Nutrition - Chapter 5

People with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid the artificial sweetener __________________ because of its high phenylalanine content.

Aspartame

Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid?

Aspartame

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

Glucose Galactose

_______________ is a sweetener/food additive obtained from the processing of corn.

High-fructose corn syrup

Which of the following contributes to softer and easier-to-eliminate feces?

Insoluble fiber

Which of the following is true about a monosaccharide? - It is the simplest type of sugar. - It is a component of artificial sweeteners. - It is a chemical unit of carbohydrates. - It is comprised of two sugar molecules.

It is the simplest type of sugar. It is a chemical unit of carbohydrates.

______ are a group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweeter than sugar.

Nonnutritive sweeteners

The basic unit of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide. Mono means ___________________ and saccharide means _________________ .

One; sugar

Which of the following are the most common oligosaccharides in foods? Raffinose Inulin Oligofructose Stachyose

Raffinose Stachyose

True or false: Glucagon and insulin are both released from the pancreas.

True

Intestinal cells absorb glucose and galactose by ______ and fructose is absorbed by ______.

active transport; facilitated diffusion

During processing, ______ are incorporated into foods to contribute to flavor, browning and tenderness, and preservation of food.

added sugars

Individuals who are lactose-intolerant and do not consume dairy products are at risk for a ______ deficiency.

calcium

When bacteria in the mouth metabolize ______, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to dental caries.

carbohydrates

Sugar alcohols consumed in large amounts may ______.

cause diarrhea

A __________ carbohydrate has three or more monosaccharides bonded together.

complex

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are classified as ______.

disaccharides

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

extreme thirst frequent urination blurred vision

True or false: Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the liver.

false

True or false: Type 1 diabetes only begins during childhood.

false

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, and mucilages are examples of the polysaccharide called _____________.

fiber

Nondigestible plant material is termed ______.

fiber

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

Which sugar tastes the sweetest?

fructose

Intestinal cells absorb glucose and ______ by active transport; ______ is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

galactose; fructose

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with a(n) ______ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ______-producing cells in the ______.

immune; insulin; pancreas

Added sugars are incorporated into foods during processing to ______.

inhibit the growth of mold decrease moisture content contribute to flavor increase tenderness of food

How does the body respond to an increase in blood glucose?

insulin is secreted by the pancreas

Type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to _____.

insulin resistance

What is an acceptable hemoglobin HbA1c level for a person with diabetes?

less than 7%

Hypoglycemia may be diagnosed when the blood glucose level is ________.

less than 70 mg/dL

What are the five signs of metabolic syndrome?

low fasting HDL cholesterol large waist circumference high fasting blood glucose hypertension elevated fasting triglycerides

Which of the following are sugar alcohols? mannitol cyclamate xylitol sorbitol

mannitol xylitol sorbitol

The simplest type of sugar is a ____________.

monosaccharides

Simple carbohydrates include _________________, which contain only one sugar unit, and __________________, which contain two sugar units bonded together.

monosaccharides; disaccharides

Choose the two amino acids present in aspartame. phenylalanine histidine aspartic acid leucine

phenylalanine aspartic acid

Diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of

protein glucose fat

________________ dietary fiber usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria.

soluble

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starch

Polysaccharides that contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large chainlike structures include ______.

starch glycogen

The major function of carbohydrate is to ______.

supply the body with energy

Sugar alcohols cost only 2 kcal/gram because ______.

they are not fully absorbed in the intestinal tract

True or false: Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

true

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

true

Diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for

type 2 diabetes.

Nonnutritive sweeteners supply _____ calories per serving.

0

Though the AI for men is 38 g/day and 25 g/day for women, the typical American diet only supplies about ___g of dietary fiber per day.

16

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45-65%

What happens when cells metabolize glucose?

Energy is released

What would be the health benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in a food product?

Because they have fewer calories

__________________ are a major source of energy for cells.

Carbohydrates

______________ ____________ is a serious chronic disease characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.

Diabetes; Mellitus