Nutrition Chapter 4

monosaccharides glucose disaccharides maltose

Simple Carbohydrates

*Fiber is important for adding bulk to our stools, and making it easier to eliminate stools as long as water intake is adequate. *Fiber can help reduce the risk of diverticulosis, obesity, and certain cancers. *Humans do not produce enzymes in the small intestine that can break down fiber.

The Role of Dietary Fiber

Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of

starch

starch fiber glycogen polysaccharides

Complex Carbohydrates

heart disease, constipation, diverticulosis, diverticulitis, and certain cancers

Dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk for...

maltase lactase sucrase

Enzymes that are responsible for breakdown of disaccharides.

Rice, low amylose 126 Potato, baked 121 Cornflakes 119 Jelly beans 114 Green peas 107 Cheerios 106 Puffed wheat 105 Bagel, plain 103 White bread 100 Angel food cake 95 Ice cream 87 Bran muffin 85 Rice, long grain**80 Brown rice 79 Oatmeal 79 Popcorn 79 Corn 78 Banana, overripe 74 Chocolate 70 Baked beans 69 Sponge cake 66 Pear, canned in juice 63 Custard 61 Spaghetti 59 Rice, long grain***58 Apple 52 Pear 47 Banana, underripe 43 Kidney beans 42 Whole milk 39 Peanuts 21

Glychemic Index

50 percent

If a food contains 25 grams of carbohydrate and 200 kilocalories per serving, what percent of the kilocalories in this food came from carbohydrates?

*Glucose transporters efficiently prompt the uptake of glucose into body cells. *Insulin produced by the pancreas efficiently stimulates glucose transporters within body cells.

Normal Function

Cells begin to exhibit insulin resistance.

Prediabetes

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar?

glucose

The most abundant carbohydrates in nature is....

*This condition accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of all diabetes cases. *Little or no insulin is released into the bloodstream. *Cells of the pancreas are damaged or destroyed.

Type 1 Diabetes

The small Intestine

Where does the majority of Carbohydrate Digestion Occur?

Most dietary _____ passes through the digestive system without being digested and absorbed.

fiber

is the most abundant sugar molecule, and the preferred source of energy for the brain.

glucose

Animals store glucose polysaccharides in the form of

glycogen

aspartme (NutraSweet or Equal)

people with the inherited disorder known as phenylketonuria PKV are unable to metabolize which of the following sweetners?

*To help prevent type 2 diabetes, individuals should get regular physical activity. *Many individuals with type 2 diabetes would likely benefit from moderate weight loss. *A preventative measure for type 2 diabetes is to eat a healthful diet *Those with diabetes should limit alcoholic beverage intake.

The day-to-day choices people make can help prevent type 2 diabetes. For those who have diabetes, there are lifestyle guidelines to follow that will help control the disease. Read the statements below and select behaviors that can help prevent or control the disease.

are a category of single sugar molecules that are absorbed easily in the small intestine.

monosaccharides

raw papaya with dollop of low-fat sour cream baked acorn squash with cinnamon cooked collard greens with balsamic vinegar

select all of the foods that that are "whole" plant foods or contain "whole" plant foods as ingredients with abundant fiber and no added sugars.

are a category of sugars that contain either one or two molecules.

simple carbohydrates

is a type of simple carbohydrate composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

sucrose

130

the minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily is____ grams

gluconeogenesis

the process of making glucose from noncarbohydrates sources is called..

*Some individuals with this disease have previously been diagnosed with prediabetes. *People with this disease are often overweight or obese.

Type 2 Diabetes

Sucrose is a disaccharide with glucose and fructose.

Choose the statement that correctly describes the makeup of a simple carbohydrate below.

oatmeal

Eating foods high in soluble fiber may help to reduce high blood choleterol levels. The best source of soluble fiber is ...

salivary amylase pancreatic amylase

Enzymes that are responsible for breakdown of starches.

lactose (milk digest)

People with a deficiency of the enzyme lactase cant properly digest...

sodas, energy drinks, and sports drinks

Reducing the consumption of ____ will have the biggest impact on decreasing the amount of added sugars hat Americans consume.

45 to 65

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommendation is that ______ percent of an adults total daily energy intake should come from carbohydrate......

Step 1: Salivary amalayse breaks down starch in the bread into smaller chains and the disaccharide maltose. Step 2: Salivary amalayse enzymes are inactivated by the stomach acid. Step 3: Pancreatic amalayse breaks down starch into the disaccharide maltose. Step 4: Enzymes of the smaller intestine brush border digest disaccharides into monosaccharides. Step 5: Some dietary fiber in the bread is fermented by bacteria; other passes through the large intestine to be eliminated.

The Digestion Of Carbohydrates

a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose

The disaccharide lactose (milk sugar) is composed of...

glucagon

The hormone that directs the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is...

4

carbohydrates provide _____ kilocalories per gram

are a category of nutrient compounds consisting of long chains of sugar molecules.

complex carbohydrates

consist of two molecules of sugar joined together.

disaccharides

False

True/False: Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate

the small intestine

Where in the body are disaccharides digested and absorbed?

limiting added sugar, eating a balanced high-fiber, healthy diet, excercising regularly.

Which of the following behaviors can help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes?

drinking lactose-reduced milk, consuming small amounts of dairy, eating cereal with yogurt instead of milk

Which of the following can help someone who is lactose intolerant enjoy dairy products?

whole grains, cereals, and fruit

Which of the following foods naturally contain(s) insoluble fibers that increase the bulk of digestive material and draw water into the large intestine, keeping the stools soft and moist?

milk

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

Which of the following is likely to be the most significant source of fiber in a cereal bar?

folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron

Which of the following nutrients are added to enriched grains?

starch high fructose corn syrup fructose

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate?

*Ignoring the symptoms of hypoglycemia could result in a coma. *Hypoglycemia is a risk for someone with diabetes. *A person experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia should eat a carbohydrate-rich snack.

Which of the following statements is correct about hypoglycemia?

Dietary fiber cannot be digested in the human digestive tract.

Which of the following statements regarding fiber is TRUE?

Insulin resistance occurs when the body's cells become unresponsive, or resistant, to insulin. Insulin is still circulating, but the cells no longer respond as much as they once did

Which statement is true for insulin resistance?

glycogen

_____ is the storage form of glucose in the body

disaccharide

sucrose is a....

1. Carbohydrates are a macronutrient whose primary function it to provide energy to the body. All digestible forms of carbohydrates provide 4 calories/g of energy. Fiber, starch, and glycogen are complex carbohydrates, while glucose, fructose, and sucrose are simple carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, like glucose and galactose or disaccharides, like lactose and maltose. Complex carbohydrates include polysaccharides. Starch consists of chains of glucose molecules. Some starch chains are straight and harder to digest. Other starch is much easier to digest and has branching chains. Dietary fiberconsists of soluble and insoluble types, which both possess important benefits like reducing the risk of constipation, heart disease, and obesity. Soluble fiber also helps reduce the risk of diabetes. Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide created by a process called glycogenesis and is stored in the liver and muscles for later use. Carbohydrates in the diet are said to spare protein from being used to provide for fuel for cells.

Carbohydrates and Their Functions in the Body

1. Heart disease can result as a complication of diabetes due to damage to the arterial walls and excess fat in the blood. 2. Diabetes can cause blindness because of the leaking of tiny blood vessels in the retinas. 3. Due to reduced circulation to the limbs, diabetics are at an increased risk of infection, which can result in amputation. 4. Type 1 diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease, and most often begins in childhood. 5. People with type 2 diabetes exhibit insulin resistance when their cells fail to respond to insulin. 6. Obesity is a common risk factor that can lead to insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. 7. Increased age is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes Increased age is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which develops progressively over time and accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases. 8. Prediabetes may be diagnosed if a person has blood glucose levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough to indicate type 2 diabetes. 9. Hypoglycemia can cause one to feel dizzy, shaky, and begin to sweat when blood glucose levels are too low.

Risk factors, signs and symptoms, and long-term effects of diabetes.

*Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed by the cells of the small intestine and then enter the bloodstream. *After a meal, blood glucose levels rise, and the pancreas secretes insulin, which aids in glucose uptake into cells and stimulates glycogenesis. *The brush border of the small intestine produces enzymes that digest disaccharides into glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Select all of the sentences below that correctly describe a step in the processes of digestion, absorption, and/or blood glucose regulation.

True

The acute condition of diverticulitis often requires a low fiber diet until the lining of the colon heals.

type 1 diabetes

The autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas is called.

glucagon

what hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, acts to raise blood glucose back to normal?

diverticula

The small bulging pouches that are sometimes found along the intestinal lining are called..

galactose fructose glucose

These are absorbed by the small intestine and enter into the bloodstream.

insulin

What hormone is needed to move glucose (obtained from the food consumed) from the blood into the body's cells?

Prediabetes can progress to become type 2 diabetes. An individual with prediabetes can return to normal function.

Which states can progress to diabetes or other diabetic states?

one serving of meat

which of the following fluids contains the least amount of fiber?

fiber, starch, glycogen

which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?

three fourths cup of cooked oatmeal with fat free milk

which of the following provides at least one serving of a whole grain food?

whole grains

which of the following types of grains provide the most micronutrients and dietary fiber?