Nutrition chapter 2

Four main goals of The Dietary Guidelines for Americans

-Balance kilocalories to manage weight -reduce these foods and food components -increase these foods and nutrients -build healthy eating patterns

Food Labels have...

-name of the food -net weight of food minus the weight of package -name and address of the manufacturer or distributor -list of ingredients in descending order by weight, heaviest item first -nutrition facts panel include -nutrition information -serving sizes uniform among similar products -how serving fits into overall daily diet -uniform definitions for descriptive label terms -accurate health claims

3 types of FDA approved food product claims

-nutrient content claims -health claims -structure/function claims

three types of health claims

1) authorized health claims 2) health claims based on authoritative statements 3) qualified health claims -all based on amount of scientific evidence available for statement

MyPlate

A food guidance system that illustrates the recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) nutrient goals -promotes proportionality, moderation, variety, and personalization

What are the key principles of healthy eating?

Balance Moderation (portion size) Variety Choosing nutrient dense food

take home message on food labeling

FDA regulates the labeling on packaged foods. Must contain name, net weight, name and address of manufacturer, list of ingredients, standardized nutrition info. FDA regulates use of nutrient content claims, health claims, structure function claims. Must meet criteria and be truthful.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Guidelines published every five years by the Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture that provide dietary and lifestyle advice to healthy individuals aged 2 and older to maintain good health and prevent chronic diseases. They are the basis for the federal food and nutrition education programs

What is energy dense food?

High in energy but low in volume

What is nutrient dense food?

High in nutrients but low in volume

Daily Values (DVs)

Reference values developed by the Food and Drug Administration and used on nutrition labels to describe the amount of a nutrient provided in one serving of the food -Help Americans plan what food to buy -one standard -adequacy vs. moderation

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Reference values for nutrients developed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, used to plan and evaluate the diets of healthy people in the U.S. and Canada. It includes the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), the Adequate Intake (AI), the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). -Made to improve American intake of individual nutrients to enhance health and prevent chronic disease

Anatomy of the Nutrition facts panel

Serving sizes calories per serving nutrients that should be limited in diet dietary components and nutrients need more of in their diet Daily values (general reference values) footnotes of summary of DV % DV if food is high or low in nutrient of dietary substance

Take Home message of DRIs

Specific reference values that help individuals determine daily nutrient needs to maintain good health, prevent chronic disease, and avoid unhealthy excess. The reference values include EAR (don't use this amount for diet), RDA (aim for this), AI (aim for this), UL (don't exceed this), and AMDR (stay in range). The EER can help determine the appropriate amount of energy needed to maintain a healthy bod weight given one's age, gender, height, weight, and activity levels.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

The amount of daily energy to maintain a healthy body weight and meet energy needs based on age, gender, height, weight, and activity level -amount of energy needed to maintain energy balance

Can a high sugar or added sugar food also be nutrient dense?

Yes. Energy dense foods can also be nutrient dense.

Exchange lists

a diet planning tool that groups foods together based on their carbs, protein and fat content. one food on the list can be exchanged for another food on the same list -use tool for creating meal plans based on macronutrient content and total kilocalories of food

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

a healthy range of intakes for the energy-containing nutrients - carbs, proteins, and fats - expressed as a percentage of total daily energy. The AMDRs for adults are 45 to 65 percent carbs, 10 to 35 percent protein, and 20 to 35 percent fat -Ensure that the intake of energy nutrients is adequate and proportionate to physiological needs (meets needs but doesn't increase risk of disease) -crosses over cultural differences

Nutrition facts panel

area on the food label that provides a list of specific nutrients obtained in one serving of food

Nutrient content claims

claims on the food label that describe the level or amount of a nutrient in the food. ie. free, high, reduced, lite check table 2.9

health claims

claims on the food labels that describe a relationship between a food, food component, dietary ingredient, or dietary supplement and a disease or a health-related condition has 1) a food or dietary compound and 2) a corresponding disease or health-related condition that is associated with the substance

structure/function claims

claims on the label that describe the role of a nutrient or dietary compound that is proposed to influence the structure or function of the human body. ie. calcium builds strong bones -dietary supplements need to provide disclaimer

take home message on MyPlate

depicts the five food groups using the familiar mealtime visual of a place setting. part of the USDAs web-based initiative providing information, food guidance system, and personalized daily food plan to help build a healthy diet based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. consume nutrient dense food- fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean dairy and protein foods - but limit energy-dense foods, which provide kilocalories from solid fats and added sugars but little nutrition.

proportionality

relationship of one entity to another. vegetables and fruits should be consumed in a higher proportion than dairy and protein foods in the diet

nutrient requirements

the amounts of specific nutrients needed to prevent malnutrition or deficiency; reflected in the DRIs

Adequate Intakes (AI)

the approximate daily amount of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the needs of similar individuals within a population group. The Food and Nutrition Board uses AIs for nutrients that do not have enough scientific evidence to calculate an RDA -estimated formal reference value based on judgment of FNB members -set without having established a requirement -used when more research needs to be done on nutrient -infants only use AIs because can't get RDA

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

the average daily amount of a nutrient needed by 50 percent of the individuals in a similar age and gender group (by age and gender) -good starting point to determine the amount of a nutrient individuals should consume daily for good health - peak of bell curve (mean)

Toxicity

the level of a nutrient intake at which exposure to a substance becomes harmful

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

the maximum daily amount of a nutrient considered safe in a group of similar individuals -highest amount of nutrient unlikely to cause harm if consumed daily -higher consumption risks toxicity -not all foods have a UL

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

the recommended daily amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all individuals (97 to 98 percent) in a similar age and gender group. The RDA is set higher than the EAR (based on EAR) -RDA cannot be calculated if EAR is not set -set at 2 SD above the mean -first created

food guidance systems

visual diagrams that provide a variety of food recommendations to help a person create a well balanced diet