Nutrition Chapter 9

Calcium absorption is promoted by:

lactose and vitamin D

In which situation is fluoridated drinking water most likely to result in mild fluorosis? a) Direct 1 ppm in a 4 year old b) Direct 3 ppm in a 6 year old c) Direct 8 ppm in a 7 year old d) Direct 10 ppm in an 18 year old e) Direct 10 ppm in an older adult

B) 3ppm in a 6 year old

Mineralization of bone begins prior to collagen formation. Mineralization is the deposition of organic elements on an inorganic matrix. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

B) BOTH ARE FALSE ... Mineralization occurs immediately AFTER collagen formation. Mineralization is the deposition of inorganic elements (minerals) on an organic matrix

Calcium balance, an intake that equals excretion, depends solely on adequate calcium intake. Although hormones such as PTH are involved in phosphorus balance, hormonal influence on calcium balance is insignificant. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

B) Both statements are false Calcium balance RELIES on regulating hormones, specifically PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin.

Actions in which pressure stretches or strains the structure are referred to as compressional forces. Tensional forces are actions in which pressure attempts to increase a structure's volume. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

B) both are false Compressional Forces - action in whcih pressure attempts to diminish a structure's volume causing it to be in a constant state of change Tensional Forces - Action where pressure stretches/strains the structure

?? The serum calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is an inverse relationship. If the calcium level increases, the phosphorus level will increase to match this level. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

B) both are false C) first statement is true, second is false First statement......? Second statement - definitely false - calcium levels may drop but this has no effect on the phosphorus levels.

Each of the following is true of formation of teeth except one. Which one is the exception? a) Teeth are composed of enamel, dentin, and cementum. b) Approximately 20% of enamel is organic material. c) Dentin lacks the osteoblasts and osteoclasts found in bone. d) Enamel and dentin do not contain blood vessels or nerves.

B) enamel is 20% organic NO! Enamel is 97% inorganic, 3% organic! It's SOOOO strong - so it contains A LOT of minerals!!!

Nourishment for the dentin is provided by: a) bioavailable calcium. b) odontoblasts. c) phosphorus. d) osteoid.

B) odontoblasts

What is the main factor that affects the absorption of a mineral? a. vitamin C at the same meal b. physiological need c. fluid intake d. fiber content

B) physiological need

Each of the following is true of osteoporosis except one. Which one is the exception? a) Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder. b) It is characterized by decreased bone mass. c) Increased estrogen during perimenopause is a strong causative factor. d) Weight-bearing exercise is thought to be a preventive factor.

C) increased estrogen FALSE: DECREASED estrogen is a strong causative factor b/c estrogen helps the bones hold calcium.

?? Calcium supplements combined with vitamin D result in small but significant reductions in bone loss. Benefits of this combination are significant because the bioavailability of both vitamin D and calcium is enhanced in combined supplements. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

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?? Each of the following is true of the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio except one. Which one is the exception? a) Serum (blood) calcium is relatively constant. b) Each cell has a vital need for calcium. c) Calcium imbalance occurs when calcium withdrawal from bones exceed deposits. d) Decreased bone density caused by insufficient calcium occurs rapidly.

D) does readers bone density caused by insufficient calcium occurs rapidly False: it occurs slowly

Bones contain one third of the body's magnesium. It is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth. a) Direct Both statements are true. b) Direct Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second statement is false. d) Direct The first statement is false; the second is true.

D) first statement is false, second statement is true BONES CONTAIN 2/3 of the body's magnesium....(tricky😠)

Which one of the following is supersaturated with calcium? a. blood b. muscle tissue c. membrane tissue d. saliva

D) saliva

T/F: After eruption, fluoride provides only topical effects. Systemic effects occur only before tooth eruption.

True

T/F: Consumption of more than two to three cans of soft drink daily in place of milk can interrupt the calcium-to-phosphorus balance.

True

T/F: Phosphorus, the second most abundant mineral in the body, is present in all body cells and is necessary for almost every aspect of metabolism. It is vital to transfer and release of energy stores as adenosine triphosphate (ATP, composition of phospholipids, DNA, and RNA).

True

T/F: Rickets can occur during times of adequate calcium intake if vitamin D is insufficient, because absorption and utilization of calcium is dependent on adequate vitamin D levels.

True

It's part of many enzymes that repair wounds; maintains fertility, growth and boosts immunity

Zinc

More than half of the body's magnesium is stored in the:

bones

High ______ intakes inhibit absorption of iron.

calcium

What percent of dentin, cementum and bone is organic (primarily collagen)?

20%

Most of adult bone mass is acquired in girls by age: a) 12. b) 15. c) 18. d) 21.

A) 12 puberty

?? Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake during tooth formation and maturation can result in hypomineralization of developing teeth. Generally, inadequate calcium intake affects bone mass and tooth structure equivalently. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

A) Both statements are true

??The ideal dietary calcium-to-phosphorous ratio for adults is 2:1. This ratio enables osteoclasts to deposit bone in areas weakened by stress. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

A) Both statements are true! The Ca/P ration allows for Bone mineralization and turnover

The crystalline structure of enamel makes it: a.) insoluble and resistant. b.) soluble and resistant. c.) insoluble and softer than dentin. d.) soluble and harder than dentin.

A) INsoluable and resistant Soluable - substance that dissolves in water.... enamel does not dissolve in water

? Which of the following does not enhance absorption of calcium supplements? a) Sucrose b) Dextrose c) Lactose d) Mineral oil

A) Sucrose

? Adequate intake of calcium is observed in males and females from 20 to 35 years. Women can continue to increase bone growth and density through their 20s, but do not achieve the bone mass level observed in most men. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

A) both statement are true Peak bone growth occurs at age 30

When collagen is formed, apatite, a complex composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, automatically crystallizes adjacent to the collagen fibers. Formation of collagen requires the presence of protein, vitamin C, and minerals. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

A) both statements are true

?? Individuals should consume 30% of the daily value or 300 mg of calcium per serving three or four times daily because under normal conditions, less than one third of the calcium consumed is absorbed. a) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

A) both the statement and reason are correct and related

What finding would the dental hygienist observe while assessing a patient with too much fluoride? a. enamel mottling b. dental caries c. loss of teeth d. tooth mobility e. red rash

A. Enamel mottling

Compressional Forces

Action in whcih pressure attempts to diminish a structure's volume causing it to be in a constant state of change

Tensional Forces

Action where pressure stretches/strains the structure

?? Inadequate calcium intake can be attributed to each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? a) Uninformed choices b) The belief that adults do not need milk c) The belief that milk contributes too many calories d) Lactose intolerance e) Economic hardships

All of these seem like someone's reason for inadequate calcium intake.... "My cat died from cancer which came from too much calcium" could be a reason someone has inadequate calcium intake

The best source of phosphorus is:

Animal protein

T/F: Bones contain almost two-thirds of the body's magnesium. It is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth, with dentin containing about two times more than enamel.

Both statements are true.

T/F: Phosphorus is abundant in foods, which is the reason deficiencies have not been observed. Dietary restriction of phosphorus is extremely difficult because of its wide use as a food additive in baked goods, cheese, processed meats, and soft drinks.

Both statements are true.

T/F: Milk and other dairy products are preferred sources of calcium because lactose enhances calcium absorption.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Despite wide variations in calcium intake, serum calcium is relatively constant because each cell has a vital need for calcium. a) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e) either the statement nor the reason is correct.

C) the statement is correct (calcium intake varies) but the reason is not correct (people sometimes have low serum calcium resulting in hypocalcemia )

Each of the following is true of calcium supplements except one. Which one is the exception? a) A calcium supplement contains elemental calcium along with other substances. b) Calcium carbonate is 40% calcium by weight. c) Calcium citrate is 75% calcium by weight. d) Calcium-citrate-malate is a form of calcium in supplements or fortified foods.

C. Calcium citrate is 75% calcium FALSE: calcium citrate is 21% calcium

Calcium absorption is promoted by: a. protein b. fiber c. lactose d. caffeine

C. Lactose

To enhance a patient's calcium absorption, the dental hygienist should encourage foods high in: a. vitamin D b. fiber c. phosphorus d. iron

C. Phosphorus

Patients with achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach) should take calcium with meals. Antacids increase urinary excretion of calcium. a. BOTH statements are TRUE b. BOTH statements are FALSE c. The first statement is TRUE; and the second statement is FALSE d. The first statement is FALSE; and the second statement is TRUE

C. The first statement is TRUE; and the second statement is FALSE

Excessive amounts of _______ can inhibit phosphorus absorption.

Calcium

Helps form bones and teeth, and it is required for muscle contraction and blood clotting

Calcium

Each of the following is true of calcium within the saliva except one. Which one is the exception?

Calcium within saliva increases dental caries.

The best source of phosphorus is: a) Direct whole-grain products. b) fruits and vegetables. c) legumes. d) Direct animal protein. e) Direct soy protein.

D) Direct animal protein

Hypocalcemia, or deficient levels of calcium in the blood, can be caused by overdoses of cholecalciferol or excessive amounts of vitamin D preparations. Hypocalcemia results in tetany, a neuromuscular disorder. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

D) the first statement is FALSE, the second statement is TRUE Causes of hypocalcemia include hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, and renal failure.

During growth periods, the requirement for calcium is unchanged because peak bone mass seems related to depletion of calcium reserves. a) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

D) the statement is not correct but the reason is correct

Based on current DRI recommendations, which one of the following dosages of a fluoride supplement should be prescribed for a 6-year-old who consumes fluoridated drinking water measured at 0.61 ppm? a. 0.25 mg b. 0.50 mg c. 1 mg d. no supplement

D. No supplement

What finding would the dental hygienist observe while assessing a patient with too much fluoride.

Enamel mottling

?? Hypercalcemia, high levels of calcium in the blood, is almost always caused by excess dietary calcium intake. This can result in renal proliferation and increased kidney function. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

First statement - true? Unsure Second statement - true! Hypercalcemia can result from excessive bone resorption, renal calcium retention, excessive intestinal calcium absorption, or a combination of these conditions. Hypercalcemia may also provoke acute renal failure (ARF) or hypertension, or aggravate the tubular necrosis

?? High levels of calcium within the kidneys is called: a) hypercalcemia. b) hypercalciuria. c) hyperplasia. d) hypoplasia.

Hypercalcemia is Elevated calcium in blood Hypercalciuria is elevated calcium in urine (so probably this one?)

When does mineralization occur?

Immediately after collagen formation

Required for production of thyroid hormones; deficiency causes goiter

Iodine

Required for production of hemoglobin; deficiency causes anemia and easy fatigue

Iron

What is mineralization?

It is the deposition of INORGANIC ELEMENTS (minerals) on an ORGANIC MATRIX (don't get it twisted!)

Required for protein, bone and fat formation; for production and use of insulin in the body

Magnesium

Essential for transporting cellular energy (as ATP), forming cell membranes, DNA and bone tissue

Phosphorus

Electrolyte that regulates heart function, blood pressure, pH level, and nerve & muscle activity:

Potassium

Electrolyte that maintains the body's blood volume, water balance, and keeps nerves

Sodium

Each of the following is true of collagen as it relates to bone mineralization and growth except one. Which one is the exception? a) Direct Collagen is a protein matrix. b) Direct Dentin, cementum, and bone originate with collagen deposition. c) Direct Collagen is the primary connective tissue fiber in the gingiva. d) Direct Collagen is the major organic constituent of alveolar bone. e) Direct Collagen is inorganic.

THESE ARE ALL TRUE....

T/F: Magnesium plays a major role in blood pressure regulation. The strongest benefit occurs when magnesium is obtained from supplements.

The first statement is true; the second is false.