Nutrition Exam 2 - Online Quizzes
What is the AMDR for fat intake? 45-65% 20-35% 10-35% 10-25%
20-35%
What transports cholesterol away from body cells to the liver for disposal? HDL LDL Triglycerides Emulsifiers
HDL
Which food is most likely a source of trans-fatty acids? Ground beef Yogurt Stick margarine Cheese
Stick margarine
Isabella expects to get adequate vitamin D through her exposure to sunlight. What factor(s) would interfere with vitamin D activation in her body? (Select all that apply.) Sunscreen Low calcium intake Heavy clothing Far northern or southern latitude
Sunscreen Heavy clothing Far northern or southern latitude
What determines how hard or soft a fat is at room temperature?
Shorter chain fatty acids and fatty acids that are unsaturated tend to be softer and melt more easily at lower temperatures. Longer chain and saturated fatty acids tend to be hard at room temperature.
What are the potential consequences of ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin C from supplements?
Some people ingest massive doses of vitamin C, hoping that it will prevent or cure a cold. Such large doses of vitamin C can alter insulin responses in some people, interfere with anti-clotting medications, and contribute to kidney stones. A high vitamin C intake is dangerous for people with a genetic abnormality leading to iron overload.
The B vitamins act as part of: intrinsic factors. coenzymes. anticoagulants. antibodies.
coenzymes.
Which combination of foods would provide the most protein? 2 oz of meat, 2 oz of cheese, and ½ c legumes ½ c grains, ½ c vegetables, and ½ c legumes 1 c milk, ½ c fruit, and ½ c vegetables 1 c milk, ½ c vegetables, and ½ c grains
2 oz of meat, 2 oz of cheese, and ½ c legumes
What is the formula for calculating an individual's protein need (DRI)? 10-35% of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range 16% of total calorie intake 8 oz per kilogram of body weight 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight
0.8 g per kilogram of body weight
Ethan's average food intake provides 268 g protein, 217 g fat, and 66 g carbohydrate. % of calories from protein ___ % % of calories from fat ___ % % of calories from carbohydrate __ %
33%, 59%, 8% Calculations: 268 x 4 = 1072 prot cals 66 x 4 = 264 carb cals 217 x 9 = 1953 fat cals Total cals = 3289 cals 1072 prot kcals/3289 total cals = 33% Protein AMDR = 10-35% protein 1953 fat cals/3289 total cals = 59% Fat AMDR = 20-35% 264 carb cals/3289 total cals = 8% Carb AMDR = 45-65%
According to the DRI recommendation for estimating protein intake, about how much protein should a 140-pound person ingest? 51 g 63 g 35 g 46g
51 g
What possible problems are associated with a very high protein intake?
A diet high in animal protein is usually high in saturated fat which, in turn, is linked with heart disease. A high protein intake increases the work for kidneys, which is a problem for people with kidney disease. Other problems associated with a high protein may be related more to the high protein intake crowding out other important foods with their nutrients and phytochemicals, rather than to the excess protein itself.
What are the health benefits and/or health risks of consuming saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
A diet high in saturated fats is associated with high risks for cardiovascular disease. Saturated fat causes the body's blood lipids to shift towards an unhealthy profile, whereas a diet high in unsaturated fats lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease and shifts the blood lipid profile to a healthier range
Which describes a polyunsaturated fatty acid? A fatty acid with numerous hydrogen atoms A fatty acid with numerous acid groups A fatty acid with two or more carbon atoms A fatty acid with two or more double bonds
A fatty acid with two or more double bonds
For which person would dietary vitamin D be LEAST important? An elderly person living with limited opportunities to be outdoors A darker-skinned person living in the northeastern U.S. who walks in the woods during the summer months Someone who works in an office with windows across an entire wall A light-skinned person living in the southern U.S. who regularly walks outdoors, wearing lightweight clothing
A light-skinned person living in the southern U.S. who regularly walks outdoors, wearing lightweight clothing
Who would be most likely to develop pellagra? A person who consumes a mixed diet of meat and plant foods A person who is a vegetarian but consumes milk A person who eats no meat and eats corn as their dietary staple
A person who eats no meat and eats corn as their dietary staple
According to the textbook, who is most likely to benefit from taking a nutrient supplement? A pregnant woman A person who eats 3,000 calories/day Almost everyone will benefit from taking a supplement An endurance athlete
A pregnant woman
According to the textbook, which supplement would be best? A supplement that has less than the DRI of every nutrient for your gender and age A supplement that has more than 100% of certain vitamins or minerals A supplement that has a therapeutic or high-potency dose of the vitamin The brand that is advertised on television and is the most expensive
A supplement that has less than the DRI of every nutrient for your gender and age
How does his energy intake pattern compare to the AMDR for fat and protein? High protein, low fat Adequate protein, high fat Low protein, low fat Low protein, adequate fat High protein, high fat Adequate protein, adequate fat
Adequate protein, high fat
What are the benefits of a food intake that includes meat and other animal proteins?
An omnivorous diet usually provides enough high quality protein to support growth at critical times in the life cycle. It supplies vitamin B12 and it is more likely to provide an adequate intake of calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin D than a vegetarian diet.
What foods are sources of saturated fats? Monounsaturated fats? Polyunsaturated fats?
Animal fats tend to contribute substantial amounts of saturated fats, with some notable exceptions. Coconut oil is very high in saturated fat, and palm oil also is a contributor. (These are sometimes called tropical oils.) Olive oil and canola oil are notable for their monounsaturated fat content. Other plant seed oils such as safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oil all are high in polyunsaturated fats.
Which is accurate about food sources of lipids? Legumes are a significant source of omega-3 fatty acids. Stick margarine is a significant source of cholesterol. Olive oil is a significant source of saturated fat. Beef fat (tallow) is a significant source of saturated fat.
Beef fat (tallow) is a significant source of saturated fat.
Which compound(s) act(s) as an antioxidant? (Select all that apply.) Beta-carotene Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin C
Beta-carotene Vitamin E Vitamin C
Which food has LOW quality protein? Shellfish Bread Cheese Pork
Bread
John is told by a registered dietitian that he should try and get more vitamin C in his diet. Which of the following foods will help him with this recommendation? (Select all that apply.) Roast beef Broccoli Milk Citrus fruits
Broccoli Citrus fruits
If Ethan continues to eat this way for months, which might he experience? Name the nutrient-related cause of the problem. Nerve damage Bruise easily Beriberi Pellagra
Bruise easily
Which foods are usually fortified with vitamin D in the Unites States?
By law, all milk sold in the US is fortified with vitamin D. Some ready-to-eat breakfast cereals are fortified, as is some soy milk. Read the Nutrition Facts label to know which foods have been fortified with vitamin D.
What foods are high in omega-3 fatty acids? In omega-6 fatty acids?
Canola oil is a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids, and fatty fish from cold, deep water are an even richer source. (But fast food fish, fried fish, and many frozen fish products come from varieties of fish that are not particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and frying usually only adds more omega-6 fatty acids from the oils used in frying.) Omega-6 fatty acids come from most vegetable oils.
Select all of the foods that are high in vitamin A value per cup. Explain characteristics of high vitamin A foods to help a consumer identify them. Cauliflower Radishes Green pepper Cucumber Cantaloupe Pumpkin Zucchini squash Spinach Peas Iceberg lettuce
Cantaloupe Pumpkin Spinach
Lipoprotein
Carries fat soluble compounds in the blood stream
What is celiac disease?
Celiac disease is an autoimmune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat. Consumption causes the microvilli and villi of the intestine to flatten, which decreases the surface area and nutrient absorption.
What are the steps in the process of digesting protein?
Chewing breaks the protein into small pieces. Stomach acid denatures the protein and starts to unravel the protein strands. The strands are broken mostly into protein fragments. In the small intestine the stomach acid is neutralized, and enzymes from the small intestine itself and from the pancreas break the polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and single amino acids. Enzymes on and in the cells lining the small intestine finish the job so single amino acids can be absorbed into the blood stream.
What are the structural characteristics of cholesterol? What compounds in the body are formed from a cholesterol precursor?
Cholesterol has a completely different chemical structure from triglycerides: it consists of interconnected rings of carbon atoms with side chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen attached. Bile, vitamin D, and sex hormones are all made in the body from cholesterol. Cholesterol is also part of the cell membrane.
What foods are sources of cholesterol? What is the relationship between dietary intake and blood cholesterol?
Cholesterol is only found in foods of animal origin, so it is found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, and butter, but not in margarine, nuts, avocados, olives, and legumes. For most people dietary cholesterol has little relationship to blood levels of cholesterol. Except for some people who have a genetic predisposition toward high blood cholesterol, high intakes of saturated and trans fats are much more important in affecting blood cholesterol.
What are the various kinds of lipoproteins? What does each transport, to where?
Chylomicrons deliver recently-absorbed dietary fats to tissues, via the lymph and blood. VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) carry triglycerides and other lipids made in the liver to cells throughout the body. LDL (low-density lipoproteins) deliver cholesterol and other lipids to tissues. HDL (high-density lipoproteins) pick up cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver for disposal.
Which is consistent with recommendations for fish or fish oil intake? Choose fried fish in fast food restaurants often. Eat fish raw to get the maximum benefit from the fatty acids. Consume fish twice a week to increase intake of EPA and DHA. Use fish oil supplements to maximize omega-3 fatty acid intake safely
Consume fish twice a week to increase intake of EPA and DHA. Use fish oil supplements to
Isabella recently noticed her skin has turned a bright yellowish-orange color. What is most likely responsible for this condition? Consider the key functions of this nutrient you select. Consuming a diet high in beta-carotene Consuming a diet high in vitamin C Consuming a diet high in folic acid Consuming a diet high in vitamin D
Consuming a diet high in beta-carotene
What health problems are linked with trans-fatty acids formed during hydrogenation of plant oils? What foods are most likely to contain trans fats?
Consuming trans-fatty acids poses a risk to the heart and arteries by raising blood LDL cholesterol and lowering beneficial HDL cholesterol. It may also increase tissue inflammation. Hydrogenation of unsaturated fats produces some trans-fatty acids, so they are found most often in commercially fried foods and in baked goods and other commercial foods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Which best maintains the vitamin and mineral contents? Cook vegetables in a small amount of water for the least amount of time possible. Keep fruits and vegetables out of the refrigerator to allow them to ripen. Wash fruits and vegetables after cutting or peeling. Store milk in clear containers once you get it home from the store.
Cook vegetables in a small amount of water for the least amount of time possible.
Which food contains low quality protein? Corn Turkey Eggs Fish
Corn
Which of these foods would be the best source of Vitamin B12? Red bell pepper Whole wheat bread Cottage cheese Legumes
Cottage cheese
Which vitamins participate in bone growth? (Select all that apply.) Vitamin D Vitamin K Vitamin E Vitamin A
D, K, A
What benefit is associated with increasing the proportion of dietary fats coming from omega-3 sources and reducing the proportion coming from omega-6 sources? (Select all that apply.) Decreased formation of undesirable blood clots Lower blood pressure Reduced inflammation Longer endurance during exercise
Decreased formation of undesirable blood clots Lower blood pressure Reduced inflammation
Which diseases will vitamins CURE? Hypertension Cardiovascular disease Deficiency diseases Cancers
Deficiency diseases
Which would most reduce his saturated fat intake (assuming the other foods and amounts don't change)? Eat less steak and sausage. Eat less fish. Replace bacon with tub margarine. Replace peanut butter with jam.
Eat less steak and sausage.
Which recommendation is consistent with recommendations for fish or fish oil intake? Frying fish in vegetable oil improves the fatty acid profile by contributing omega-6 fatty acids. Consume fish oil supplements instead of fish because they are a more concentrated source of omega-6 fatty acids. Eat two meals each week of fatty cold water fish.
Eat two meals each week of fatty cold water fish.
Which health benefit(s) is(are) associated with eating sea foods like tuna? (Select all that apply.) The fat in tuna prevents absorption of mercury present in some seafood. Eating fatty fish helps lower blood pressure. Their omega-3 fatty acids are associated with lower rates of heart disease. The protein in tuna is more effective than protein from meat in building muscle.
Eating fatty fish helps lower blood pressure. Their omega-3 fatty acids are associated with lower rates of heart disease.
How does celiac disease affect the body? Consuming the amino acid tryptophan increases mucus production in epithelial cells. Eating the protein gluten causes autoimmune response that decreases nutrient absorption. Abnormal protein metabolism causes severe migraines, insomnia, and rapid weight gain. Amino acid absorption increases overloading the kidneys and causing kidney failure.
Eating the protein gluten causes autoimmune response that decreases nutrient absorption.
In the semi-starvation video, which symptom was probably caused by lack of protein? Edema Irritability Feeling Cold Lack of motivation
Edema
What are the health advantages of increasing the proportion of omega-3 fats in the diet, relative to omega-6 fats?
Eicosanoids are regulatory compounds made from certain fatty acids. The omega -3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, found mainly in fatty fish, make eicosanoids that appear to lower blood pressure, prevent blood clot formation, and protect against irregular heartbeats. These are beneficial effects related to several chronic diseases. On the other hand, if most of the eicosanoids are made from omega-6 fatty acids, they have some negative effects. For health, people need the right balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet. The balance between the two fatty acids can be improved by eating fatty fish several times each week.
Bile
Emulsifies fat to aid digestion
What is the function of bile? Digest proteins to peptides and amino acids Emulsify fat so it can be more easily digested Transport fat soluble compounds in the GI tract Digest glycerol to individual fatty acids
Emulsify fat so it can be more easily digested
What makes certain amino acids essential to the body?
Essential amino acids are amino acids that either cannot be synthesized by the body or are synthesized too slowly to meet physiological need. They must be supplied in foods.
What are the functions of fat in the body?
Fat is the major source of energy for the body, both for immediate use and stored in adipose tissue for later use. Adipose tissue provides padding and protection for internal organs as well as insulation from extreme temperatures. They are the carriers for the fat soluble vitamins and they proved the two essential fatty acids.
Which is accurate about the lipid composition of foods? Almost all the fat in beef and pork is saturated. In general, plant oils contain no saturated fat. Coconut oil is high in saturated fatty acids.
Fats in foods are always a mixture of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Plant oils are usually important sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, but coconut oil is an exception to that rule and contains a very high proportion of saturated fatty acids
What are essential fatty acids?
Fats needed by the body that must be obtained from food
What is the main structure of fatty acids?
Fatty acids are carbon chains of different lengths, with an acid group at one end.
What are the recommendations regarding fat intake?
Generally the total fat intake should between 20-35% of total calories,, mostly from mono- and poly-unsaturated fats. Saturated fat intake should be less than about 7-10% of total calories. Increase the ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to omega-6 fatty acids. Keep trans fat intake as low as possible, and minimize cholesterol intake.
What benefits are associated with eating fish twice a week?
Fish, especially fatty cold-water fish, are high in the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA. These omega-3 fatty acids help prevent heart disease by lowering blood pressure, preventing blood clot formation, and protecting against irregular heartbeats. Eat fatty fish, preferably grilled, baked, or broiled: the varieties of fish most often prepared this way contain more EPA and DHA than species used for frying or in frozen fish products.
Which nutrient is most likely to be adequate in a typical vegetarian diet? Vitamin B12 Calcium Zinc Folate
Folate
Which vitamin deficiency is associated with a higher risk of neural tube defects? Folate Vitamin B6 Vitamin C Vitamin B12
Folate
What is the function of folate?
Folate helps synthesize DNA, so it is required for synthesizing new cells. It also plays a critical role in the normal metabolism of several amino acids. If it is unavailable in the first month of pregnancy, the fetal spinal cord may not form normally, resulting in a neural tube defect.
What foods and combinations of foods will adequately supply protein for most Americans?
Following the USDA Food Guide will provide more than enough protein to fulfill recommendations. Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, milk, and soybean products all contain ample amounts of high quality proteins. Other foods, such as vegetables, grains, and legumes, can be combined in a day's diet to provide complementary proteins. Again, a normal well balanced diet can easily provide enough protein
Which food source provides preformed vitamin A that can be used immediately by the body? Carrots Fortified milk Spinach Apricots
Fortified milk
What is the recommendation concerning the ratio of saturated fat to unsaturated fat in the diet? High unsat and low sat fat is a necessary nutrient. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats will improve blood lipid profiles and lower the risks for cardiovascular disease. Review "Dietary Fat, Cholesterol, and Health" and Controversy 5 as needed. High sat and low unsat Equal quantities of both The ratio doesn't matter.
High unsat and low sat fat is a necessary nutrient. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats will improve blood lipid profiles and lower the risks for cardiovascular disease. Review "Dietary Fat, Cholesterol, and Health" and Controversy 5 as needed.
In the semi-starvation video, why did Jim lose weight on the recovery diet? His body was losing fluid due to increased protein reversing the effects of edema His body was not utilizing the calories appropriately. He was only being given protein supplements and multi-vitamins. With an increase in calories and carbohydrates, his body responded by using this as energy and let go the last of his fat stores.
His body was losing fluid due to increased protein reversing the effects of edema
Why are plant oils hydrogenated?
Hydrogenated fats are less likely to develop rancid flavors and they are easier to spread, contributing pleasing textural characteristics to foods.
Which best describes Ethan's nitrogen balance? (Select the correct answer and explain your answer.) In positive nitrogen balance In nitrogen balance In negative nitrogen balance
In positive nitrogen balance In nitrogen balance
What happens to lipids after they are absorbed from the small intestine?
In the cells lining the small intestine, triglycerides are reassembled from the parts. The small molecules of short-chain fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the blood stream and delivered to the liver. The triglycerides are combined with protein to from lipoproteins which are absorbed into the lymph system and eventually delivered into the blood stream.
Who will benefit from a gluten-free diet? Individuals who suffer from severe insomnia Overweight individuals trying to lose weight Individuals with severe migraines Individuals with celiac disease
Individuals with celiac disease
Generally speaking for the population, which contributes most to high blood cholesterol? Intake of cholesterol Intake of polyunsaturated fats Intake of monounsaturated fats Intake of saturated and trans fats
Intake of saturated and trans fats
Which are a function of Vitamin C? (Select all that apply.) It acts as an antioxidant. It helps in iron absorption. It helps form the protein in connective tissue. It prevents the common cold.
It acts as an antioxidant. It helps in iron absorption. It helps form the protein in connective tissue.
What are the possible fates of an amino acid when it arrives in a cell?
It can be used in building a new protein. It can be altered to form a new compound. It can be dismantled to use the amino group to make a different (non-essential) amino acid. If the cell is in desperate need of energy, the amino group will be removed and excreted so the side chain can be used for energy. Amino acids themselves are not stored in the body.
Susan feels like she should take a vitamin supplement. Which characteristic should the supplement have? It has a balance of the vitamins she really needs, and few or no added ingredients. It is time-released to provide benefits throughout the day. It is organic or naturally prepared so it will be better absorbed. It has at least 100% of every vitamin to get maximum nutritional benefit.
It has a balance of the vitamins she really needs, and few or no added ingredients
What is a function of Vitamin E? It helps stop destructive chain reactions that can damage cell membranes, DNA, and cellular proteins. It enables other vitamins to be released from the proteins they are bound to during digestion. It combines with enzymes to make them active. It aids in the formation of bones, teeth, skin and tendons.
It helps stop destructive chain reactions that can damage cell membranes, DNA, and cellular proteins.
What is the main function of vitamin K? It helps synthesize proteins that are needed for blood to clot. It directs metabolism by regulating genes. It helps with iron absorption. It acts as an antioxidant.
It helps synthesize proteins that are needed for blood to clot.
What is a coenzyme?
It is a small molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it. Each B vitamin acts as a coenzyme for some aspect of metabolism.
What does hydrogenation do to fatty acids? It increases their health benefits. It makes them go rancid quicker. It makes them resistant to oxidation.
It makes them resistant to oxidation.
Which of the following is true about vitamin D? It is essential for vision. It is necessary for blood-clotting. It acts as an antioxidant. It regulates calcium levels in blood.
It regulates calcium levels in blood.
What are the functions of vitamin C?
It synthesizes collagen, acts as an antioxidant, acts as a cofactor, helps recycle vitamin E to its active form, increases iron absorption, supports the immune system, and protects against infection.
Which statement is consistent with Dietary Guidelines and USDA Food Patterns recommendations? It's OK to have 30% of your calories from fat. You should eliminate saturated fat completely from your diet. Eat mild-flavored cheeses more often to increase intake of omega-3 fats. Eat fried fish about twice a week to get enough omega-6 fats. Fat replacers should be used whenever possible as this will decrease chronic disease risks.
It's OK to have 30% of your calories from fat.
Several connections have been suggested between a HIGH protein intake and disease risk. Which health problem is most strongly linked with a high protein intake from meat? Kidney damage if someone already has kidney disease Iron deficiency anemia Heart disease Cancer
Kidney damage if someone already has kidney disease
What combines with cholesterol so it can be delivered to all the cells of the body? Enzymes Bile HDL LDL
LDL
How can someone increase their HDL values?
Lipid intake has little influence on blood HDL levels. Regular physical activity helps increase blood HDL levels
What are lipoproteins?
Lipoproteins are clusters of lipids and protein. They make it possible for fats to be transported in watery lymph and blood.
What are the steps of lipid digestion? Where do they occur?
Little digestion occurs until the lipids reach the small intestine. There bile (produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder until needed) is released into the small intestine and emulsifies fat so that it can be mixed with the watery fluids. Fat-digesting enzymes break down triglycerides into free fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides which can be absorbed by the cells lining the small intestine.
In the semi-starvation video clip, Jim mentioned that starved people, in usual circumstances, would have died due to other illnesses. Why would that be? Low protein intake decreases the body's ability to make antibodies Lack of protein due to starvation changes the acid-base balance In other countries outside of the US, they have far more serious illnesses that raise death rates. Edema caused by starvation increases illness and disease susceptibility
Low protein intake decreases the body's ability to make antibodies
In population studies, which disease is linked with a diet low in beta carotene-rich foods? Anemia Osteomalacia Rickets Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration
Which is a function of protein? (Select all that apply.) Maintain acid-base balance Support growth Provide energy Increase metabolism
Maintain acid-base balance Support growth Provide energy
Which of the following would provide the highest amount of vitamin E? A grilled chicken leg Whole milk Mayonnaise A pork chop
Mayonnaise
Why is milk sold in cardboard or opaque plastic containers?
Milk is sold in cardboard or opaque plastic containers because riboflavin, which is found abundantly in milk, is easily destroyed by ultraviolet light. The opaque container protects riboflavin from being destroyed
Which suggestion is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines and USDA Food Patterns recommendations? Minimize intake of nuts, olives, avocados and other fatty plant foods. Minimize the use of shortening and other solid fats. Keep total fat intake below 10% of calories
Minimize the use of shortening and other solid fats.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? Between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Most of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid are connected with single bonds. When there are no double bonds between carbon atoms, it is called a saturated fatty acid (the carbon chain is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms). If there is one double bond between carbon atoms, it is called a monounsaturated fatty acid, and if there are 2 or more double bonds it is called polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Vitamin B6 toxicity
Nerve damage
Which part of amino acids is excreted in urine when amino acids are degraded? Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Holly has decided she wants to lose fat and so she decides to eliminate as much fat from her diet as possible, aiming for a fat intake of less than 10% of her calories. Is this a wise approach? Why or why not? Yes, fat consumed in foods is directly responsible for gaining fat on the body. No, she would not have the recommended amount of calories coming from fat. No, this would decrease the amount of LDL cholesterol in her blood. Yes, as long as she supplements her diet with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids supplement pills. Yes, fat is generally unhealthy and eliminating it from the diet will improve her overall health.
No, she would not have the recommended amount of calories coming from fat.
Do people need to ingest enzyme supplements? Why or why not?
No. Enzymes are protein molecules, and whether they are the enzymes found naturally in some foods or supplied in supplements, they digested and absorbed just like any other protein. Even the stomach's enzymes are eventually denatured and digested after their jobs are completed. The body is designed to make its own enzymes.
Which oil should Ethan use, if he wanted an oil with a high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids? Sunflower oil Soybean oil Corn oil Olive oil
Olive oil
What are other names for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and what is the difference between the two?
Omega- 3 is also known as linolenic acid and omega-6 is also known as linoleic acid. Unsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6, are named after the location of the first double bond (counting from the non-acid end) between carbon atoms in the carbon chain. In omega-3 fatty acids the first double bond is between the third and fourth carbons and in omega-6 the first double bond is between the sixth and the seventh carbons. The difference in structure changes the way these fatty acids are used in the body.
What is the name of the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults? Macular degeneration Rickets Pellagra Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia
Which function of fats allows a person to ride a mountain bike for many hours without harming their internal organs? Padding Insulation Muscle fuel Energy stores
Padding
Which is(are) a function of vitamin K? (Select all that apply.) Participate in forming bones Prevent heart disease Help blood to clot
Participate in forming bones Help blood to clot
Niacin deficiency
Pellagra
In the U.S. which group is most likely to get scurvy? Breastfed infants Young women People addicted to alcohol Vegetarians
People addicted to alcohol
Who would be at risk for developing a thiamin deficiency? (Select all that apply.) People who are addicted to alcohol People who consume polished rice as a food staple People who consume enough calories from whole foods
People who are addicted to alcohol People who consume polished rice as a food staple
The text indicated specific reasons why taking massive doses of vitamin C can be dangerous. Based on this information, which group (or groups) should be particularly careful not to take in too much vitamin C? (Select all that apply.) People with too much iron in their blood People with kidney disorders People with colds
People with too much iron in their blood People with kidney disorders
How does a phospholipid differ from a triglyceride? What is the role of phospholipids in the body?
Phospholipids are composed of a glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing molecule attached in the third spot. Because of its structure, phospholipids are soluble in both fats and water. This allows it to act as an emulsifier, or a substance that mixes with both fat and water and permanently disperses the fat in the water. This ability to dissolve in both fats and water is important in cell membranes, to allow fats to travel back and forth across the lipid-containing cell membranes into the watery liquids on both sides.
What makes protein DIFFERENT from other macronutrients? Protein contains nitrogen. Protein has a carbon backbone. Protein stores more energy per gram. Protein is essential for the body.
Protein contains nitrogen.
What are the unique roles of protein in the body?
Protein is required to build new tissue and replace worn-out cells (growth and maintenance). It is used to make enzymes, hormones, and other regulatory compounds. Antibodies, a critical part of the immune system, are protein molecules. Proteins are necessary to keep the body's fluids and electrolytes balanced, as well as maintain the pH in the normal range (acid-base balance). Protein is required for blood to clot. Protein can also be used for energy, once the amino group is removed from the amino acids.
In what ways is protein similar to carbohydrate and fat? In what ways is it different?
Protein, carbohydrate, and fats all provide energy. All three molecules have some repeating units: amino acids in protein, glucose in complex carbohydrates, and fatty acids in triglycerides. All three contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Protein is unique in that it contains nitrogen.
Which nutrients are of concern with vegetarian diets? Calcium, fiber, vitamin A, iron Vitamin D, fat, iron, vitamin A Protein, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12 Zinc, iron, vitamin B12, folate
Protein, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12
What are lipoproteins? Lipids mixed with digestive enzymes in the stomach Lipids found in meat, poultry, cheese, and milk Proteins that transport lipids through the blood Lipids that act as building blocks for proteins
Proteins that transport lipids through the blood
Which storage or preparation technique will best preserve nutrients? Placing whole fresh garden vegetables on a table at a sunny farmer's market Quickly stir-frying vegetables in a wok for an oriental dish for dinner Placing milk in glass bottles in the lighted grocery cooler shelves Serving containers of cut salad fruits and vegetables open in a chilled buffet server
Quickly stir-frying vegetables in a wok for an oriental dish for dinner
What are the benefits of well-chosen vegetarian diets? What are some possible limitations?
Rates of obesity, heart disease, and high blood pressure are lower in vegetarians. Intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins B12 and D, and omega-3 fatty acids may be too low. It is hard for small children to eat enough food to meet calorie needs if they are vegans.
What is the best natural (unfortified) source of folate? Tuna fish Sirloin steak Cottage cheese Raw spinach
Raw spinach
Which is an example of complementary proteins? Ham and biscuits Fish and green beans Refried pinto beans and corn tortillas Melted cheese and whole wheat bread
Refried pinto beans and corn tortillas
What are the symptoms of celiac disease?
Symptoms include a wide range of digestive problems. Nutrient absorption decreases and the individual may lose weight. Treatment is a strict diet avoiding gluten.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 toxicity? Under what circumstances might this occur?
Symptoms include nerve damage leading to numbness and inability to walk and various kinds of impaired thinking. Toxicities have developed when people self-diagnosed a need for a B6 supplement and took it for a long time, in amounts far above the UL.
What is the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for protein? How hard or easy is it for Americans to ingest the recommended amount of protein?
The AMDR for protein is 10 to 35% of total calorie intake. The typical American diet provides ample amounts of protein.
Estimate the protein need for someone who weighs 175 pounds.
The DRI is 0.8 g/kg of body weight. Convert the weight in pounds into kilograms: 175 pounds ÷ 2.2 pounds/kg = 79.5 kg (can be rounded to 80 kg)0.8 g/kg x 80 kg = 64 g protein.
What happens to amino acids after protein is digested?
The amino acids are absorbed, at specific sites in the small intestine, into the blood and delivered to the liver. The liver can use them or deliver via blood to other cells where they are made into specific proteins. The proteins can be used by those cells or delivered by blood or lymph to other locations. Amino acids will be used for energy under some circumstances.
Which statement is true about amino acid supplements? Supplements can help a person lose weight. The body can handle whole proteins better than amino acid supplied in supplements. Supplements provide amino acids in the best proportions for building muscle. Supplements can help reduce Inflammation throughout the body.
The body can handle whole proteins better than amino acid supplied in supplements.
What will happen to any extra protein Ethan eats, if he is eating more than he needs? The extra protein will be excreted in urine. Nitrogen—not amino acids—is excreted in urine The extra protein will be stored as amino acids in the amino acid pool for later use. The extra protein will be dismantled and the remnants of the amino acids will be used for energy. The extra protein will be used for faster muscle building.
The extra protein will be dismantled and the remnants of the amino acids will be used for energy.
How does a traditional Mediterranean diet help meet recommended fat intakes? What are the limitations in applying its benefits to Americans?
The main fat in the traditional Mediterranean diet is olive oil. This cuisine also includes generous intakes of pastas and whole grain breads, nuts, fruits, greens, and other vegetables. Legumes, cheeses, yogurt, and some fish and poultry are included. This diet is also low in red meats. The limitation of this diet is that it was eaten by people living a labor-intensive but less rushed lifestyle than is available to most Americans, Some of the dietary benefits attributed to the diet may come from the total lifestyle pattern that accompanied it - a lifestyle which is not followed by most Americans.
When an amino acid is "recycled," what part of the molecule is excreted? What happens to the rest of the molecule?
The nitrogen-containing amine group is removed and excreted in the urine. The rest of the molecule can be used for energy, either as a carbohydrate or a fatty acid, depending on the particular amino acid.
What happens if the structure of a protein is altered? What can alter a protein's structure?
The particular shape of a protein determines its function, so if the structure is distorted it can no longer function as needed. Heat (cooking), radiation, alcohol, acids, bases, and salts of heavy metals can all denature a protein. Once a protein is denatured the process cannot be reversed.
How does hydrogenation change the structure of fatty acids? What are trans-fatty acids?
The process of hydrogenation breaks some of the fatty acids' double bonds and adds hydrogen atoms to the molecule. This makes the oil more saturated, and more solid at a lower temperature. Not all of the double bonds are broken during this process, and some of the remaining double bonds have a shift in their chemical structure: instead of the normal bend in the 3-dimensional configuration at double bonds, the molecules are straightened out. This straightening out is a result of the hydrogen atoms being on opposite sides of the carbon bond, thus they become trans-fatty acids.
What happens if the body needs to make a specific protein, and one or more of the essential amino acids required for that protein is missing?
The protein cannot be built. The missing amino acids must be supplied by eating proteins that contain those specific amino acids.
What happens if the structure of a protein in the body is altered? The protein disrupts cell synthesis. The protein is excreted. The protein cannot be used for its original function.
The protein cannot be used for its original function.
Which factor influences the protein quality of a food? The vitamin A composition of the food A person's state of health The protein's digestibility The amount of fat in the food
The protein's digestibility
What are the main categories of lipids?
The three classes of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Fatty acids are not a main category, but they constitute an important part of triglycerides.
Which is accurate about triglycerides? Each triglyceride has one saturated, one monounsaturated, and one polyunsaturated fatty acid. Triglycerides are found in plant oils but not in animal fats. All the fatty acids in the molecule will be identical. The types of fatty acids determine the hardness or softness of the fat.
The types of fatty acids determine the hardness or softness of the fat.
Which is a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins? They are not readily excreted, so they can accumulate in the tissues. Proteins transport them through the body fluids. They are only needed periodically in the diet. They are absorbed directly into the blood stream.
They are absorbed directly into the blood stream.
Which aspect of vegetarian diets is correlated with lower heart disease risks? They are low in saturated fats. They are high in energy. They are low in fiber. They are high in omega-3 fatty acids.
They are low in saturated fats.
What makes certain amino acids essential to the body? They are not found in foods regularly eaten by humans. They are not synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts. They are the major source of energy for the body.
They are not synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts.
What are vitamins?
They are organic compounds that are vital to life and indispensable to body functions but are needed in very small amounts. They are noncaloric but must be ingested
In general, how can one recognize saturated fats? They are liquid at room temperature. They do not dissolve in water. They are solid at room temperature. They become rancid easily.
They are solid at room temperature.
Which is true concerning fat soluble vitamins? They are not as likely to cause toxicities as water soluble vitamins. They are stored in the liver and fatty tissues and do not need to be supplied every day. They are absorbed directly into the blood stream. They are readily excreted in the urine when too much is consumed.
They are stored in the liver and fatty tissues and do not need to be supplied every day.
How can nutrient supplements be dangerous to overall health? They can cause muscles to grow at an unhealthy rate. They can interfere with the use of other vitamins. They can increase antioxidant activity.
They can interfere with the use of other vitamins.
What are the functions of fat in foods?
They contribute to the energy value of foods and to satiety after eating. They provide flavors, aromas, and smooth and moist textures. They carry the fat-soluble vitamins and assist in their absorption.
Which is true about complementary proteins? They provide all the essential amino acids. They are found mostly in meat products. They must be eaten at the same meal. They are low in calories.
They provide all the essential amino acids.
Which vitamin deficiency leads to beriberi? Folate Niacin Vitamin C Thiamin
Thiamin
How adequate is Ethan's diet in vitamins A and C? Too low in A only Adequate in A and C Too low in both A and C Too low in C only
Too low in both A and C
What are the structural characteristics of triglycerides?
Triglycerides consist of 3 fatty acids attached to a 3-carbon glycerol molecule. A triglyceride can have any three fatty acids attached to the glycerol -- they do not have to all be the same. The types of fatty acids determine the hardness or softness of the fat.
A girl has stopped growing in height prematurely because her bones are not being remodeled normally. Which vitamin deficiency might cause this? Vitamin A Thiamin Vitamin B6 Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Which of the following is a major difference between triglycerides and phospholipids? Triglycerides are solid at room temperature whereas phospholipids are liquid. Phospholipids are soluble in fat whereas triglycerides are only soluble in water. Triglycerides have three fatty acids attached to the glycerol whereas phospholipids have one of the fatty acids replaced by a phosphate group.
Triglycerides have three fatty acids attached to the glycerol whereas phospholipids have one of the fatty acids replaced by a phosphate group.
Which of Ethan's foods contributes omega-3 fatty acids? Salad dressing Sausage Tuna Milk
Tuna
Describe the factors that determine the quality of a protein.
Two factors influence a protein's quality: its amino acid composition and its digestibility. In terms of amino acid composition, high-quality proteins provide enough of all the essential amino acids needed by the body to create its own working proteins. The quality of a protein also is affected by its digestibility, or how well people can actually use it.
What is the major source of vitamin E? Fruits and vegetables Vegetable oils and products made with them Milk and dairy products Meats, fish, poultry, and eggs
Vegetable oils and products made with them
Which of the following would be a good source of vitamin A or its beta-carotene precursor? (Select all that apply.) Vegetables Fruits Fortified dairy products Grains Eggs
Vegetables Fruits Fortified dairy products Eggs
Which is NOT one of the main ideas in the article, "A New Food Guide for North American Vegetarians"? The guide recommends getting at least 2 servings of fats daily. Vegetarians need to follow a very strict food guide in order to meet nutrient needs. Calcium needs can be met by eating 8 or more servings of specific calcium-rich foods from any of the food groups. Milk is grouped with legumes, nuts, and other protein-rich foods in this Food Guide.
Vegetarians need to follow a very strict food guide in order to meet nutrient needs.
What are the functions of Vitamin A?
Vitamin A has many roles in the body including gene expression, vision, maintaining body linings and skin, immune defenses, growth of bones and of the body, normal development of cells, and reproduction.
What deficiency is most likely for an uninformed strict vegetarian? Niacin Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Folate
Vitamin B12
Which vitamin cannot be absorbed when the intrinsic factor is lacking? Thiamin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Niacin
Vitamin B12
Which vitamin deficiency is associated with nerve damage and anemia? Vitamin D Vitamin C Thiamin Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12
What foods have vitamin B12? Who is likely to develop a deficiency?
Vitamin B12 is found only in foods of animal origin. Milk and milk products as well as meats, fish, and poultry are sources of vitamin B12 since they come from a cow. Strict vegetarians (especially vegans) are likely to be deficient unless they take a vitamin B12 supplement. In addition some people lose the ability to absorb vitamin B12 as they age, and others have a genetic defect so they don't produce the intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption. In these cases, vitamin B12 may be present in the diet but it isn't absorbed, necessitating supplying vitamin B12 via injections.
What are the functions of vitamin B12?
Vitamin B12 is necessary for folate to do its work. It is part of coenzymes that help synthesize new cells, and it protects nerve fiber by maintaining the protective covering of nerve cells.
Women taking vitamin supplements over several years to help with PMS symptoms developed problems with numbness in their hands and feet and were then unable to walk. Which vitamin in the supplement was most likely to cause the symptoms? Folate Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6
Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy? Vitamin A Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin C
Vitamin C
Which vitamin can the body make? Folate Vitamin D Riboflavin Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Which vitamin deficiency results in rickets? Thiamin Folate Vitamin A Vitamin D
Vitamin D
Which vitamin can be synthesized by bacteria found in the digestive tract? Vitamin D Vitamin E Niacin Vitamin K
Vitamin K
Which vitamin is obtained from intestinal bacteria? Riboflavin Thiamin Vitamin K Vitamin D
Vitamin K
According to the article "Quick Start- Gluten Free Diet Guide", which of the following statements is false? Wheat flour can be airborne for many hours in a bakery. Labels should be checked every time the product is purchased to ensure ingredients have remained the same. Gluten free diet is a life-long commitment and should not be started before being diagnosed. Wheat free is the same as gluten free and foods with such labels can be safely consumed.
Wheat free is the same as gluten free and foods with such labels can be safely consumed.
When does negative nitrogen balance occur? When muscle is broken down and lost When nitrogen retained is greater than its excretion When muscle and bone are increasing during growth
When muscle is broken down and lost
Under what circumstances is a person in nitrogen balance? In negative balance? In positive balance?
When someone has the same amount of protein in the body at the beginning and end of the day, that person is in nitrogen balance or equilibrium. If the person has less protein at the end of the day than at the start, that is negative nitrogen balance. This happens when protein breakdown exceed protein creation. Positive nitrogen balance is when more proteins are made than broken down in the body.
Which statement is accurate about protein digestion and absorption? Whole proteins are digested and absorbed better than amino acid supplements. The nitrogen group is removed before amino acids can be absorbed. Protein digestion first begins in the acidic environment of the small intestine. Polypeptides are much better absorbed by the small intestine than single amino acids.
Whole proteins are digested and absorbed better than amino acid supplements.
Of the following organs, which is the first to begin protein digestion? Colon Small intestine Stomach Esophagus
stomach