nutrition chapter 5

the main sources of saturated fat in American diets are

animal fats

myocardial infraction

blood flow surrounding the heart is blocked resulting is damage to the heart muscle

cerebrovascular accident

blood flow to parts of the brain is blocked resulting in the death of brain cells

arrange the following foods from lowest percentage of kcal from fat to highest percentage of kcal from fat

bread, whole milk, cheese, canola oil

LDL

cholesterol

which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid

the majority of fatty acids in the body and in foods are ___-chain fatty acids

long

____-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol

low

what are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

mayonnaise, margarine, butter, salad oils

north American diet

mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk

when fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because

more sugar has been added

sterol

multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group

quantity

need not be altered to maintain a healthy diet

quality

needs to be increased by choosing fewer saturated and trans fatty acids

saturated fatty acid

no carbon-carbon double bonds

monosaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

what is added to reduced fat foods to compensate for the loss of taste and texture when fat is removed

sugars, salt

monosaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories

true

much of the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise (or light activity) comes from fatty acids

true

what are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?

turkey, lean ground beef, eggs

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

___ are most susceptible to rancidity because they contain many carbon-carbon double bonds

unsaturated fats

lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides in the

bloodstream

what are some components of plaque?

calcium, cholesterol, white blood cells

Cholesterol __ be made by the body

can

When the __ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by products occur.

carbon-carbon double bonds

the leading cause of death among North American adults is

cardiovascular disease

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

chylomicron

carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

VLDL

carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

fatty acid

chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens

if a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider

changes in the texture of the food product and changes in the flavor of the food product

choose the correct statements about how the food you eat affects the cholesterol in your blood

cholesterol in your diet does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood, cholesterol in foods is not designated as "good" or "bad" fat, eating saturated fats and trans fats raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL

just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. some high-fat foods, such as plant oils, and nuts should be included in the diet because they are sources of

essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins

Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure

false

margarine is the leading source of cholesterol in the typical American diet

false

phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells

false

what are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, hypertension, high blood cholesterol

a molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a

fatty acid

triglyceride

glycerol backbone with three fatty acids

if you witnessed a person experiencing shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting, irregular heart beat, sweating, and radiating pain in the upper body, you would suspect that this person is having a(n)

heart attack

cis fatty acids

hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond

what are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

ice cream, chicken, eggs

why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

if not cleared from the bloodstream, LDL cholesterol builds up in the blood vessels, buildup of LDL in blood vessels contributes to atherosclerosis, a process that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease

how does meeting the recommendation for fatty fish consumption decrease the risk for heart attack?

increased intake of omega 3 fatty acids in fatty fish reduces the formation of blood clots and reduced inflammation

why is it necessary to alter baking recipes when low fat substitutes are being used

increased water content alters texture and volume

high dietary consumption of trans fatty acids __ the risk of cardiovascular disease

increases

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

Mediterranean diet

olive oil, fish, nuts

in 2015, the FDA determined that __ are no longer "generally recognized as safe" for use in human food products.

partially hydrogenated oils

___ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

plaque

reduces the shelf life of a product creating a problem for the food industry and restaurants to prevent the problem, manufacturers add partially hydrogenated plant oils to products

rancidity

what two food components contribute the most to raising the level of cholesterol in your blood?

saturated fat, trans fat

to promote heart health

select more plant sources of fat and fewer animal sources of fat

what are some warning signs of a heart attack?

shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, jaw, neck, shoulder pain

typical warning signs of a heart attack include

shortness of breath, intense, prolonged chest pain or pressure, sometimes radiating to other parts of the upper body, irregular heartbeat

what are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated (trans)fats?

stick margarine, French fries, shortening

what are the structural components of a triglyceride?

three attached fatty acids, glycerol backbone

___ fatty acids, which are a byproduct of hydrogenation of vegetable oils, are similar to saturated fatty acids in structure and physiological effects

trans

what are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

transport of fat-soluble vitamins, energy storage, and insulation

chylomicron

triglyceride

monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature

true

from top to bottom, place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur

1. glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells 2. triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine 3.triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons 4.chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

a healthy blood pressure is less than __ mm Hg for the systolic pressure and less than __ mm Hg for the diastolic pressure

120,80

what is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for lipids according to the food and nutrition board?

20% to 35% of calories

trans fatty acid

Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon carbon double bond

list the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack

damage occurs in the blood vessel lining, plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage, as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity, clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

which of the following are functions of phospholipids in the body?

formation of cell membranes, absorption and transport of nutrients, digestion of fats

phospholipid

glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorous-containing group

diastolic blood pressure

pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

choose a function of fat tissue

protect organs from injury

HDL

protein

butter is solid at room temperature. butter contains mostly __ fatty acids.

saturated

systolic blood pressure

the pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with the pumping of blood from the heart

A __ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol

triglyceride

linoleic acid is an omega- ___fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-__ fatty acid

6,3

having an HDL level above __ mg/dl and a total cholesterol to HDL ratio below__ is especially protective of cardiovascular disease

60;3.5:1

how many kilocalories are in one gram of fat

9

HDL

contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and in turn excretion of it from the body

what are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids

decreased blood triglyceride levels, reduced risk of heart disease, reduced inflammation

triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles

during low-intensity physical activity, when the body is at rest