Nutrition final exam (Chapter 13)

75% and 18%

A 2015 study attributed ____% of heat extremes and ____% of precipitation extremes to global warming

eating patterns were disrupted and food intake was reduced

About 6.8 million households experienced very low food security, which means

17.4 million

About ____________ U.S. households (roughly 14%) experienced food insecurity in 2011

stunted growth

Approximately 161 million children experience _________ _______ which causes them to be shorter than expected for their age.

51 million

Approximately ___ million children do not weigh enough for their height

empty

Avoid _______ Calorie foods and beverages

organic

Buy _________ or reduce synthetic pesticide use

whole

Choose _______ foods or less processed foods

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM)

Condition in which energy intake is so inadequate that the child experiences a lower body weight than normal

consumers purchasing Fair Trade products.

Fair Trade depends on support from

exploitation of farm laborers around the world.

Fair Trade was born in response to the exploitation of farm laborers around the world

Family farms Community supported agriculture (CSA) Farmers' markets Urban agriculture School gardens Entrepreneurship investing in food startups Corporate involvement

Food movement initiatives that aim to promote sustainability and food diversity include

Livestock: $2.9 million Dairy: $7 million Sugar: $10.3 million Food manufacturers: $18.3 million Beer, wine, and liquor: $25 million

In 2015 lobbyists were recorded spending the following amounts to promote certain aspects of food production

monocultures

In the 1960s the federal Agricultural Adjustment Act provided financial incentives for farmers to grow singles crops that were cultivated on a massive scale called

SNAP WIC National School Lunch and Breakfast Program USDA Commodity Food Program CDC Healthful Corner Store

In the United States many programs help to increase access to nourishing foods, including:

carbon dioxide

Many scientists believe global warming is due to the ________ ________ produced by human activities

Green Revolution

Massive program that has improved the technology and practices in agriculture

Iron deficiency anemia (most common deficiency worldwide) Prenatal iodine for fetal brain development Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness in children

Micronutrient deficiencies can lead to preventable diseases including:

High yield varieties (HYVs)

New forms of food products (like grains) that were produced by cross-breeding plants and selecting the most desirable traits

undernourished

One in seven people in the world is chronically _____________, almost all of them in developing nations

local economy

Purchase local produce and support _______ _________

maternal mortality and infant mortality

SAM dramatically increases a population's rate of :

hunger-obesity paradox

Some researchers have also observed a so-called ________-_______ _________ in which low income people are obese while also deficient in one or more nutrients

Reduce pollution of soil and water Maintain or improve food diversity Reduce the number of food deserts

Sustainable practices can help to:

A trend toward decreased physical activity; A global shift toward increased consumption of energy dense foods

The WHO identifies two key factors:

poverty

The major cause of undernutrition is unequal distribution of food because of ________

WHO and UNICEF promote breastfeeding United Nations World Food Programme USAID and Peace Corps agricultural education programs

There are many international initiatives that strive to increase access to nourishing foods including:

lower incomes

Those at higher risks for food security are households with

nutrition information

When eating out ask for ________ __________

20-43

______ to _____million people died in the great famine in China from 1958 to 1961

local

_________ conditions can contribute to chronic hunger

Fair trade

a trading partnership promoting equity in international trading relationships and contributing to sustainable development by securing the rights of marginalized producers and workers

food deserts

also contribute to malnutrition and poor food access Characterized as geographic areas where people lack access to fresh, healthful, and affordable food

overpopulation

can occur when resources are insufficient to support the number of people living there

Lack of infrastructure Impact of disease

chronic hunger can also be caused by

cash crops

crops grown to be sold rather than eaten, such as cotton or tobacco

maternal mortality

deaths of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the immediate postpartal period

infant mortality

deaths of infants between birth and 1 year of age

food deserts

geographic areas where people lack access to affordable, nutritious food

famine

is a severe food shortage affecting a large percentage of the population in a limited geographical area

nutrition paradox

is characterized by the coexistence of stunting and overweight/obesity within the same region, the same household, and even the same person

sustainability

is the ability to satisfy basic economic, social, and security needs now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base and environmental quality on which life depends

global warming

is the general term used for the increase of about 1.5 F in temperature that has occurred on the Earth's surface over the past century.

food diversity

is the variety of difference species of food crops available

Poverty-obesity paradox

occurs when obesity is more prevalent in low-income populations

Uneven distribution of food

overpopulation can lead to

food equity

sharing the world's food and other resources fairly

food insecurity

unreliable access to a sufficient supply of nourishing food