Nutrition Chapter 6: Proteins and Amino Acids

PROTEIN FUNCTION (complete 7)

1. provide structure 2. speed up metabolic reactions through enzymes 3. transport to move substances in and out of cells 4. antibodies to help the immune system fight 5. contractile proteins for muscle movement 6. hormones as chemical messengers (insulin, glucagon) 7. regulate fluid and acid-base balance

Heal Prick is used to test

PKU Sickle Cell Anemia Cystic Fibrosis Many proteins disorders like lactemia

what is it called when proteins harm certain individuals? and what is the (amino acid?) that causes the damage?

Phenylketonuria (PKU); caused by substance that contain Phenylalanine like Aspertame as a sugar substitute

what must you always run when figuring out protein requirements?

a BASELINE!!!!!

tests for Celiac and NCGS

blood test (not 100% certain) biopsy of small intestine

Amino acids composition

building blocks of protein contain central carbon, hydrogen, amino group (Nitrogen!!), acid group and a side chain

Sickle Cell Anemia

cells die early shortage of RBC

what will vegans do to meet protein needs?

combine certain foods to give you the essential proteins ex: rice and beans

dietary restrictions for those with PKE

eat less milk, eggs, and aspartame

translation

how rna is used to produce proteins

Sickle Cell Crisis

misshapen cells that block blood flow and cause pain in extremities

what are conditional amino acids?

non-essential amino acids EXCEPT in times of illness or stress ex: burn victims, end-stage cancer, ESRD, ESLD, another liver disease?

what happens to the body when you degrade too many proteins?

uncoordinated movements different breathing pattern dehydration etc.

protein denaturation definition and causes

when a folded protein changes it's shape and unfolds causes: 1. heat (ex: frying an egg; chemical change) 2. change in physical structure 3. adding an acid (milk to yogurt)

Celiac Disease and immediate and lt symptoms

a wheat allergy; auto immune disease of the small intestine where gluten triggers an attack on the vili of the small intestine; genetic link if you have bowel disorders already in your family symptoms: immediate: diarrhea, bloating, cramps long-term: weight loss, anemia, dental issues

what shot do newborns get right after birth?

Vit K shot for clotting factors

protein digestion and food allergies

allergies can be triggered when a protein is absorbed without being completely digested common ones: protein from milk, eggs, nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish and peanuts people with GI diseases are more prone to allergies because their damaged intestines allow for the absorption of whole proteins

Marasmus

an energy and protein deficiency; 'withering or wasting' inadequate intake of protein and calories characterized by emaciation

what is Phenylketonuria?

an rare inherited condition attributed to a deficiency gene that causes amino acids (phenylalanine) to build up in the body it isn't filtered or distributed like it should be diagnosed in kids aged 5-7

how does protein impact diet...animal v plant sources?

animal sources: protein, B vits, minerals (Fe, Zn, and Ca); low in fiber and high in fat (can lead to cardiovascular issues) plant sources: protein, B vits (not B12), minerals (Fe, Zn, Ca), fiber, phytochemicals; less absorbable forms (incomplete)

general signs and symptoms with Sickle Cell disease

joint pain, dizzy, fatigue (which you can have with any anemia with inadequate oxygen delivery), low oxygen saturation, inflamed fingers and toes, SOB, and yellowing of the cornea

MSG reaction symptoms

flushed face, tingling or burning sensations, headache, rapid heart beat, chest pain, and general weakness

when does protein level need to increase? (7)

growth periods pregnancy lactation toddlers adolescence puberty change in workout

protein structure

linked by peptide bonds (formed between the acid and nitrogen groups of adjacent amino acids) dipeptide bonds are between 2 amino acids polypeptides are formed between may amino acids protein is made of 1+ polypeptide chain that is folded in a distinct 3D shape

3 types of 3D shapes for protein structure

loops, curves, and folds

Sarcopenia

muscle tissue atrophy in older adults (loss of mm tone)

are enzymes destroyed in metabolic reactions?

no, they are kick starters to metabolic reactions

what to do when considering protein quality of supplements

rule of thumb: the more expensive and length on the market will be better quality look for % of protein in serving because there may be a high amount of calories or fat per serving

what can happen with both Kwashiorkor and Marasmus besides protein deficiency?

severe vitamin deficiency, as well as essential fatty acids and trace elements

proteins give the physical being of the body...

structure and regulation

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

term that covers a range of protein deficency conditions that may include protein deficiency only or protein deficiency plus energy deficiency

Kwashiorkor and alcoholics

they get plenty of liquid calories, but don't get a lot of good calories from protein (or even protein at all)

Kwashiorkor and moms

they lose lots of protein while breast feeding because the baby needs it she may wean off, but still not get enough

why do we need to be concerned about active/athletic vegans?

they will have protein deficiencies since they cannot get a lot of the essential nutrients from meat foods

what is transamination?

when a non-essential amino acid is not available from the diet, it can be made in the body through this process an amino group is moved from one molecule to another you need a ketone group for transfer

protein turnover

when the body is constantly synthesizing and breaking down protein like recycling normal body function cause we're always growing and maintaining body tissues

pitting edema

when there is a build up of fluid with swelling in the arms and legs

sources of protein in the diet

world: relies on plant proteins (grains and veggies) US: animal foods in diet is high; improved economy has an increase animal foods in diet 2/3 of dietary protein comes from meat, poultry, seafood, eggs and dairy products chicken breast, beef none in oils

amino acids as an energy source? where will your body take them from?

your body doesn't want to do this!! but if it has to it will grab amino acids from: 1. blood proteins 2. muscle: is counter productive cause it's taking it from the muscles just to return it to them for energy

how much protein do adults require per day?

0.8g/kg body weight per day AMDR= 10-35% (35% will be for your athletes; 10-15% for your sedentary life)

classes of protein structure and that function

1. Globular: compact, soluble (love water), and spherical function: enzymes, hormones, biological roles ex: hemoglobin 2. Fibrous: elongated, insoluble function: make up body cells and tissues

2 types of PEM

1. Kwashiorkor 2. Marasmus

Amino acid types

1. essential amino acids: cannot be synthesized by human body in sufficient amounts... must be included in diet 2. non-essential amino acids: body makes enough by itself

steps when deciding if you need to supplement protein

1. find your baseline 2. find your active range 3. see of you get within your range based on your diet....Y: no need to supplement; N: supplement any change in activity may warrant a need to supplement

how does the body use proteins?

1. growth, repair, replacement of tissues, and aids in function 2. regulate body functions 3. break down food

protein excess can result in... overtime

1. hydration and kidney function issues: ur kidneys are under greater stress to try and flush out itself with water, so nitrogen and water will be lost, causing a fluid imbalance 2. bone health issues: excessive Ca loss AND with acid-ash diet it will increase the acidity of urine 3. kidney stones: increased stress increases urinary calcium 4. increased risk for heart disease and cancer: you have a higher fat intake when you get your protein from animals

PROTEIN DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

1. mouth: chewing begins the chemical breakdown of protein 2. stomach: HCl and pepsin begin chemical digestion of protein 3. small intestine: pancreas secretes protein-digesting enzymes as well as those in the microvilli, to break polypeptides into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides 4. mucosal cells: transport proteins move products into mucosal cell for absorption; di/tripeptieds enter once they are broken down into single amino acids 5. aa's pass through mucosal cell into blood and travel to the liver 6. little dietary protein is lost to feces

types of vegetarian diets

1. nonvergetarian 2. semivegetarian: occasionally eats the products 3. pesetariansim: no animals but fish 4. lacto-ovo vegetarian: no meat, but yes to dairy and egg products (?) 5. lactovegetarian: no meat or eggs, but will eat dairy 6. vegan: excludes all food of animal-origin

Baseline protein intake for teenage groups

13-14 year olds: 0.95g/kg 14-18 year olds: 0.85g/kg

PDA for proteins in pregnant women

26g protein/day ABOVE the recommendation

Ranges for different groups for protein requirement (different activity levels)

Activity Levels: 1. Recreational endurance: 0.8-1.0g/kg 2. Moderate endurance athlete: 1.2-1.4g/kg 3. Power sports: 1.4-1.7g/kg (mm builders) 4. Elite endurance athlete: 1.6g/kg (me) 5. Pre-season/early training athletes: 1.5-1.7g/kg 6. Steady state (normal season): 1.0-1.2g/kg

what's Chinese Resturant Syndrome?

MSG symptom complex

what's MSG stand for and made of?

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) the amino acid glutamic acid bound to sodium

nitrogen balance

N in = N out total body protein doesn't change maintain body weight

what's positive nitrogen balance? goods and bads?

N in is greater than N out total body protein increases occurs during body growth, pregnancy, increase in mm mass my weight lifting too much could cause weight gain

Negative nitrogen balance

N in is less than N out total body protein decreases diet is too low in protein or energy; due to injury or illness as well

Amino Acid/Nitrogen pool

a collection of amino acids available in an organism at any given time amino acids aren't stored like adipose since they're constantly turned over for use shuttled via blood each days they're catabolized to produce amino acids and energy that will be converted to urea and excreted from the body

Sickle Cell Disease

a group of disorders that cause RBC (structure due to protein) to be misshapen and break down inherited disorders

supplementing protein

a lot of people are doing it now, but it's expensive and not as natural natural is better

what's anaphylaxis?

a rapid, severe allergic reaction

calculation for protein requirements

body weight in kg x 0.8g/kg = ___g of protein baseline per day

treatment for Celiac and NCGS

eliminate gluten in diet

transcription

how dna is copied to rna

the Limiting Amino Acid

if there's a diet inadequate of an essential amino acid, protein synthesis cannot proceed beyond the rate at which amino acids are available vegans/vegetarians will have to connect all the incompletes since the pool is limited you can only start synthesis when the pool is full!!

risk factors for Celiac and Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity

increased stress abdominal surgeries multiple pregnancies

what nutrients are at risk in a vegan diet?

protein vit B 12 (miss almost all of these cause they're only found in animal products) calcium vit D Iron Zinc Iodine Omega-3 fatty acids

Amino acids supplements

provide 10-35g of protein 20-70% of daily value supplemented ones can cause an imbalance and deficiency in other amino acids

Kwashiorkor and symptoms

pure protein deficiency; 'sickness of the weaning' inadequate protein with reasonable caloric intake (energy) symptoms: atrophy, sunken eyes, uncoordinated movement, unsteady gait

protein deficiency in the US is...

rare in the US