Nutrition Chapter 4: Human Digestion and Absorption
62) Fiber and starches not digested in the small intestine may be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine to form ________. A) short-chain fatty acids and flatus B) long-chain fatty acids and bile C) short- and long-chain fatty acids D) simple sugars and flatus
A) short-chain fatty acids and flatus
41) Which substances can be absorbed in the small intestine? A)Glucose, Minerals, Amino acids, Vitamins, Alcohol B)Sucrose, Lactose, Fats, Alcohol, Protein C)Starch, Fats, Glucose, Protein, Alcohol D)Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Alcohol, Protein
A)Glucose, Minerals, Amino acids, Vitamins, Alcohol
74) Gluten is best described as ________. A)a protein found in wheat and related grains B)a carbohydrate found in wheat and related grains C)a substance found in wheat and related grains that causes irritable bowel disease D)a medication used to treat celiac disease
A)a protein found in wheat and related grains
45) Amino acids and glucose enter cells by ________. A)active transport B)passive diffusion C)facilitated diffusion D)endocytosis
A)active transport
59) An example of a probiotic is ________. A)bacteria in yogurt B)fiber in whole wheat bread C)calcium in milk D)digestible carbohydrates in bananas
A)bacteria in yogurt
10) The 4 primary types of tissue are ________. A)epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous B)gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, muscle, and immune C)gastrointestinal, endocrine, nervous, and cardiovascular D)skeletal, muscle, endocrine, and cardiovascular
A)epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
75) Swollen veins in the rectum or anus are called ________. A)hemorrhoids B)peptic ulcers C)heartburn D)irritable bowel syndrome
A)hemorrhoids
17) The chemical reaction sucrose + H 2O → fructose + glucose is an example of a ___________ reaction. A)hydrolysis B)synthetic C)hormonal D)carboxylase
A)hydrolysis
71) Carbohydrates that may contribute to intestinal gas formation include ________. A)lactose, fructose, and raffinose B)amylose, glucose, and starch C)sucrose, starch, and glucose D)amylose, glucose, and sucrose
A)lactose, fructose, and raffinose
25) Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch. A)mouth; amylase B)stomach;pepsin C)small intestine;amylase D)mouth; lipase
A)mouth; amylase
69) Factors associated with gallstone formation include ________. A)rapid weight loss B)high fiber intake C)being underweight D)None of these answers are correct.
A)rapid weight loss
20) The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the ________. A)stomach and esophagus B)stomach and duodenum C)ileum and cecum D)sigmoid colon and anus
A)stomach and esophagus
79) The hormone gastrin is made in the _____ and controls the release of _____. A)stomach; HCl B)pancreas; insulin C)small intestine; CCK D)mouth; saliva
A)stomach; HCl
53) An example of a brush border enzyme is ________. A)sucrase B)lipase C)amylase D)bile
A)sucrase
54) Water-soluble nutrients enter into the body by way of ________. A)the blood B)the lymph system C)both the blood and the lymph system D)neither the blood nor the lymph system
A)the blood
80) Which structure prevents food and liquid from entering the airway? A) Tongue B) Epiglottis C) Salivary glands D) Lower esophageal sphincter
B) Epiglottis
44) The life span of absorptive cells in the villi is approximately ________. A)24 hours B)2 to 5 days C)8 to 10 days D)4 to 6 weeks
B)2 to 5 days
22) Which of the following is NOT an enzyme? A)Sucrase B)Bile C)Pepsin D)Lipase
B)Bile
67) Which of the following is NOT an appropriate recommendation for treatment of peptic ulcer disease? A)Limit heavy use of aspirin and other NSAID medications. B)Consume pepper and other strong spices to help move foods through the GI tract. C)Treat withanantibiotic under the care of a physician. D)Stop smoking and limit alcohol intake.
B)Consume pepper and other strong spices to help move foods through the GI tract.
84) Which of the following foods promotes the colonization of microflora in the GI tract? A)Fish B)Yogurt C)Poultry D)Iron-rich foods
B)Yogurt
18) A circular muscle that can open and close and acts to regulate the flow of materials in one direction is referred to as ________. A)enterohepatic circulation B)a sphincter C)a pump D)peristalsis
B)a sphincter
35) The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing ________. A)bicarbonate only when food is in the stomach B)a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach C)hydroxyl ions to neutralize the acid D)antipepsin that destroys digestive substances
B)a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach
46) The absorptive process that requires energy in the form of ATP is ________. A)facilitated diffusion B)active absorption C)enterohepatic circulation D)the lymphatic system
B)active absorption
16) Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves ________. A)peristalsis to move the food along the GI tract B)back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass C)conscious effort D)enzyme input to break apart the food mass
B)back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass
68) Gallstones are formed mainly from ________. A)pancreatic secretions B)cholesterol C)phospholipids D)minerals
B)cholesterol
32) The fluid mixture that moves from the stomach to the duodenum is called ________. A)bolus B)chyme C)food D)None of these choices are accurate.
B)chyme
60) Probiotics may be most useful in treating ________. A)constipation B)diarrhea C)celiac disease D)food intolerance
B)diarrhea
47) The secretions of the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas enter the ________. A)ileum, by way of a common duct B)duodenum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi C)stomach, by way of a common duct D)jejunum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi
B)duodenum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi
55) Most dietary fats will ________. A)be converted to short-chain fatty acids for absorption with other water-soluble nutrients B)enter the lymphatic system C)enter the colon and become "food" for bacteria D)be converted to bile in the lumen of the intestine
B)enter the lymphatic system
49) Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of ________. A)starch B)fat C)protein D)sugars
B)fat
33) Muscular waves in the stomach mix and churn the contents of a meal with ________. A)bile B)gastric juices C)pancreatic juices D)sodium bicarbonate
B)gastric juices
30) At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _______ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _______. A)pepsinogen;pepsin B)gastrin; HCl C)bile; lipase D)cholecystokinin;pancreatic enzymes
B)gastrin; HCl
24) Gastrin, secretin, CCK, and gastric inhibitory peptide are examples of ________. A)enzymes B)hormones C)active absorption D)None of these choices are accurate.
B)hormones
21) The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the ________. A)sphincter of Oddi B)ileocecal sphincter C)pyloric sphincter D)rectal sphincter
B)ileocecal sphincter
56) The hepatic portal system delivers nutrients from the digestive tract to the ________. A)heart B)liver C)kidneys D)lungs
B)liver
88) Low-FODMAP diets may be a good option for individuals with IBS because A)low-FODMAP diets reduce acid production in the stomach. B)low-FODMAP diets reduce intake of carbohydrates that are poorly digested and absorbed, and thus are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. C)low-FODMAP diets are easy to follow and include a wide variety of foods to easily support nutrient needs. D)low-FODMAP diets focus on reducing sugar intake to control blood sugar metabolism.
B)low-FODMAP diets reduce intake of carbohydrates that are poorly digested and absorbed, and thus are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.
87) Diarrhea in young children is most typically caused by ____. A)excessive fruit juices B)pathogenic microorganisms C)food poisoning D)food allergies
B)pathogenic microorganisms
36) The gastric secretion pepsin is necessary for ________. A)preventing peptic ulcer formation B)protein digestion C)vitamin B-12 absorption D)destruction of harmful bacteria and viruses
B)protein digestion
42) Villi are found mainly in the ________. A)large intestine B)small intestine C)esophagus D)stomach
B)small intestine
52) Secretions from the pancreas include ________. A)HCl and digestive enzymes B)sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes C)cholecystokinin and sodium bicarbonate D)All of these responses are correct.
B)sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
70) A main cause of intestinal gas formation is ________. A)a lack of bacteria in the large intestine B)the breakdown of undigested carbohydrates by bacteria in the large intestine C)insufficient bile production for fat digestion and absorption D)All of these choices are correct.
B)the breakdown of undigested carbohydrates by bacteria in the large intestine
29) The salivary glands produce about ___ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ___________, and ___________. A)1; mucus; digestiveenzymes; antibacterial substances B)1; mucus; bile;hormones C)4; mucus; digestiveenzymes; antibacterial substances D)4; mucus; bile;hormones
C)4; mucus; digestiveenzymes; antibacterial substances
66) The leading cause of peptic ulcer disease is ________. A)consumption of spicy foods B)stress C)Helicobacter pyloriinfection D)alcohol consumption
C)Helicobacter pyloriinfection
78) Which of the following is NOT true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)? A)The most common types are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. B)It can cause inflammation and ulceration throughout the gastrointestinal tract. C)IBD is caused by are action to proteins in foods. D)Nutritional problems related to IBD include anemia, osteoporosis, and poor growth (in children)
C)IBD is caused by are action to proteins in foods.
11) Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive organ system? A)Pancreas B)Small intestine C)Kidneys D)Liver
C)Kidneys
86) Which of the following grains should be consumed by an individual with gluten sensitivity or celiac disease? A)Rye B)Barley C)Quinoa D)Spelt
C)Quinoa
81) In what order does food pass through the organs of the GI tract? A)Duodenum, Stomach, Colon, Ileum, Rectum B)Ileum, Jejunum, Duodenum, Colon, Rectum C)Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon D)Stomach, Jejunum, Duodenum, Colon, Ileum
C)Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon
73) Celiac disease is best treated by ________. A)medication prescribed by a physician B)a high-fiber diet C)a gluten-free diet D)an allergen-free diet
C)a gluten-free diet
26) The taste sensation umami can best be described as ________. A)a somewhat salty flavor derived from metal ions B)the combination of salt and sweet tastes together C)a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate D)the taste that arises from compounds such as caffeine and quinine
C)a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate
38) The stomach can absorb ________. A)proteins or amino acids B)sugars, such as lactose C)alcohol D)no nutrients
C)alcohol
8) The smallest functional unit of the human body is the ________. A)organ B)organ system C)cell D)epithelial tissue
C)cell
13) The breakdown of dietary starch to glucose in the small intestine is considered ________. A)metabolism B)hormonal action C)digestion D)absorption
C)digestion
27) In the process of swallowing, food cannot normally enter the trachea because the ________. A)tongue directs the flow of food down the esophagus and away from the trachea B)esophageal sphincter shuts off the passage to the larynx C)epiglottis covers the larynx D)trachea does not connect to the esophagus
C)epiglottis covers the larynx
48) Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________. A)stomach; pancreas B)duodenum; kidney C)liver; gallbladder D)gallbladder; liver
C)liver; gallbladder
76) Using mineral oil as a laxative can cause ________. A)colon cancer B)loss of water-soluble vitamins C)loss of fat-soluble vitamins D)diverticulosis
C)loss of fat-soluble vitamins
51) The main function of the liver in the digestive system is ________. A)producing enzymes for digestion of protein, fat, and carbohydrate B)producing the hormones that regulate digestion and absorption C)producing bile for fat digestion and absorption D)distributing nutrients to the gastrointestinal tract
C)producing bile for fat digestion and absorption
15) The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the ________. A)lower esophageal sphincter B)sphincter of Oddi C)pyloric sphincter D)ileocecal sphincter
C)pyloric sphincter
40) Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________. A)mouth B)stomach C)small intestine D)large intestine
C)small intestine
34) Heartburn is caused by ________. A)acid surrounding the heart muscle B)acid and other digestive enzymes within the heart muscle C)the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus D)None of these choices are accurate.
C)the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
31) The major function(s) of the stomach is/are ________. A)the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, especially starch B)the digestion and absorption of alcohol C)to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme D)All of these responses are correct.
C)to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme
50) __________ increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption. A) Pancreatic lipase B) Lingual lipase C) Gastric lipase D) Bile
D) Bile
14) Bicarbonate ions (HCO 3-) from the pancreas ________. A) neutralize the acid contents in the stomach B) are synthesized in the pyloric sphincter C) neutralize the bile in the duodenum D) neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum
D) neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum
37) Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include ________. A)promoting digestion of protein B)destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods C)dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption D)All of the reterm-30sponses are correct.
D)All of the reterm-30sponses are correct.
64) Functions of the large intestine include ________. A)housing bacterial flora that keep the GI tract healthy B)absorption of water and electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium C)the defecation of feces D)All of these responses are correct.
D)All of these responses are correct.
85) What will happen to fat digestion if a gallbladder is removed? A)Fats will no longer be able to be digested because of lack of bile from gallbladder. B)The pancreas will no longer produce lipase, resulting in incomplete fat digestion. C)The liver will stop producing bile and fat digestion will cease. D)Bile will be directly secreted to the small intestine, continuing fat digestion.
D)Bile will be directly secreted to the small intestine, continuing fat digestion.
82) What would happen to the lining of the stomach if mucus were not produced? A)The production of intrinsic factor would decrease. B)Carbohydrates could not be digested. C)Pepsinogen would not become activated. D)Cells in the stomach would not be protected from gastric juices.
D)Cells in the stomach would not be protected from gastric juices.
39) The small intestine is divided into three segments. List them in descending order. A)Ileum, Jejunum, Duodenum B)Jejunum, Ileum, Duodenum C)Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum D)Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
D)Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
83) Which of the following nutrients is NOT acted on by pancreatic juices? A)Protein B)Fat C)Carbohydrates D)Fiber
D)Fiber
77) Which of the following digestive disorders is caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori? A)Flatulence B)Constipation C)Diarrhea D)Peptic ulcer
D)Peptic ulcer
9) Tissues are defined as ________. A)functional systems B)complex organs that perform one task C)a diverse collection of cells D)a collection of cells that perform a specific function
D)a collection of cells that perform a specific function
28) Saliva contains ________. A)an amylase B)mucus C)intrinsic factor D)an amylase and mucus
D)an amylase and mucus
61) Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by ________. A)lipase B)pepsin C)saliva D)bacteria
D)bacteria
72) A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to ________. A)use a laxative when needed B)decrease fluid intake C)include more white bread, white rice, and ice cream in the diet D)include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet
D)include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet
63) An example of a prebiotic is ________. A)a food that contains a naturally occurring antibiotic B)cheese, because of its short-chain fatty acid content C)any food that contains organic acids and short-chain fatty acids D)inulin, a poorly digested carbohydrate found in foods such as onions, garlic, and asparagus
D)inulin, a poorly digested carbohydrate found in foods such as onions, garlic, and asparagus
23) Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the ________. A)liver and large intestine B)bile and gallbladder C)kidneys and esophagus D)pancreas and small intestine
D)pancreas and small intestine
19) A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________. A)a sphincter B)enterohepatic circulation C)a pump D)peristalsis
D)peristalsis
12) The ______ layer of the GI tract wall contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves, whereas the ________ layer is the outermost layer that protects the GI tract. A)mucosa; muscle B)serosa;submucosa C)submucosa;muscle D)submucosa;serosa
D)submucosa;serosa
57) Lymph ________. A)is like blood, since it contains mostly red blood cells B)is a fluid containing blood proteins C)recycles nutrients between the liver and the small intestine D)transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation
D)transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation
58) Which of the following nutrients may be absorbed by the colon? A)Minerals, such as sodium and potassium B)Some vitamins synthesized by bacteria C)Short-chain fatty acids D)Water E)All of these answers are correct.
E)All of these answers are correct.
43) The villi found in the gastrointestinal tract ________. A)are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine B)are covered with the brush border (microvilli) C)contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes D)produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption E)All of these choices are correct.
E)All of these choices are correct.
65) Which of the following dietary or nutritional factors may worsen gastroesophageal reflux disease? A)Being overweight B)Consuming a high-fat diet C)Alcohol and caffeine consumption D)Consumption of large meals E)All of these responses are correct.
E)All of these responses are correct.
90) Removal of the gallbladder prevents normal digestion and absorption of dietary fat. ⊚true ⊚false
false
92) Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the cardiovascular system. ⊚true ⊚false
false
93) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is caused by bacterial pathogens. ⊚true ⊚false
false
95) Not eating or drinking anything at all is the best way to treat diarrhea in adults and children. ⊚true ⊚false
false
89) Most of the water in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed in the small intestine. ⊚true ⊚false
true
91) Diarrhea is most often caused by bacterial or viral infection of the GI tract. ⊚true ⊚false
true
94) A good way to treat mild constipation is to consume 25 to 35 grams of fiber each day. ⊚true ⊚false
true