Nutrition Exam #4

coenzymes

Coenzymes are a group of organic cofactors that often have B vitamins in their chemical structures.

disordered eating

Disordered eating refers to chaotic and abnormal food-related practices such as skipping meals, limiting food choices, following fad diets, and binge eating.

DXA

Dual-energy-x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the body with two low-energy x-rays. *measures body composition

eating disorders

Eating disorders are psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications.

emaciation

Emaciation refers to very low body weight

energy balance

Energy balance refers to matching calorie intake to calorie output over the long term.

energy metabolism

Energy metabolism involves the chemical pathways that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrients and alcohol.

essential fat

Essential fat is fat that is vital for survival; found in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue

fat-free mass

Fat-free mass is the weight of the body that includes body water, bones, teeth, muscles, and organs.

positive energy balance

Positive energy balance is calorie intake greater than calorie output.

resistance exercises

Resistance exercises refer to physical activities, such as pull-ups and push-ups, that develop muscle strength and muscle endurance.

resting metabolic rate

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) refers to the body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating

satiety

Satiety is the sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger.

anorexia nervosa

-Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychological disturbance characterized by self-imposed starvation. -To diagnose AN, a physician needs to determine whether the patient's weight is less than "minimally normal".

binge eating

-Binge eating involves eating an amount of food that is much larger than what a normal person would eat in a brief period of time.

bulimia nervosa

-Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a severe psychological condition characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by unhealthy behaviors to prevent weight gain. -The rapid loss of electrolytes and fluid due to self-induced vomiting and diuretic abuse can cause hypokalemia.

cortisol

-Cortisol is a catabolic hormone made in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands. -Promotes protein catabolism -Stimulates liver to increase use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis

epinephrine

-Epinephrine is also produced by the adrenal glands. -Stimulates catabolism by increasing glycogenolysis and lipolysis

glucagon

-Glucagon is secreted from the pancreas in response to low blood sugar levels. -Signals liver to increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis -Raises blood glucose levels

glycosis

-Glycolysis is the first phase of glucose catabolism. (Anaerobic pathway) -Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate converts to lactic acid. -Lactate is released into the bloodstream: Removed by liver, Recycled into glucose -30 to 32 molecules of ATP are produced with the complete catabolism of glucose. -Primary site for glycogen storage and degradation is the liver and muscle tissue.

ketosis

-Ketosis is the formation of excess ketone bodies. -Result of ketogenic diet -Causes loss of appetite -May be used to treat epilepsy

subcutaneous

-Subcutaneous is fat accumulation of adipose cells in the tissue under the skin. -This layer helps to: 1. insulate the body against cold temperatures 2. protect muscles and bones from bumps and bruises

heart rate

-To calculate age-related maximum heart rate, subtract a person's age from 220. -Target zone is the heart rate range that reflects intensity of physical exertion. -50 to 70% of an individual's age-related maximum heart rate

needs of athletes

-To maintain adequate muscle glycogen, athletes should consume 6 to 10 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight daily -3 to 4 hours before competing, athletes should eat a meal that supplies 300 to 400 g of carbohydrates. -Individuals training for aerobic sports consume 1.1 to 3.0 g of protein/kg/day. -Consuming 20 g of high-quality protein after resistance exercise optimally supports muscle protein synthesis

3 factors contribute to an adolescent's vulnerability to develop AN or BN

1. Drastic changes in body weight and shape that normally occur during this life stage 2. Increased reliance on peers for support and approval 3. Greater independence from parental control over food choices

ketogenic diet

A ketogenic diet is a high fat diet.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is the molecule that forms when ATP loses its terminal phosphate group.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy compound. Energy released by the breakdown of macronutrients is captured here.

adipose tissue

Adipose tissue refers to fat cells

aerobic exercise

Aerobic exercise refers to physical activities that involve sustained, rhythmic contractions of large muscle groups.

aerobic metabolism

Aerobic metabolism is the production of ATP that occurs in the presence of oxygen.

air displacement

Air displacement is a method of estimating body composition by determining body volume. *Measures body volume

anabolism

Anabolism refers to metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

anaerobic metabolism

Anaerobic metabolism is the metabolic pathway that does not require oxygen.

android obesity

Android obesity is the storage of excess body fat in the upper body or abdominal region, leading to an "apple shape".

3 main types of eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa (AN) Bulimia nervosa (BN) Binge-eating disorder (BED)

BMI

BMI= [Weight(kg)/Height(meters)]squared -Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat calculated by dividing weight in kg by height in meters, squared. -An underweight individual has a BMI that is less than 18.5.

BIA

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water. *measures body composition

body composition

Body composition is the relative and absolute measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as a percent body fat.

catabolism

Catabolism refers to metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones.

female athlete triad

Female athlete triad is a condition that occurs as a result of the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density in female athletes.

hormones using catabolic pathways

Glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine are hormones that instruct cells to use catabolic rather than anabolic(insulin) pathways.

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as: -Glycerol -Lactate -Pyruvate -Most amino acids

gynoid obesity

Gynoid obesity is the storage of excess body fat in the buttocks and thighs, leading to a "pear shape".

heat cramps

Heat cramps is a heat-related illness characterized by painful muscle contractions.

heat exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is a heat-related illness that can occur after intense exercise and is characterized by weakness or dizziness

heatstroke

Heatstroke is the most dangerous form of heat-related illness; potentially fatal condition characterized by body temperatures greater than 104o F

Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is an enzyme in fat cells that removes the three fatty acids from a triglyceride. Facilitates lipolysis

insulin

Insulin directs liver and muscle cells to: -slow down their glycogenolysis rates -increase their rate of glycogenesis These actions: -shift glucose molecules into storage(Glycogen) -increases fatty acid uptake -stimulates protein synthesis

Ketoacidosis

Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs when excess acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in the bloodstream lower the blood's pH.

muscle dysmorphia

Muscle dysmorphia is an unhealthy preoccupation with the body being too small or not muscular enough.

negative energy balance

Negative energy balance refers to when calorie intake is less than calorie output

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) is the energy expended during involuntary skeletal muscular activities such as fidgeting.

normal weight obesity

Normal weight obesity (NWO) refers to normal body weight as measured by BMI but elevated percent body fat.

orthorexia nervosa

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a condition characterized by an extreme obsession with eating healthy foods.

thermic effort of food

The thermic effect of food (TEF) is the energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process the macronutrients.

total body fat

Total body fat refers to adipose tissue and essential fat.

two-component method

Two-component method is a method of measuring body composition that divides the body into two compartments: fat mass and fat-free mass.

underwater weighing

Underwater weighing is a technique of estimating body composition that involves comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water. *measures body composition

visceral fat

Visceral fat is the accumulation of adipose cells under the abdominal muscles and over the digestive organs.