Nutrition Final Exam

Colostrum

(a premilk substance) is produced by the breasts during the first 2-3 days. It contains white blood cells, serum, and antibodies needed by the infant's immature immune system. It helps protect the infant against infections against which the mother has developed immunity.

illicit drugs

- Many drugs cross the placenta and impair fetal growth and development and cause other possible risks to the unborn child. -The effects of smoking and chewing tobacco are magnified during pregnancy. -Smoking restricts the blood supply to the fetus and limits oxygen and nutrient delivery and waste removal. A mother who smokes is more likely to have a low birthweight infant and a complicated birth. Importantly, a positive relationship exists between sudden infant death syndrome and both cigarette smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to passive smoke.

B vitamin folate

- consumed prior to and during pregnancy - helps prevent spina bifida and other neural tube defects.

gout

-a form of arthritis most commonly affecting men. - is characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints. -Uric acid derives from the breakdown of purines, primarily from those made by the body but also from those found in foods. -Recommendations to lower uric acid levels and the risk of gout include limiting alcohol and excessive amounts of meat, seafood, and sugar-sweetened beverages.

growth rate of child

-doubles by 5 months -triples by age one then slows - newborn need 450 cal/day

malnourishment in old people

-most older adults are adequately nourished, but an estimated one out of six is malnourished. -Chronic illnesses, medications, depression, and social isolation can all contribute to malnutrition.

Spina bifida

-one of the most common types of neural tube defects, -characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement. -occurs when the vertebrae of the spine fail to close around the spinal cord, leaving it unprotected.

critical periods

-times of intense development and rapid cell division. -These periods are critical in that specific cellular activities can occur only at these times. If damage is done during these periods, recovery is not possible. -Damage during these critical times of pregnancy has permanent consequences for the life and health of the fetus.

low birth weight

A high-risk pregnancy is likely to produce an infant with low birthweight. Low birthweight is defined as a birthweight of 5 ½ or less.

food bourne illness

A pregnancy woman is 20 times more likely to get the foodborne illness listeriosis. - Listeriosis is an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, which can be killed by pasteurization and cooking but can survive at refrigerated temperatures; certain ready-to-eat foods, such as hot dogs and deli meats, may become contaminated after cooking or processing, but before packaging. -Use only pasteurized juices and dairy products. So not eat soft cheeses such as feta, brie, Camembert, Panela, "queso blanco," "queso fresco," and blue-veined cheeses such as Roquefort. Do not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or eat foods that contain it. *Thoroughly cook meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood. *Do not eat hot dogs or luncheon meats unless heated until steaming hot *Do not eat refrigerated smoked seafood such as salmon or trout, or any fish labeled as "nova," "lox," or "kippered," unless prepared in a cooked dish..

high risk pregnancies

Age - Teens, especially younger than 15 years or younger; women 35 years or older Interval - Short or long intervals between pregnancies (<18 months or >59 months) Chronic diseases - Diabetes; heart, respiratory, and kidney disease; certain genetic disorders; special diets and medications

how many carbs per day during pregnancy

Ample carbohydrate (ideally, 175 grams or more per day) is necessary to fuel the fetal brain.

atrophic gastritis

An estimated 10 to 30 of adults older than 50 have atrophic gastritis; people with atrophic gastritis are particularly vulnerable to vitamin deficiency. The bacterial overgrowth that accompanies this condition uses up the vitamin, and without hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, digestion and absorption of vitamin are inefficient.

overweight and obese

Based on data from the BMI-for-age growth charts, children and adolescents are categorized as overweight above the 85th percentile and as obese at the 95th percentile and above.

dehydration in older people

Dehydrated older adults seem to be more susceptible to urinary tract infections, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and confusion and disorientation.

weight gain during pregnancy

For the normal-weight woman, weight gain ideally follows a pattern of 3 ½ pounds during the first trimester and 1 pound per week thereafter. However, if a woman gains more than is recommended early in pregnancy, she should not restrict her energy intake later in order to lose weight. A large weight gain over a short time could indicate excessive fluid retention and may be the first sign of preeclampsia which is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and some protein in the urine.

muccle loss in old people

In general, older people tend to lose bone and muscle and gain body fat. Many of these changes occur because some hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism become less active with age, whereas others become more active. Loss of muscle, known as sarcopenia, can be significant in the later years, and its consequences can be quite dramatic. As muscles diminish and weaken, people lose the ability to move and maintain balance—making falls likely.

nutrient absorption

Nutrient absorption, especially of fat and calcium, from an immature GI tract is limited. Consequently, preterm, low-birthweight infants are candidates for nutrient imbalances. Deficiencies of the fat-soluble vitamins, calcium, iron, and zinc are common.

Problems with the brain and central nervous system may include:

Poor coordination or balance Intellectual disability, learning disorders and delayed development Jitteriness or hyperactivity Trouble getting along with others Problems with behavior and impulse control

cows milk

The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that cow's milk is not appropriate during the first year. Between the ages of 1 and 2 years, a transition from breast milk or formula to reduced-fat cow's milk can take place, but care should be taken to avoid excessive restriction of dietary fat. Cow's milk is a poor choice during the first year of life. For some infants, particularly those younger than of age, cow's milk may cause intestinal bleeding, which can lead to iron deficiency. Cow's milk is also a poor source of iron. Consequently, it both causes iron loss and fails to replace iron. Furthermore, the bioavailability of iron from infant cereal and other foods is reduced when cow's milk replaces breast milk or iron-fortified formula during the first year. In addition to breast milk or formula, an infant can begin eating solid foods between 4 to 6 months. The American Academy of Pediatrics supports exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months but recognizes that infants are often developmentally ready to accept complementary foods between 4 to 6 months of age

calcium recommendation

The DRI Committee recommends 1200 milligrams of calcium daily for women older than 50 and men older than 70, but the calcium intakes of older people in the United States are well below recommendations.

vit c

The best sources of vitamin C are fruits and vegetables. Fruit juice is a good source of vitamin C, but excessive juice intake can lead to diarrhea in infants and young children. Furthermore, too much fruit juice contributes excessive kcalories and displaces other nutrient-rich foods.

protein per day during pregnacys

The protein RDA for pregnancy is an additional 25 grams per day higher than for nonpregnant women.

iron deficiency

To prevent iron deficiency, children's foods must deliver to 7 of 10 milligrams of iron per day.

Eclampsia

a condition characterized by extremely high blood pressure, elevated protein in the urine, seizures, and possibly coma.

Preeclampsia

a condition characterized not only by gestational hypertension but also by protein in the urine.

Atrophic gastritis

a condition that affects almost one-third of those older than 60, is characterized by an inflamed stomach, bacterial overgrowth, and a lack of hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

neural tube defect

a malformation of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development that often results in lifelong disability or death.

energy needs during pregnancy

an additional 340 kcal per day during the second trimester and an extra 450 kcal per day during the third trimester.

healthy pregnancy

depends on a sufficient weight gain. Women who begin their pregnancies at a healthy weight need to gain about 30 pounds, which covers the growth and development of the placenta, uterus, blood, breasts, and infant

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

drugs during pregnancy

drugs include prescription medications, herbal supplements, and OTC meds.

caffeine during pregs

enter breat milk and make infant irritated and wakeful 1-2 cups per day more may impair iron status

prolactin

in charge of milk production during nursing, prolactin concentrations remain high.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome causes brain damage and growth problems. The problems caused by fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome are irreversible.

gestational diabetes

is glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.

Anaphylactic Shock

is most often caused by peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, fish, or shellfish.

The Nutrition Screening Initiative

is part of a national effort to identify and treat nutrition problems in older adults; it uses a screening checklist.

lactating mothers

need 500 extra calories

dieting during pregnancy

not reccommended may impair cognitive ability

Birthweight

the most reliable indicator of an infant's health.