nutrition exam 5 (pearson homework + pre-exam quiz)

Which of the following is a type of neural tube defect?

Spina bifida

What feature is shared by vitamins E and K?

Supplements of either may interfere with anticlotting medications

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?

The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body

Why are primary vitamin E deficiencies rarely observed in human beings?

The vitamin is widespread in foods

Which of the following represents the results of well-controlled studies of vitamin C supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds?

There was a significant reduction in the number of colds only in people who consumed more than three grams per day

Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals

They arise from normal metabolic reactions

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins but not minerals?

They can be either water or fat soluble.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all vitamins and minerals?

They provide no kilocalories for the body.

Beriberi results from a deficiency of

Thiamin

_____: A deficiency of this vitamin causes beriberi, which is characterized by weakness and peripheral neuropathy.

Thiamin

Which of the following is the coenzyme form of thiamin?

Thiamin pyrophosphate

Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status?

Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Which of the following is NOT among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins?

Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue

Why are strict vegetarians at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin

What roles do the fat soluble vitamins A, D, and E play in fighting infection?

Vitamin A is important in the production of mucus, vitamin D regulates the immune system, and vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cell membranes and protects vitamin A.

_____: Those who follow a vegan diet without supplementation are at increased risk of deficiency for this vitamin.

Vitamin B12

______: A deficiency of this vitamin leads to microcytic hypo chromic anemia.

Vitamin B6

Which of the following compounds is known to function as a hormone?

Vitamin D

After ingesting ______ like thiamin or riboflavin, the excess is usually excreted in the urine.

Water-soluble vitamins

Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A?

Xerophthalmia

An example of a biotin-rich meal consists of __________.

a peanut butter sandwich on whole-wheat bread

You want to ensure you're getting enough iron in your diet, and you know a specific water-soluble vitamin helps absorb nonheme iron. Which meal listed below is a good example of this relationship?

a spinach salad with orange slices

A provitamin is __________.

a vitamin precursor that is converted to a vitamin in the body

The primary function of the B vitamins is to __________.

act as coenzymes in energy production

Vitamins can be destroyed by __________.

air, water, or heat

Vitamin C acts as a(n) ______ that helps neutralize free radicals.

antioxidant

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)

antioxidant.

The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency are known collectively as

ariboflavinosis

The nasal spray route represents a safe and efficacious means for the supply of

b12

A common drug for the treatment of tuberculosis is known to markedly interfere in the metabolism of vitamin

b6

Irreversible nerve damage has been reported in people taking large doses of vitamin

b6

Why do water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more often than fat-soluble vitamins?

because water-soluble vitamins are not stored in our bodies

The disease that occurs in humans who are deficient in thiamin is __________.

beriberi

Which of the following vitamins is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food?

biotin

Which vitamin is sometimes called the "beauty vitamin" because it helps enhance hair and nails?

biotin

What are the known effects of raising animals on diets containing retinoic acid as the only source of vitamin A?

blindness develops

Involved in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for metabolism, ______ is abundant in animal products like meat and dairy.

carnitine

Which vitamin-like compound helps protect the liver and is considered a conditionally essential nutrient?

choline

After they are absorbed, fat-soluble vitamins become part of __________ and then travel from cells of the small intestine into the lymphatic system.

chylomicrons

When light energy hits the retina, the retinal changes from a _____ to a _____ configuration.

cis; trans

All of the B vitamins function as __________ in addition to each having other unique functions.

coenzymes

Vitamins can act as _____, which bind to enzymes to facilitate enzyme activity.

coenzymes

The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include

confusion and depression.

Vitamin supplements are unnecessary for most healthy people if they __________.

consume an adequate, balanced diet

Which of the following provides the least amount of precursor vitamin A?

corn

Nutrient supplements known as "green pills" often contain

dehydrated alfalfa and parsley.

Large doses of nicotinic acid are known to result in all of the following EXCEPT

disappearance of learning disorders in children.

Vitamins differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats because they __________.

do not provide calories

To convert the number of tocopherol equivalents to alpha-tocopherol, multiply by the factor Group of answer choices

.8

On average, one retinol activity equivalent is equal to about how many international units?

3

Normally, the body's storage and re-utilization of vitamin B12 prevents a primary or secondary deficiency from occurring until after about

3 years

Which of the following meals is the best source of vitamin D?

3-ounce salmon fillet, ½ cup broccoli, 8 ounces soymilk

What is the adult RDA for folate (µg/day)?

400

What is the RDA for folate for a woman weighing 132 pounds?

400 µg/day

What is the AI for pantothenic acid for adults?

5 mg

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population takes a dietary supplement regularly?

50

Approximately what percentage of the body's store of vitamin K is derived from GI tract bacterial synthesis?

50

Nicole is pregnant and is trying to monitor her folate intake. She is eating foods high in folate as well as taking folate supplements, and she is having a hard time determining how many dietary folate equivalents she is consuming. Below is a list of her daily intake with respect to folate:1/2 cup of cooked lentils (180 µg food folate)1/2 cup of fresh orange juice (60 µg food folate)folate supplement (200 µg)How many DFEs is Nicole consuming?

580

Ultraviolet rays react with _____ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D.

7-dehydrocholesterol

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A nutrition?

??

What is a free radical?

A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons

The antioxidants include vitamins __________.

A, C, E

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin K nutrition?

Absorption is inhibited when bile production diminishes

Which of the following properties is shared by niacin and riboflavin coenzymes?

Acceptance and transfer of hydrogen atoms

Which scenario below illustrates an example of a dietary factor influencing the promotion stage of cancer development?

Alcohol stimulates damaged cells to divide and multiply.

What vitamin contains cobalt

B12

Which of the following water-soluble vitamins depend on each other for activation?

B12 and folate

Which of the following vitamins is stored primarily in muscle tissue?

B6

If a patient wants to decrease their risk of developing cancer, which of the following recommendations would be appropriate?

Be as lean as possible within the normal range of body weight.

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?

Beta-carotene

Which of the following is a feature of antioxidants and health?

Beta-carotene supplements have actually been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers

_______: Individuals deficient in this nutrient may experience dermatitis and hair loss.

Biotin

What do beta-carotene and vitamin E have in common?

Both act as antioxidants

Which of the following properties do vitamins D and K share?

Both are synthesized in the body

Which of the following is known to perform an essential function in the human body?

Carnitine

What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia?

Children ages 2-12 years

_____, a conditionally essential nutrient, is a precursor for acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter.

Choline

Which of the following vitamins has an RDA?

Cobalamin

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?

Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D

Which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?

E

Which of the following is a property of the tocopherols?

Easily destroyed by air and oxygen

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D?

Exposure to sunlight

Which of the following is a feature of nutrient intakes and supplement use in the United States?

Few people ingest the optimal amounts of all vitamins and minerals from foods

______: Neural tube defects can occur if this nutrient is not consumed in adequate amounts during pregnancy.

Folate

Which of the following is NOT a feature of folate nutrition?

Folate must be methylated by homocysteine prior to crossing the brush border membrane

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D?

Fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source

Folate and vitamin B12 assist in the formation of red blood cells, which is a process called

Hemopoiesis

______ is a water-soluble compound necessary for maintaining healthy cell membranes.

Inositol

Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy?

Intermittent claudication

__________ helps the body absorb vitamin B12

Intrinsic factor (IF) - is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach and travels in the chyme into the intestine. Pancreatic protease hydrolyzes the vitamin B12-R protein complex releasing vitamin B12 to bind with the Intrinsic factor (IF).

In what major way does alcohol intake affect vitamin B6 metabolism?

It dislodges the PLP coenzyme from its enzyme

Why shouldn't a woman who is 7 months pregnant be prescribed Accutane?

It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby

Which of the following is a characteristic of thiamin nutrition?

It is an integral part of the nerve cell membrane

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin B12 nutrition?

It is inactivated when the food is heated in a microwave

Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for development of rickets in the United States?

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

Which of the following foods provides ample amounts of vitamin C?

Legumes

Which of the following is NOT known to be required in the diet of human beings?

Lipoic acid

Which of the following is a characteristic of minerals but not vitamins?

Minerals are inorganic molecules, while vitamins are organic.

Which of the following is representative of folate availability in foods?

Much of the vitamin is lost due to heat and oxidation

A low-protein diet in which corn is a principal food has been found to cause a deficiency of what vitamin?

Niacin

Tryptophan can be used in the body to synthesize

Niacin

Your friend Jane just returned from the doctor, who diagnosed her with a specific vitamin B toxicity. However, she doesn't recall the name of the vitamin. Which of the following is the only possible culprit associated with toxicity symptoms?

Niacin

______: Taking more than 1 g of this nutrient via supplements can lead to flushing and skin redness.

Niacin

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?

Night blindness

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?

No adverse effects have been reported with high intakes

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

Osteomalacia

Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status?

Outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of excess consumption of beta-carotene?

Overconsumption from supplements is harmless

_______: A deficiency of this vitamin is very rare, but those with inadequate intakes can experience numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking.

Pantothenic

What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein?

Pellagra

Which of the following is NOT a form of vitamin B6?

Pyrimidine

Which of the following vitamins is involved substantially in energy transformation reactions?

RIBOFLAVIN & B12

What form of vitamin A supports vision but not growth?

Retinol

Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues?

Retinol-binding protein

Which of the following is NOT a form of vitamin A?

Retinoquinone

A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth?

Riboflavin

Milk and milk products provide liberal amounts of which of the following vitamins?

Riboflavin

The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin?

Riboflavin

_______: Individuals deficient in this nutrient present with inflammation of the mouth and tongue

Riboflavin

Which of these meals is lowest in vitamin C?

Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea

In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed?

Skeletal

Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice?

Skin yellowing

When a person's diet is deficient in vitamin A, mucus production by epithelial cells increases.

false

A deficiency of which of the following vitamins results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood?

folate

Among all the vitamins, which is believed to be most vulnerable to interactions with drugs?

folate

Physiological stresses such as blood loss, burns, measles, and cancer are known particularly to increase the risk of deficiency for

folate

Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of

folate

What vitamin is involved mainly with the replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells?

folate

Which of the following vitamins is responsible for red blood cell production?

folate

Which of the following vitamins is usually found in a form that is bound to one or more glutamic acid molecules in food?

folate

Macrocytic anemia is caused by a deficiency of __________.

folate and vitamin B12

Excess vitamin E can lead to __________.

increased hemorrhage risk

Where is calbindin primarily found in the body?

intestine

Pernicious anemia results from a combination of lack of intrinsic factor and

lack of hydrochloric acid.

Which of the following is a good source of thiamin?

lean pork

The vitamin-like substance called _____ helps with energy production.

lipoic

Knowing the role of vitamin K in the body, in what organ would you expect to find it in large quantities?

liver

What cooking method best retains water-soluble vitamins?

microwaving

Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake?

milk

A folate deficiency in pregnancy can result in __________.

neural tube defects

A patient with symptoms including dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (the three Ds) may have a deficiency in __________.

niacin

A breakfast high in antioxidants would include __________.

orange juice

What vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?

pantothenic acid

Which vitamin is part of the structure of acetyl CoA?

pantothenic acid

A lack of intrinsic factor is associated with __________.

pernicious anemia

Moderate intakes of which of the following would provide sufficient amounts of vitamin C?

potatoes

Jennifer has just had a baby. When she brings Thomas home, she regales you with the details of her hospital stay. She mentions that shortly after the birth, Thomas received an intramuscular injection of vitamin K, and she wondered why this was done, as it made him cry. You explained that it

prevented possible bleeding events.

Substances that promote oxidation are usually termed

prooxidants.

Which form of vitamin A enables the eye to react to changes in light?

retinal

Which of the following terms is a form of vitamin A?

retinoid

The pigment that is responsible for night vision is called __________

rhodopsin

Milk is generally stored in opaque containers to prevent the destruction of __________ by sunlight.

riboflavin

Which of the following organs is NOT required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D?

small instestine

Vitamin classification is based on __________

solubility in fat or water

Which of the following is frequently affected by deficiencies of the B vitamins?

tongue

Without adequate vitamin A, we would not be able to see in the dark.

true

Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?

vegetable oil

Who may benefit from vitamin supplementation?

vegetarians taking vitamin D supplements due to decreased dietary sources

Which of the following vitamins is linked with energy metabolism?

vitamin B12

A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of

vitamin D.

Which of the following vitamins is linked with the immune system?

vitamin a

Which of the following vitamins is most associated with promoting synthesis of gastrointestinal mucus?

vitamin a

Ascorbic acid, or ________ , enhances the absorption of nonheme iron.

vitamin c

____: Scurvy symptoms, caused by a deficiency of this nutrient, include rough skin rash and wounds that won't heal.

vitamin c

Which of the following does NOT function as an antioxidant?

vitamin d

Which of the following vitamins is linked with antioxidant function?

vitamin e

Which of the following vitamins is linked with bone health?

vitamin k

Which fat-soluble vitamin is critical to consume in order for the minerals calcium and phosphorus to be absorbed?

vitamind

Absorption efficiency of vitamin D supplements is markedly improved when they are taken

with a large meal.

Ingesting megadose levels of vitamin supplements can lead to __________.

hypervitaminosis

Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A. Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system. What would you say to Greg to allay his fear?

"Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects."

What is the primary chemical reaction in which thiamin participates as a coenzyme?

Assists in removal of one-carbon units from compounds involved in energy metabolism

Orange juice with vitamin D is an example of a food that has been __________.

fortified

Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C?

fruit group

Folate deficiency has been reported in infants fed

goat's milk

The formation of red blood cells is called __________.

hemopoiesis

Bioavailability refers to __________

how much of a vitamin is actually absorbed when consumed, based on various factors