fortified grain products and lean meats, poultry, and seafood can help provide teen girls with the extra iron they need to offset what is lost during menstruation. Adolescent males also need additional iron (as compared with earlier in their childhood) to support muscle growth and increased blood volume. Most fresh fruits and vegetables (except for dried fruit and dark, leafy greens) do not provide significant amounts of iron. Foods rich in vitamin C boost the absorption of nonheme iron found in plant foods. The calcium in milk, yogurt, and cheese can interfere with and reduce the absorption of iron.

What food is the leading cause of fatal food-related choking in children?

Hot dogs are the leading cause of fatal food-related choking in children. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under age 4 not be offered foods that are easily lodged in the airway, including nuts, raw carrots, popcorn, peanuts and peanut butter, seeds, marshmallows, raisins and other dried fruit, chunks of meat or cheese, chewing gum, and round candy. Hot dogs, grapes, and string cheese pose less of a choking risk when cut into small pieces.

In older adults, which of the following is a mineral important to a healthy immune system? zinc calcium vitamin C vitamin A

In older adults, the mineral zinc is important to a healthy immune system. Zinc is also involved in the sense of taste. Zinc is found in lean meat, poultry, fortified cereals, dairy foods, and legumes. Adequate calcium is especially important to help prevent the loss of bone mass with age. Vitamin C and vitamin A are vitamins, not minerals.

_____________ neutralize(s) free radicals which may help prevent cancer from spreading to nearby tissues.

One-third of cancer cases in the United States are related to patient risk factors such as being overweight or obese, having a sedentary lifestyle, and/or having a poor diet. Some compounds in the diet can help reduce a person's risk of cancer. Antioxidants, such as carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, neutralize free radicals, possibly helping prevent cancer from spreading to nearby tissues. Phytonutrients can help to prevent certain cancers, and retinoids (vitamin A) can stop cancer progression by inhibiting progression of damaged cells. Fiber may help to prevent cancer by helping to eliminate cancer-promoting waste products from the digestive tract quickly. Additionally, healthy bacteria in the intestines feed off of dietary fiber, which helps to fight against cancers.

When is peak bone mass typically achieved?

Peak bone mass is typically achieved by early adulthood. Adolescents experience rapid bone growth. By age 18, teens have accrued about 92 percent of their peak bone mass. Bone mineral density continues to increase until early adulthood. Inadequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D in adolescence can result in low peak bone mass and increase fracture risk now and decades later.

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Previously designated as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). A condition in which can individual may be easily distracted, may have difficulty listening, following directions, and focusing and sustaining attention, and/or may have inconsistent performance in school.

Which of the following tips will NOT help toddlers develop healthy eating habits? Toddlers should be limited to only three meals a day. Parents/caregivers should not encourage toddlers to eat more than they want at mealtime and snacktime. Children should not be encouraged to eat while watching television. Parents/caregivers should use plates and cups sized for children to help ensure proper portion sizes.

There is no need to limit toddlers to three meals a day. Toddlers are extremely active, have smaller stomachs than older children, and may eat less at mealtimes. Offering meals and snacks with small portions of protein-rich foods, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is key to ensuring that a toddler consumes adequate calories, protein, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. To help develop healthy eating habits in toddlers, parents and caregivers should not encourage toddlers to eat more than they want at mealtime and snacktime. Parents and caregivers should use plates and cups sized for children to help ensure proper portion sizes. In addition, children should not be encouraged to eat while watching television as this behavior increases the risk for excessive weight gain.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why older people need fewer calories as they age? They are consuming additional fiber Metabolic rate has declined They are often less physically active There has been loss of muscle mass

They are consuming additional fiber

Young children are prone to ________ deficiency, which can interfere with their cognition and behavior.

Young children are prone to iron deficiency, which can interfere with their cognition and behavior. Children should be offered iron-rich foods, including lean meats and poultry, and fortified grains, such as breakfast cereal, on a daily basis, and their intake of iron-poor food sources, such as juice and milk, should be monitored. Young children meet their calcium needs by consuming milk and other dairy products and calcium-added foods. They can meet their vitamin D needs by drinking fortified milk and taking a dietary supplement. Adequate folate intake is crucial for women who are capable of becoming pregnant. They should consume 400 micrograms of folic acid every day from dietary supplements, fortified foods, or both, to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.

A deficiency of what nutrient can affect both the immune system and the sense of taste?

Zinc

cancer

a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

a type of dementia