Nutrition Chapter 8

A deficiency of vitamin ________ results in deterioration of epithelial cells.

A

Ronald has an inherited metabolic defect in which his cells have difficulty processing the toxic amino acid homocysteine to form the nonessential amino acid cysteine. His physician may recommend vitamin ________ supplements to help Ronald's body metabolize homocysteine.

B-6

Which of the following substances is a provitamin or a precursor for a vitamin? Lecithin Acetyl-CoA Beta-carotene Alpha-tocopherol

Beta-carotene

Which of the following statements is true? Retinol is found only in plant foods. Certain carotenoids are precursors for preformed vitamin A. Vitamin A is necessary for calcium and phosphorus absorption. In children, vitamin A deficiency is called rickets.

Certain carotenoids are precursors for preformed vitamin A.

Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by radicals.

E

Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity? B-6 D K E

E

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D? Fresh fruits Fortified dairy products Refined breads and cereals Processed luncheon meats

Fortified dairy products

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are among the best sources of riboflavin? Grains that have undergone enrichment Vegetables that are lightly cooked Fruits that are eaten raw Oils that have undergone partial hydrogenation

Grains that have undergone enrichment

Barry is a vegan. His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A, and he does not take any vitamin A supplements. Nevertheless, his body has adequate vitamin A stores. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status?

He eats plenty offoods that contain beta-carotene.

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamin supplements more likely to cause toxicity than taking excess amounts of water-soluble vitamin supplements?

In general, it is more difficult for the body to eliminate fat-soluble vitamins than water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following foods provides the most beta-carotene per serving? Bacon, 1 strip, cooked Mango, 1 medium, raw Plain yogurt, 1/2 cup Pear, 1 medium, raw

Mango, 1 medium, raw

Matt is a vegan. As a result of his diet, he consumes no sources of preformed vitamin A. Which of the following statements explains why he has not developed a deficiency of vitamin A?

Matt's dietsupplies high amounts of beta-carotene.

________ are water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin D, A, andE Thiamin, vitaminK, and niacin Pantothenic acid,vitamin C, and thiamin Vitamin A,riboflavin, and vitamin C

Pantothenic acid,vitamin C, and thiamin

Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion? Parathyroidhormone Glucagon Antidiuretic hormone Insulin

Parathyroidhormone

Which of the following statements is true? People can survive for years by only consuming formula diets that contain all known vitamins. Biotin is a vitamin-like substance for humans. Vitamins are classified as being soluble in either alcohol or fat. Scientists are conducting research on plants to discover more vitamins that are essential for human beings.

People can survive for years by only consuming formula diets that contain all known vitamins.

Which of the following statements is true? Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children. Skin can form pre vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight. Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults. Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation.

Skin can form pre vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

Which of the following statements is true about vitamins? Chemically, theyare the same as minerals. Compared to protein, the body requires vitamins in larger quantities. Excesses can be converted to glucose for energy. They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat.

They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat.

Which of the following vitamins is a teratogen, when consumed in excess? Pantothenic acid Choline Vitamin C Vitamin A

Vitamin A

Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?

Vitamin B-12 injections

Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?

Vitamin C

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins D and E

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins K, D, andA

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins K, E, andD

________ is a carcinogen.

alcohol

Humans need vitamin B-6 for ________.

amino acid metabolism

In general, yellow, red, and orange fruits and vegetables are rich sources of ________.

beta-carotene

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C? Ground beef Fat-free milk Broccoli Whole-wheat bread

broccoli

Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.

butter

Which of the following substances is considered a "vitamin-like" nutrient for humans? Choline Biotin Pantothenic acid Riboflavin

choline

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin? Fruits Vegetables Dairy Oils

dairy

The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra include ________.

dermatitis

A medical researcher has isolated a chemical from cigarette smoke. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical damages unsaturated fatty acids in the cells' plasma membranes. He is able to prevent this damage by adding vitamin E to the mixture of the chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has ________.

determined that the chemical in cigarette smoke is an oxidizing agent

A medical researcher is investigating the chemical and physical properties of substance that she isolated from the surface of charcoal-grilled meat. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical causes the rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membranes. She is able to prevent this reaction by adding vitamin C to the mixture of the substance chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has ________.

determined that the chemical isolated from charcoal-grilled meat is an oxidizing agent

The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra include ________.

diarrhea

Which of the following foods are a good source of vitamin B-12? Whole-wheat breads Apples Eggs Peanuts

eggs

T/F: Beta-carotene is the most biologically active form of vitamin A.

false

T/F: Milk, eggs, poultry, meat, and pork are poor sources of vitamin B-12.

false

T/F: The body uses vitamin K to make provitamin, which is needed for proper blood clotting.

false

T:F/ According to results of scientific studies, people who take dietary supplements of vitamin A or beta-carotene have a lower risk of developing cancer.

false

T:F/ According to results of scientific studies, taking megadoses of vitamin E is an effective way of lowering the risk of heart disease and cancer.

false

T:F/ In 2020, the stomach was the leading site for new cases of cancer among American women.

false

T:F/ Night blindness is an early symptom of vitamin D deficiency.

false

T:F/ The body uses vitamin K to make provitamin, which is needed for proper blood clotting.

false

T:F/ To conserve the vitamin C content of cabbage, add a teaspoon of baking soda to the cooking water before heating the cabbage.

false

T:F/ Vitamin K is a powerful antioxidant.

false

T:F/ Vitamins E, K, C, and D are fat-soluble vitamins.

false

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12? Fat-free milk Broccoli Grapefruit juice Brown rice

fat free milk

Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D? Fatty fish Dark orange and yellow vegetables Whole-grain breads and cereals Fresh fruit

fatty fish

Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism? Thiamin Niacin Folate Pantothenic acid

folate

The human body needs vitamin K to ________.

form active blood clotting factors

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K? Green leafy vegetables Butter Processed poultry products Citrus fruit

green leafy vegetables

The body needs folate to produce a coenzyme that ________.

helps form DNA

Charcoal-broiled meats may be a source of ________.

heterocyclic amines

_________ are a good source of vitamin B-12.

lean meats

When cooking green beans, Jamal likes to add baking soda to the cooking water, because it keeps the color of the beans from turning olive green. As a result of this practice, Jamal's green beans have ________ than green beans cooked in plain water.

less vitamin C

Which of the following organs is the leading site for cancer deaths among American men and women? Lung Breast Liver Prostate

lung

______ cancer causes the most cancer-related deaths among American men and women.

lung

________ are water-soluble vitamins. a. Niacin,riboflavin, and thiamin b. Vitamins K, D, andE c. Pantothenic acid,vitamin A, and choline d. Vitamins B-12,B-6, and E

not c

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C? Cheese Papaya Chicken Whole-wheat bread

papaya

Cooper eats a lot of refined grain products that have not been enriched with nutrients. He likes to eat fresh fruit, cabbage, and corn; but he avoids pork, beef, poultry, chicken, eggs, and dairy foods. Recently, he has been feeling tired, and his muscles are not as strong as they used to be. The skin of his face and neck has red and scaly patches. For the past couple of days, he has had bouts of diarrhea. Based on this information, Cooper probably is suffering from ________.

pellagra

A person who does not produce intrinsic factor will develop ________.

pernicious anemia

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.

phosphorus and calcium

Sam wants to lower his risk of colorectal cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may increase his risk of this chronic disease.

processed meat

________ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.

retinol

Exposing milk to light can reduce its ________ content.

riboflavin

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of refined white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing ________.

scurvy

Marta is a teenager who doesn't eat fruits and vegetables. Her diet consists primarily of chicken, cottage cheese, yogurt, white bread, and butter. Furthermore, she doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Marta has a high risk of ________.

scurvy

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin K? Whole egg Spinach Lean pork Banana

spinach

To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ________.

stir-fry instead of boil

Libby wants to have a birthday party for her 5-year-old daughter and several of the child's friends. She plans to serve cake, ice cream, and milk to the children in the backyard on a warm sunny afternoon. To conserve vitamins in the milk, Libby should ________.

store the milk in the refrigerator until serving time

Damon has a chronic illness, and to treat the condition, he takes an antibiotic every day. Despite his illness, Damon's diet is nutritionally adequate, and he exercises regularly. Based on this information, Damon may need to ________.

take a dietary supplement that contains vitamin K

T/F: Kale is a rich source of vitamin K.

true

T/F: Niacin is a B vitamin that is needed for energy metabolism.

true

T/F: Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin.

true

T/F: One of the major signs of a severe vitamin A deficiency is xerophthalmia.

true

T:F/ Scientists have discovered all essential vitamins.

true

T:F/ When healthy skin is exposed to sunshine, it forms a substance that the body converts to active vitamin D.

true

Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of ________, the precursor for niacin.

tryptophan

Edna is 70 years of age. She is very healthy, and the only medication she takes is a prescription drug that reduces her stomach's acid production. Her diet includes a variety of foods from all food groups. Based on this information, Edna is at risk of developing ________.

vitamin B-12 deficiency

Juan is a body builder who takes a variety of vitamin supplements. He often has diarrhea, and last week he was diagnosed with a kidney stone. Based on this information, which of his supplements is most likely contributing to his current health problems?

vitamin C

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________.

vitamin K;bleeding

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin C? Beef steak Fat-free milk Whole-wheatbread White potato

white potato