nutrition chapter 5 lipids

As part of a nutrition class project, Regina is following Dr. Dean Ornish's purely vegetarian (vegan) diet plan for one month. Her diet has less than 20% of calories from fat and uses only small amounts of vegetable oil in cooking and those naturally present in plant foods. If she were at risk for cardiovascular disease and if she continued on this diet, what is one expected outcome that may be attributable to the diet's high carbohydrate content?

Increase in triglycerides

Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. All of the following are correct statements about lipids EXCEPT

Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods.

Which lipid is the primary source of dietary fat in our diets?

Triglycerides

Sources of protein that are specifically encouraged in the Mediterranean eating pattern include

beans and legumes.

People who follow a Mediterranean lifestyle enjoy lower rates of

cancer. rheumatoid arthritis. heart disease.

Chylomicron

carries absorbed lipids from the small intestine to the body cells

VLDL

carries mostly triglycerides taken up from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver, to body cell

Phospholipids are the main components of ________________________________________.

cell membranes.

Cholesterol is found in all of the following except

corn oil.

Unsaturated fatty acid

decrease blood levels of cholesterol; liquid at room temperature

Trans fatty acid

increase LDL and decrease HDL; mostly solid at room temprature

Saturated fatty acid

increase blood levels of cholesterol; usually solid at room temperature

All of the following are true of lecithin except

it has sterol-like functions.

The main regulator of blood cholesterol levels is the

liver

Triglycerides

metabolize to yield ~9 kcal/gram primary storage form of fat in the adipose tissue

During rest and light activities, fatty acids are the main fuel for _______________.

muscles

A saturated fatty acid contains

no double bonds.

A common source of fat in the Mediterranean diet is

olive oil.

All of the following are sources of cholesterol except

peanut butter

The body stores excess protein as

triglycerides.

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, what is the upper limit of fat, in grams, that should be consumed by a healthy person requiring 2,000 kilocalories per day?

78

Trans fatty acids occur naturally in some foods and are added to other manufactured foods. All of the statements about trans fats are true EXCEPT

A trans fat-free food will never have partially hydrogenated oil listed in its ingredient list.

Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on the soccer team. Her coach brought in a registered dietitian to talk about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats do occur naturally. What foods have naturally-occurring trans fatty acids?

Beef, milk, and butter

We need to consume only about 5% of our total calories per day from essential fatty acids. This corresponds to about _____________________ of plant oil each day.

2 to 4 tablespoons

A desirable total serum cholesterol level is less than ____ milligrams per deciliter.

200

According to the American Heart Association's 2006 Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction, we should consume no more than _______________ milligrams of cholesterol per day.

300

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend getting no more than ______ percent of your total kilocalories from fat.

35

A meal providing 1,200 kilocalories contains 13 grams of saturated fat, 10 grams of monounsaturated fat, and 27 grams of polyunsaturated fat. This meal provides ______% of total kcal as fat.

37.5

Regina is trying to cut back on her fat intake to help reduce total calorie intake and promote gradual weight loss. If she follows an 1,800-calorie meal plan and wants to achieve the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommendation of total fat being between 20-35% of calories, how many grams of fat per day should she be eating?

40-70 grams of fat per day

Put the steps of fat digestion and absorption in order from first (1) to last occurring event (8).

1. lipase brakes triglyceride down into monoglycerides and fatty. acids in the small intestine 2. monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the small intestine cells are repackaged into triglycerides 3. small intestine cells package triglycerides into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system and the bloodstream 5. triglycerides in the chylomicrons are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase 6. fatty acids are released to the body cells and glycerol circulates back to the liver 7. muscle cells use absorbed fatty acids immediately for fuel and adipose cells re-form fatty acids triglyceride for storage 8. chylomicron remnant removed from circulation by the liver and its components are recycled to make their lipoproteins and bile acids

Put the foods in order by cholesterol content per serving from greatest (1) to least (4).

1. one large egg yolk 2. 3oz shrimp 3. 1oz cheese 4. 1 cup 1% milk

How many carbons do long-chain fatty acids contain?

12 or more

Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal following a victory. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says the fries are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?

All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.

Based on the results of this study, what conclusions can you draw regarding the effectiveness of these three weight-loss interventions?

Alternative approaches to weight loss should be considered based on personal preferences, gender, and existing chronic conditions.

Regina's grandmother is teaching her how to make mayonnaise. She explains that mayonnaise is made using oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks. Lecithin in the egg yolks acts as an emulsifier. What is an emulsifier?

An emulsifier suspends fat in water.

HDL

Arises Mosley from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion

LDL

Arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells

300 mg per day _____

Cholesterol intake recommendation correct

_______________ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein that acts to transport absorbed fat.

Chylomicrons

This study was a worksite-based intervention. Which of the following is a potential advantage of using the workplace as a source of health behavior change?

Convenience Group support Improved accessibility of health professionals

The researchers used a method called homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to examine changes in the body's ability to regulate blood glucose. What blood measurements are used to calculate HOMA-IR?

Fasting glucose and insulin

Which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption?

Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein.

Regina's pregnant sister is interested in boosting her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two essential fatty acids that can be made from alpha-linolenic (omega-3) acid. She has heard that EPA and DHA are important for cancer prevention, brain health, cardiovascular disease prevention, and immune function. Which food is the best source of EPA + DHA?

Fatty fish

Among men, which of the dietary interventions induced the greatest weight loss?

Low-carbohydrate diet

Which diet group consumed the highest amount of dietary fat as a percentage of total kcal?

Low-carbohydrate diet

Among diabetic subjects, which diet group experienced the biggest improvements in fasting blood glucose levels?

Mediterranean diet

Among women, which of the dietary interventions induced the greatest weight loss?

Mediterranean diet

Which of the following would be the richest source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Safflower oil

Less than 7% of total calories _______

Saturated fat intake recommendation

Less than 1% of total calories ____

Trans fat intake recommendation

Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?

Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life.

In this study, dietary intake was assessed by the New England journal of medicine

food frequency questionnaires.

Cholesterol

forms part of the active vitamins D hormone Your body cell's make about 875mg of this lipid per day

Strengths of the study included the New England journal of medicine

high rate of adherence to dietary protocols. large number of participants. long duration of intervention

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image saturated fatty acid monosaturated fatty acid omega-3 omega-6 sterol phospholipid

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Phospholipid

important component of all cell membranes due to its hydrophilic head and hydrophilic trail Acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion and absorption