Nutrition Chapter 7
Lean individuals have a higher percentage of body water than obese individuals.
Answer: TRUE
Most Americans exceed the dietary recommendations for sodium.
Answer: TRUE
Phosphorus is a negatively charged electrolyte.
Answer: TRUE
Sodium and chloride are the predominant electrolytes in the extracellular fluid.
Answer: TRUE
Sodium is an essential nutrient necessary for human health.
Answer: TRUE
Sports drinks are not necessary for individuals who engage in little or no exercise.
Answer: TRUE
The liquid portion of the blood is called plasma.
Answer: TRUE
Ions are capable of conducting electricity.
Answer: TRUE
Individuals with hypertension are advised to limit their dietary sodium intake to less than 1.5 grams a day.
Answer: TRUE
Which of the following do sodium and potassium NOT have in common? A) Rich sources of both include fresh fruits and vegetables. B) Both participate in maintaining fluid balance. C) Both are involved in nerve impulse transmission. D) Dietary levels of both influence the risk for hypertension.
A) Rich sources of both include fresh fruits and vegetables.
Matt has just been diagnosed with hypertension, and his physician has instructed him to reduce his sodium intake. Which of the following would be good advice for Matt? A) Snack on fresh fruits and vegetables instead of salty snacks. B) Use condiments such as ketchup and relish rather than salting foods. C) Eat a variety of canned and dried soups. D) When shopping for processed foods, choose foods containing monosodium glutamate instead of sodium.
A) Snack on fresh fruits and vegetables instead of salty snacks.
Which of the following statements about the movement of substances across the cell membrane is TRUE? A) Water freely moves across the cell membrane. B) Water moves across the cell membranes only through protein channels. C) Electrolytes freely move across cell membranes. D) Water and electrolytes cannot move across cell membranes.
A) Water freely moves across the cell membrane.
Water has a high heat capacity. What does this term mean? A) Water is relatively resistant to an increase in temperature. B) Water heats up or cools down readily. C) Water provides a useful source of stored kilocalories. D) Water provides excellent insulation for the body.
A) Water is relatively resistant to an increase in temperature.
Which of the following foods contains the lowest amount of sodium? A) a medium fresh orange B) one cup of canned vegetable soup C) a hot dog D) a 4-ounce glass of tomato juice
A) a medium fresh orange
Which of the following is a diuretic? A) alcohol B) milk C) water D) orange juice
A) alcohol
Which of the following individuals will benefit the MOST from consuming a sports beverage? A) athlete who exercises intensely for more than one hour B) child who will not drink milk C) adult who participates in regular physical activity 30 minutes a day D) elderly person who is taking a diuretic
A) athlete who exercises intensely for more than one hour
A condition characterized by dangerously high potassium levels in the blood is A) hyperkalemia. B) hypokalemia. C) hypernatremia. D) hyponatremia.
A) hyperkalemia.
A condition characterized by very high blood sodium levels is A) hypernatremia. B) hyponatremia. C) hyperkalemia. D) hypokalemia.
A) hypernatremia.
A water-treatment method in which water is filtered through a screen to eliminate chemical contaminants and microorganisms is known as A) micron filtration. B) chlorination. C) reverse filtration. D) distillation.
A) micron filtration.
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane toward solutes is called A) osmosis. B) filtration. C) depolarization. D) distillation.
A) osmosis.
Which is NOT a symptom of low blood pressure? A) stroke B) confusion C) dizziness D) fatigue
A) stroke
The water that comes from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs is characterized as what kind of water? A) surface B) ground C) spring D) distilled
A) surface
One consequence of hypernatremia is A) swelling of tissues in the brain. B) dangerously diluted blood sodium levels. C) rapid drop in blood pressure. D) movement of water into the intracellular fluid compartment.
A) swelling of tissues in the brain.
Bottled water is safer to drink than tap water.
Answer: FALSE
Consuming too much sodium will result in hypernatremia in most healthy individuals.
Answer: FALSE
If an adult weighing 130 to 160 pounds lost 3 pounds as body fluid, he or she would likely experience muscle spasms, delirium, and kidney failure.
Answer: FALSE
Individuals taking diuretics should always increase their dietary potassium intake.
Answer: FALSE
Processed foods tend to be low in sodium and high in potassium.
Answer: FALSE
The body obtains metabolic water directly by consuming fluids and foods.
Answer: FALSE
The most common chemical used to purify public water supplies is chloride.
Answer: FALSE
Two-thirds of body fluids consist of extracellular fluid.
Answer: FALSE
We consume the majority of our dietary chloride from fruits and vegetables.
Answer: FALSE
When hiking at a high altitude, increased fluid retention is a significant risk.
Answer: FALSE
When solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the cell membrane, osmosis begins.
Answer: FALSE
A diet rich in potassium has been shown to help maintain a healthy blood pressure.
Answer: TRUE
Congestive heart failure and kidney disease are risk factors for hypernatremia.
Answer: TRUE
During pregnancy, adequate fluid intake is necessary to maintain the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.
Answer: TRUE
Extreme dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea can result in hypokalemia.
Answer: TRUE
Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of potassium.
Answer: TRUE
The United States agency that sets and monitors standards for city water systems is the A) Food and Drug Administration (FDA). B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). C) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). D) Department of Agriculture (USDA).
B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes outside the cell is higher than in the intracellular environment? A) The cell will burst. B) The cell will shrink and dry up. C) The cell will undergo mitosis and divide. D) The cell will be unaffected.
B) The cell will shrink and dry up.
Ian is hospitalized for dehydration after experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following is NOT associated with Ian's dehydrated condition? A) Fluid will be lost from the extracellular fluid environment. B) The extracellular electrolyte concentration will be very low. C) The intracellular fluid will leave the cells creating a fluid imbalance. D) The fluid imbalance will result in an irregular heartbeat.
B) The extracellular electrolyte concentration will be very low.
The majority of our body's phosphorus is stored in the A) kidneys. B) bones. C) blood. D) liver.
B) bones.
The ability of a muscle to contract and relax is dependent on the flow of what substance out of and into its storage site in the muscle cell? A) phosphorus B) calcium C) iron D) chloride
B) calcium
The GI flora A) can synthesize small amounts of electrolytes. B) can help release the phosphorus in plant foods. C) can help release the potassium in plant foods. D) can degrade excessive sodium in the GI tract.
B) can help release the phosphorus in plant foods.
The swelling of tissues associated with hypernatremia is known as A) osmosis. B) edema. C) depolarization. D) repolarization.
B) edema.
Sports beverages are a combination of fluid, carbohydrate, and A) unsaturated fatty acids. B) electrolytes. C) diuretics. D) soluble fiber.
B) electrolytes.
What is fluid that flows between the cells of tissues and organs? A) intracellular fluid B) interstitial fluid C) intravascular fluid D) ionic fluid
B) interstitial fluid
The two electrolytes most important in enabling nerves to respond to stimuli are sodium and A) chloride. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) iron.
B) potassium.
Widely distributed in many foods, phosphorous is especially abundant in foods high in A) starches. B) protein. C) dietary fiber. D) fat.
B) protein.
Which of the following beverages provides protein, unsaturated fatty acids, calcium, and usually vitamin D? A) green tea B) soy milk C) rice milk D) nonfat milk
B) soy milk
Bert goes to the gym and works out strenuously for about 45 minutes. After his exercise session he weighs himself and notices that he has lost a pound. How much fluid should he drink to rehydrate his body? A) 1 cup B) 2 cups C) 3 cups D) 4 cups
C) 3 cups
On average, which of the following individuals would have the highest percentage of body water? A) 35-year-old overweight man B) 35-year-old overweight woman C) 35-year-old lean man D) 35-year-old lean woman
C) 35-year-old lean man
Mary is 19 years old. She drinks the recommended intake of 2.2 liters of water and other beverages a day. About how many cups is this equivalent to? A) 3 cups B) 6 cups C) 9 cups D) 12 cups
C) 9 cups
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding phosphorus? A) Phosphorus from animal sources is more readily absorbed than the phosphorus from plant sources. B) Phosphorus is a component of ATP. C) On average, Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets. D) The GI flora can break down the phosphorus from plant sources.
C) On average, Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets.
After completing a 10K run, Bonita notices that her urine is brown and similar to the color of cola. What does this indicate about Bonita's hydration status? A) She is well hydrated. B) She may be inadequately hydrated and needs to replace fluids. C) She is suffering from severe dehydration and needs treatment immediately. D) The color of urine is not a reliable indicator of hydration status.
C) She is suffering from severe dehydration and needs treatment immediately.
Which of the following beverages qualifies as a sugary drink? A) a can of beer B) a cup of freshly brewed hot coffee C) a bottled tea drink sweetened with honey D) a bottle of sparkling water
C) a bottled tea drink sweetened with honey
You are more likely to experience a potentially dangerous sudden surge of caffeine in your bloodstream when you drink A) hot tea. B) hot coffee. C) a cola soft drink. D) an energy drink.
C) a cola soft drink.
Which of the following substances is characterized by its ability to move freely and adapt to the shape of the vessel that contains it? A) an electrolyte B) an ion C) a fluid D) a diuretic
C) a fluid
Although chloride deficiency is rare, it is most likely to occur in a person experiencing A) high blood sodium levels. B) a peptic ulcer. C) chronic vomiting. D) constipation
C) chronic vomiting.
Which of the following is NOT a major function of sodium? A) assists in nerve impulse transmission B) helps maintain fluid balance C) contributes to the mineral complex of bone D) helps maintain blood volume
C) contributes to the mineral complex of bone
Which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism? A) decreased concentration of solutes in the blood B) elevated blood volume and pressure C) dryness of the mouth and throat tissues D) eating sweet-tasting foods
C) dryness of the mouth and throat tissues
Which of the following does NOT describe tissue fluid? A) fluid that flows between cells B) interstitial fluid C) fluid that is found in the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels D) synovial fluid found within joints
C) fluid that is found in the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
MOST water is lost daily via the A) skin. B) lungs. C) kidneys. D) colon.
C) kidneys.
What is the function of synovial fluid? A) maintains blood volume B) transports nutrients through the body C) lubricates body joints D) maintains body temperature
C) lubricates body joints
Diets rich in which of the following nutrients are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels? A) sodium B) chloride C) potassium D) phosphorus
C) potassium
The major intracellular positively charged electrolyte is A) sodium. B) chloride. C) potassium. D) phosphorus.
C) potassium.
Which of the following is an example of insensible water loss? A) vomiting B) sweating C) respiration D) urination
C) respiration
Which of the following is the MOST effective method used in removing waterborne microorganisms from bottled water? A) carbon filtration B) ion exchange C) reverse osmosis D) deionization
C) reverse osmosis
The MOST serious type of heat illness is heat A) syncope. B) cramps. C) stroke. D) exhaustion.
C) stroke.
Up to what percentage of an adult's healthy body weight is fluid? A) 20 B) 30 C) 40 D) 70
D) 70
Which of the following does NOT explain why infants have a higher risk of dehydration than healthy young and middle-aged adults? A) Infants excrete urine at a higher rate than adults. B) Infants have a greater ratio of body surface area to core body areas. C) Infants respond more dramatically to heat and cold than adults. D) Infants have a lower proportion of body water than adults.
D) Infants have a lower proportion of body water than adults.
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism to maintain the body's internal temperature? A) Fluid acts as a coolant by increasing the blood flow from the warm body core to the peripheral tissue, thus cooling the body. B) Fluid has a high capacity for heat, so it requires a great deal of energy to raise its temperature. C) Fluid is evaporated as sweat from the skin's surface, thus cooling the body. D) Warmed fluids from the body's surface return to the body's core, thus heating the body.
D) Warmed fluids from the body's surface return to the body's core, thus heating the body.
Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk for hyperkalemia? A) a marathon runner B) a newborn C) an individual who eats only processed foods D) an individual with kidney disease
D) an individual with kidney disease
The release of which of the following nutrients from muscle cell storage sites stimulates muscle contraction? A) phosphorus B) potassium C) sodium D) calcium
D) calcium
Which of the following can contribute to dehydration? A) release of ADH from the pituitary gland B) water reabsorption by the kidneys C) the thirst mechanism D) diarrhea
D) diarrhea
Which of the following is a substance that increases fluid loss via the urine? A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) plasma C) caffeine D) diuretic
D) diuretic
A potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms is A) hypertension. B) fever. C) dehydration. D) heat stroke.
D) heat stroke.
Diets high in sodium are associated with A) breast cancer. B) diabetes mellitus. C) obesity. D) hypertension.
D) hypertension.
The "command center" of fluid intake is located in the A) kidneys. B) adrenal glands. C) skin. D) hypothalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
Water functions as an excellent solvent, which means that A) it helps to regulate body temperature. B) it helps to maintain blood volume. C) it flushes toxins out of the body. D) it is capable of dissolving a wide variety of substances.
D) it is capable of dissolving a wide variety of substances.
Hyponatremia is associated with A) insufficient intake of dietary sodium. B) excessive intake of dietary sodium. C) dehydration. D) overhydration.
D) overhydration.
The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from A) animal protein sources. B) alcohol. C) vitamin supplements. D) the salt in foods.
D) the salt in foods.
What is the primary reason we sweat? A) to maintain blood volume B) to maintain sodium balance C) to excrete waste products D) to regulate body temperature
D) to regulate body temperature
Which is NOT a function of chloride? A) assists in regulating the body's fluid balance B) assists in the transmission of nerve impulses C) in the form of hydrochloric acid, helps prepare food for digestion D) used in public water supplies to kill harmful bacteria
D) used in public water supplies to kill harmful bacteria
Drinking eight glasses of fluid each day ensures that all healthy adults will meet their fluid needs.
FALSE
Lean tissue contains a lower percentage of fluid compared with fat tissue.
FALSE
Quenching thirst assures adequate fluid intake.
FALSE
Typically, water moves from areas of low concentration of solutes toward areas of higher concentration of solutes.
TRUE
Water moves freely in and out of cells.
TRUE
