Nutrition Chapter 5

Lipoprotein

A compound found in the bloodstream containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein phospholipid and cholesterol

Omega 6

An unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the methyl end

Omega 3

An unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the third carbon from the methyl end

Emulsifier

Compound that can suspend fat in water by isolating individual fat droplets using a shell of water molecules or other substance to prevent the fat from coalescing

Rancid

Containing products of decomposed fatty acids that have unpleasant flavor and odor

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Damage to part of the brain resulting from the rupture of a blood vessel and subsequently bleeding within or over the internal surface to the brain

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Death of part of a brain tissue due to typically a blood clot also known as a stroke

Myocardial Infraction

Death of part of a heart muscle also known as a heart attack

Essential Fatty Acid

Fatty acid that must be supplied by the diet to maintain health. Currently only linolenic acid and alpha linolenic acid are classified as essential

Lipoprotein Lipase

An enzyme attached to the cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels it breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

Alpha Linolenic Acid

An essential omega 3 acid with 18 carbons and three double bonds

Linolenic Acid

An essential omega 6 acid with 18 carbons and two double bonds

Eicosapentaenoic Acid( EPA)

An omega 3 fatty acid with 20 carbons and 5 carbon-carbon double bonds. Large amounts in fatty fish and is slowly synthesized in the body from alpha linoleic acid. DHA is presented in the retina and brain

Arachidonic Acid

An omega 6 fatty acid made with linoliec acid with 20 carbon atoms and 4 carbon-carbon double bonds

Oleic Acid

An omega 9 fatty acid with 18 carbons and one double bond

Hydrogenation

The addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond producing a single carbon carbon bond with two hydrogens attached to each carbon

Total Parenteral Nutrition

The intravenous feeding of all necessary nutrients including the most basic forms on proteins carbs lipids vitamins minerals and electrolytes

Antioxidant

Generally a compound that stops the damaging effects of reactive substances seeking an electron

HDL

High density lipoprotein- The lipoprotein in the blood that picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to the other lipoproteins in the bloodstream as well as directly to the liver. Increases the risk for cardiovascular disease

Oxidize

In the most basic sense the loss of an electro or grain of an oxygen by a chemical substance the change typically alters the shape and /or function of the substance

VLDL

Very low density Lipoprotein- lipoprotein created in the liver that carries cholesterol and lipids that have been taken up or newly synthesized by the liver

Vegan

a person who does not eat food from any animal source

Sterol

Compound containing a multi-ring (steroid) structure and a hydroxl group. Cholesterol is an example

Diglyceride

A breakdown of product of a triglyceride consisting of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone

Monoglyceride

A breakdown of product of triglyceride consisting of one fatty acid attached to a glycerol backbone

Atherosclerosis

A buildup of fatty material in the arteries including those surrounding the heart

Plaque

A cholesterol rich substance deposited in blood vessels it contains various white blood cells smooth muscle cells various proteins cholesterol and other lipids and eventually calcium.

Saturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid containing no carbon-carbon double bonds

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid containing one carbon-carbon double bonds

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid containing two carbon-carbon double bonds

Long Chain Fatty Acid

A fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbons

(CIS)Fatty Acid

A form of unsaturated fatty acid that has the hydrogens lying on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bonds

(TRANS) Fatty Acid

A form of unsaturated fatty acid usually a monounsaturated one found in food in which the hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite side of the bond

Lecithin

A group of compounds that are major components of cell membranes

Glycerol

A three carbon alcohol used to form triglycerides

Phospholipid

Any class of fat related substance that contain phosphorus, fatty acids and a nitrogen-containing base. Essential part of every cell

BHA / BHT

Butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytolune - two common synthetic antioxidants added to foods

Lipase

Fat digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands

LDL

Low density lipoprotein-The lipoprotein in the bloodstream containing primarily cholesterol elevated LDL is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease risk.

Scavenger cells

Specific form of white blood cells that can bury themselves in the artery wall and accumulate LDL they contribute to the development of atherosclerosis

Triglyceride

The major form of liquid in the body and in food. It is composed of of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol and alcohol

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The pressure in arterial blood vessels when the heart between beats

Systolic blood pressure

The pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with the pumping of blood from the heart

Chylomicron

lipoprotein made of dietary fats surrounded by a shell of cholesterol phospholipids and protein. Formed in the absorption and travel through the lymphatic system to the bloodstream