Nutrition final exam review

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All of the following are appropriate means of eliminating Cryptosporidium from drinking water except: A) reverse osmosis B) boiling the water C) chlorination D) using a special filter

C) chlorination

All of the following contribute to total energy expenditure except A) basal metabolic rate. B) thermic effect of food. C) energy content of food. D) adaptive thermogenesis.

C) energy content of food.

In passive absorption (diffusion), nutrients enter the cell A) with a carrier. B) with the expenditure of energy. C) from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. D) from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.

C) from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

Potassium is found in the largest quantities in A) milk and dairy products. B) meats. C) fruits and vegetables. D) refined grains.

C) fruits and vegetables.

Athletes who consume adequate carbohydrate promote all of the following except A) reducing the risk of chronic fatigue. B) loading the liver with adequate glycogen stores. C) increases in body fat levels. D) loading the muscles with adequate glycogen stores.

C) increases in body fat levels.

Carbohydrate loading A) involves loading up on carbohydrate-laden foods the day before an endurance event. B) involves little exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet the first 3 days, followed by heavy exercise and a low-carbohydrate diet right before competition. C) involves a tapering in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake. D) does not increase glycogen stores to any significant degree.

C) involves a tapering in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake.

A low-birth-weight infant weighs ______ pounds. A) 6.5 to 7.5 B) 5.5 to 6.5 C) less than 5.5 D) less than 3.5

C) less than 5.5

Blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein to the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) liver. D) pancreas.

C) liver.

The major fat-digesting enzyme is A) gastric lipase. B) salivary amylase. C) pancreatic lipase. D) pepsin.

C) pancreatic lipase.

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the A) ovum. B) umbilicus. C) placenta. D) embryo

C) placenta

An example of cognitive restructuring for weight control is A) planning what to eat for breakfast. B) decreeing candy bars off limits. C) replacing eating reactions to stress with helpful relaxing alternatives. D) keeping a food intake diary to identify triggers for eating.

C) replacing eating reactions to stress with helpful relaxing alternatives.

Mineral needs generally are increased during pregnancy. All of the following are needed in higher quantities except A) iron. B) iodine. C) sodium. D) zinc.

C) sodium.

The difference between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis is A) aerobic glucose breakdown uses amino acids, anaerobic does not. B) the end product of aerobic glucose breakdown is lactic acid; the end products of anaerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water. C) the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water; the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactic acid. D) anaerobic glucose breakdown uses oxygen, aerobic does not.

C) the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water; the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactic acid.

Bone, cartilage, muscle, and nerves are considered A) organs. B) organ systems. C) tissues. D) organisms.

C) tissues

A function of the large intestine is to absorb A) fats and proteins. B) vitamins and minerals. C) water and minerals. D) proteins and carbohydrates.

C) water and minerals.

When individuals lose weight quickly, most of the weight lost is from A) fat, water, and glycogen. B) water, muscle tissue, and protein stores. C) water, glycogen, and muscle tissue. D) fat, water, and muscle tissue.

C) water, glycogen, and muscle tissue.

Food Label claim defined as containing less than 5 calories per serving

Calorie free

Pigment materials in fruit and vegetables that can be turned into vitamin A in the body

Carotenoids

Which of the following is converted into Vitamin A in the body

Carotenoids

Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin a

Carotenoids can be converted into retinoids

Breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking while watching television

Chain breaking

Which of the following is true about protein? a) it is unique in that it is the only dietary component that contains selenium b) it is important primarily for increasing bone density c) it is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids d) it is made up of combinations of amino acids and fatty acids

c) it is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids

Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States? a) most consume approximately the amount needed to balance losses. b) most do not consume enough protein c) most consume more than is needed d) athletes generally do not get enough protein without supplements

c) most consume more than is needed

Which of the following is not true about pepsin? a) acid activates pepsin b) pepsin acts on food in the stomach c) pepsin works best in an alkaline environment d) amino acid chains are the digestive products of its action

c) pepsin works best in an alkaline environment

_______________ are lipoproteins made by intestinal absorptive cells. The dietary fat is surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein that act to transport absorbed fat from the intestine to the lymphatic system (and then the circulatory system).

Chylomicrons; Chylomicron

Two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids.

Complementary proteins

Dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids

Complete protein

All of the following are results of undernutrition except A) reduction of activity. B) blindness from xerophthalmia. C) iron-deficiency anemia. D) coronary heart disease.

All of the following are true about "nursing bottle syndrome" except A) it causes tooth decay in bottle-fed infants. B) it is associated with an infant keeping a bottle in his or her mouth while sleeping. C) it results from the teeth being bathed in carbohydrate-rich fluid. D) it is associated with not brushing the infant's gums at least 3 times per week.

Breast milk contains approximately how many kcalories per quart? A) 450 B) 570 C) 600 D) 640

If a child is to follow a totally vegetarian diet, greater attention should be given to which of the following nutrients? A) Iron and calcium B) The fat soluble vitamins C) Carbohydrate and fiber D) Protein and vitamin B-12

Manipulating the DNA inside cells to improve production of materials or the material itself is called A) social engineering. B) translation. C) transcription. D) genetic engineering.

Most strains of E. coli are A) infectious. B) harmful. C) toxic. D) harmless.

The fluid requirements of the infant are approximately __________ cups per day. A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3

What is the term to describe failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that either fails to meet or greatly exceeds nutritional needs? A) Undernutrition B) Overnutrition C) Emaciation D) Malnutrition

Which of the following is true about food irradiation? A) The FDA does not allow food irradiation because it is dangerous. B) Irradiation does not affect the vitamin content of foods. C) Foods that are irradiated do not require labeling as such. D) Irradiation can slow or limit the growth of insects, microorganisms, and parasites in food.

A reasonable and recommended goal for daily dietary fiber intake is how many grams? A) 10 to 12 B) 15 to 30 C) 20 to 34 D) 25 to 38

D - 25 to 38

A meal consisting of a cheeseburger, large fries, and a chocolate shake provides a total of 1,120 kcalories, of which 48 percent of the energy is from carbohydrate and 13 percent from protein. How many kcalories of fat does the meal contain? A) 137 B) 313 C) 287 D) 437

D - 437

Which statement best describes nutrient density? A) Choose a number of different foods within any given food group rather than the "same old thing." B) Consume a variety of foods from MyPyramid's five major food groups every day. C) Plan your entire day's diet so that you don't overconsume nutrient sources. D) Consume foods that have the most nutrition for their kcalories.

D - Consume foods that have the most nutrition for their kcalories

Which of the following nutrition-related diseases is not one of the three leading causes of death in the United States? A) Cardiovascular disease B) Cancer C) Stroke D) Diabetes

D - Diabetes

Gram for gram, which provides the most energy? A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Alcohol D) Fats

D - Fats

Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state? A) Insulin B) Testosterone C) Estrogen D) Glucagon

D - Glucagon

What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine? A) Salivary amylase B) Bicarbonate C) Pancreatic proteases D) Pancreatic amylase

D - Pancreatic amylase

Which of the following is not true of dietary fibers? A) They are mostly polysaccharides. B) The bonds between sugar units cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes. C) They cannot be absorbed by the small intestine. D) They are absorbed in the large intestine.

D - They are absorbed in the large intestine

Measurements of height, weight, body circumferences, and body fat are called A) sonography. B) electrocardiography. C) echocardiography. D) anthropometry.

D - anthropometry

Viscous (soluble) fibers A) increase stool size significantly. B) are not readily fermented by intestinal bacteria. C) do not dissolve in water. D) can lower blood cholesterol.

D - can lower blood cholesterol

The essential nutrients A) must be consumed at every meal. B) are required for infants but not adults. C) can be made in the body when they are needed. D) cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health.

D - cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health

Mrs. Mitchell was hospitalized after being found unconscious in her home. A dietitian conducted a nutritional assessment noting the general appearance of Mrs. Mitchell's skin, eyes, and tongue. Which part of the assessment is this? A) Medical examination B) Diet history C) Biochemical evaluation D) Clinical examination

D - clinical examination

The RDAs for nutrients generally are A) the minimum amounts the average adult male requires. B) more than twice the requirements. C) designed to prevent deficiency disease in half the population. D) designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.

D - designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people

Glucose also is known as A) levulose. B) ribose. C) maltose. D) dextrose.

D - dextrose

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this? A) Eating enriched grains such as Rice Krispies and Saltines B) Increasing his meat intake C) Reading the labels of grain products and buying those labeled "wheat flour" D) Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

D - eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

Two tablespoons (tbsp) of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is about the size of a A) yoyo B) baseball C) tennis ball D) golf ball

D - golf ball

When eating a high-fiber diet one should A) restrict fluid intake. B) not be concerned about consuming large amounts. C) avoid foods that are not whole grain. D) increase fluid intake.

D - increase fluid intake

One cup of apple juice has 111 kcalories and 1.4 mg of vitamin C. The same serving size of orange juice has 112 kcalories and 124 mg of vitamin C. Which of the following is true regarding their nutrient density? A) Apple juice is more vitamin C nutrient dense than orange juice. B) To get adequate vitamin C while watching kcalorie intake, it would be better to consume apple juice than orange juice. C) Apple juice would be a better choice than orange juice in terms of vitamin C, while watching kcalories. D) Orange juice is more vitamin C nutrient dense than apple juice.

D - orange juice is more vitamin c nutrient dense than apple juice

Kate consumes 1,900 kcalories each day. She requires 1,750 kcalories to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's kcalorie consumption could lead to A) undernutrition. B) unbalanced nutrition. C) balanced nutrition. D) overnutrition.

D - over-nutrition

Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose? A) Alcohol B) Fruits C) Grains D) Sugar cane

D - sugar cane

The main function of glucose is to A) serve as raw material to build tissue. B) work with enzymes to carry out chemical reactions. C) repair tissue. D) supply energy.

D - supply energy

All of the following are characteristic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus except A) arises most commonly in adulthood. B) caused by insensitivity of fat and muscle cells to insulin. C) often associated with obesity. D) the least common form of diabetes.

D - the least common form of diabetes

Bill expends 2,500 kcalories per day. What amount of kcalories will be from basal metabolism? A) 250 to 375 B) 500 to 1,050 C) 1,200 to 1,500 D) 1,500 to 1,750

D) 1,500 to 1,750 [kcalories per day X 60 / 100= BMR] &/or [kcalories per day X 70 / 100 = BMR]

For every pound lost during a workout, cup(s) of water should be consumed during or after exercise. A) 1/2 B) 1 C) 1.75 D) 3

D) 3

Adult men need how much total water intake per day? A) 2.0 liters B) 2.7 liters C) 3.0 liters D) 3.7 liters

D) 3.7 liters

The duration of pregnancy normally is ______ weeks. A) 30-34 B) 32-36 C) 35-39 D) 38-42

D) 38-42

The use of sports drinks is critical for activities lasting A) 5 to 60 seconds. B) 1 to 5 minutes. C) 30 minutes. D) 60 to 90 minutes.

D) 60 to 90 minutes.

What percentage of a meal has been absorbed by the time it leaves the small intestine? A) 25% B) 55% C) 80% D) 95%

D) 95%

Phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways? A) Phospholipids do not contain glycerol. B) Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids. C) A compound containing nitrogen replaces at least one fatty acid. D) A compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid.

D) A compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid.

Which of the following is the best treatment approach for binge eating disorder? A) A diet that lists foods to be eaten and others to be avoided. B) A structured eating plan that the person eats without regard to his or her hunger signals. C) Teaching them not to be selfish and work at nurturing others. D) An eating plan that does not restrict particular foods, in which the person eats in response to hunger signals.

D) An eating plan that does not restrict particular foods, in which the person eats in response to hunger signals.

Carol eats 800 kcalories a day to lose weight. She is 40 years old. Carol has been walking briskly 60 minutes daily for the past 2 months. In her younger days she lifted weights, but she has lost considerable lean body mass over the years because of inactivity. Recently, Carol was diagnosed with hypothyroidism, which lowers metabolism. Which of the following factors increases Carol's energy output and promotes weight loss? A) Her 800-kcalorie diet B) Her age C) Her loss of lean body mass D) Her walking routine

D) Her walking routine

Which of the following is true about Olestra? A) It cannot be used for frying. B) It is not approved for use by the FDA. C) It does provide kcalories but not as many as fat provides. D) It cannot be digested, therefore it leaves the body.

D) It cannot be digested, therefore it leaves the body.

What is magnesium's primary function? A) It acts as the carrier for calcium absorption. B) It is important in hemoglobin synthesis. C) It maintains mucus production in the digestive tract. D) It is important for nerve and heart function.

D) It is important for nerve and heart function.

All of the following are characteristics of heartburn except which one? A) It is a gnawing pain in the upper chest. B) It is caused by a backflow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus. C) It can damage the esophagus because it has no mucus lining to protect the esophagus. D) It subsides when a person relaxes and lies down after a meal.

D) It subsides when a person relaxes and lies down after a meal.

Which of the following is true about the protein intake for athletes? A) Most athletes must take protein supplements to get enough protein. B) Bodybuilders need more protein than endurance athletes. C) Amino acid supplements are a better way to deliver amino acids because they do not need to be digested. D) Most athletes eating a variety of foods will easily meet their protein needs.

D) Most athletes eating a variety of foods will easily meet their protein needs.

What is the function of mucus in the stomach? A) Emulsifies fats B) Neutralizes stomach acid C) Digests food D) Protects stomach cells from gastric juices

D) Protects stomach cells from gastric juices

Which of the following contains a rich supply of omega-3 fatty acids? A) Sirloin B) Broccoli C) Chicken breast D) Salmon

D) Salmon

Which of the following meals would leave the stomach last? A) Bagel, orange juice, and banana B) Non-fat yogurt, banana, and skim milk C) Raisin Bran, skim milk, English muffin, and coffee D) Sausage, egg, cheese, biscuit, and coffee

D) Sausage, egg, cheese, biscuit, and coffee

Which of the following is true about lactation? A) Only about 50 percent of all women can breastfeed. B) The most significant reason why women do not breastfeed is that they cannot produce enough milk. C) Some women cannot breastfeed because they do not have big enough breasts. D) The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

D) The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

In which form are most dietary lipids found? A) Sterols B) Phospholipids C) Monoglycerides D) Triglycerides

D) Triglycerides

Android obesity is associated with a higher incidence of all the following except A) heart disease. B) diabetes mellitus. C) hypertension. D) cancer.

D) cancer.

At later stages in anorexia development, anorexics A) do not feel hungry. B) abstain from beverages and food. C) eat 1,200 to 1,500 kcalories per day. D) eat 300 to 600 kcalories per day.

D) eat 300 to 600 kcalories per day.

Night eating syndrome is characterized by evening hyperphagia which is defined as A) eating all of total daily calories after the evening meal. B) eating one-half of total daily calories after the evening meal. C) eating one-half of total daily calories at the evening meal. D) eating more than one-third of total daily calories after the evening meal.

D) eating more than one-third of total daily calories after the evening meal.

Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via A) conduction. B) radiation. C) respiration. D) evaporation.

D) evaporation.

Joni uses ipecac syrup to promote vomiting after her binges. All of the following are negative effects of vomiting except A) tooth decay. B) swelling of salivary glands. C) stomach ulcers. D) high blood potassium levels, which disturb heart rhythm.

D) high blood potassium levels, which disturb heart rhythm.

As one finds his or her weight loss slowing during a weight control program, the best practice is to A) restrict more food choices. B) reduce food intake to 1,000 kcalories. C) go off the weight control program and take a break. D) increase physical activity.

D) increase physical activity.

Consumption of a diet high in salt by a healthy individual will A) cause damage to the kidneys. B) result in edema. C) increase fecal excretion of sodium. D) increase urinary excretion of sodium.

D) increase urinary excretion of sodium.

A goiter may form as a consequence of an inadequate intake of A) copper. B) magnesium. C) sodium. D) iodide.

D) iodide.

The amount of water in each compartment mainly is controlled by A) oxygen concentration. B) glucose concentration. C) the presence of fatty acids. D) ion concentration.

D) ion concentration.

The best food source of iron is A) whole wheat bread. B) egg yolk. C) raisins. D) liver.

D) liver.

All of the following are true of an anorexic person who falls below 75 percent of normal body weight except A) hospitalization is almost always necessary. B) cure becomes very difficult. C) premature death is likely. D) loss of menstrual period becomes irreversible.

D) loss of menstrual period becomes irreversible.

Peristalsis refers to A) chewing and swallowing. B) the opening and closing of sphincters. C) the action of bile on dietary fat. D) muscular movement of materials through the GI tract

D) muscular movement of materials through the GI tract

We get most of the sulfur in our diet from A) carbohydrates. B) water. C) fats and oils. D) proteins.

D) proteins.

Anorexia nervosa is defined as A) hyperactivity. B) compulsive eating. C) purging, including laxatives and diuretics. D) psychological denial of appetite.

D) psychological denial of appetite.

The major function of adipose tissue is to A) synthesize protein for muscle. B) store glycogen. C) store cholesterol. D) store triglycerides.

D) store triglycerides.

Neil is a football player. We can tell whether he is getting enough kcalories by all the following except A) determining his body fat level. B) seeing if his body fat is about 5 percent to 18 percent. C) monitoring weight changes on a weekly basis. D) weighing him before and after football practice.

D) weighing him before and after football practice.

Used as a reference for expressing nutrient content of nutrition labels

Daily values

General loss or decrease in mental function

Dementia

skin condition commonly associated with niacin deficiency symptoms

Dermatitis

A method of determining a body's energy use by measuring heat that emanates from the body

Direct calorimetry

Class of sugars formed by chemically linking two monosaccharides

Disaccharide

A buildup of fluids in extracellular spaces

Edema

Compound that can suspend fat in water by isolating individual fat droplets

Emulsifier

Compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but is not altered by the process

Enzyme

Work-producing. A mechanical, nutritional, psychological, pharmacological, or physiological substance or treatment that is intended to improve performance

Ergogenic

Mature red blood cells

Erythrocytes

Required by humans in sufficient amounts and therefore must be included in the diet.

Essential amino acids

Fatty acids that must be present in the diet to maintain health

Essential fatty acids

Which government agency is responsible for most U.S. food labeling?

FDA

Low blood glucose that follows a day or so of fasting

Fasting hypoglycemia

_______________ form the basic structural building blocks of fats. They are a chain of carbons linked to hydrogens with a carboxyl group on one end.

Fatty acid; fatty acids

This vitamin, when consumed during pregnancy, can help prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida

Folate/folic acid

Hereditary material that provides the blueprints for the production of cell proteins

Genes

The blood glucose response of a given food compared to a standard

Glycemic Index

Three-carbon alcohol used to form triglycerides

Glycerol

Visual estimates for portion size

Golf Ball- 2 tbsp Tennis ball- 1/2-2/3 tbsp Deck of cards- 1/2-3/4 cup Baseball- 1 cup

A pituitary hormone that produces body growth and fat release from storage, among other effects

Growth hormone

Lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other lipoproteins, as well as directly to the liver

HDL

_______________ absorption requires a carrier and energy.

active

The main form of Vitamin E in the body is

alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin E functions as

an antioxidant

The B vitamins generally function as

antioxidants

Condition usually occurring in people who have experienced large sweat losses from exercising for several hours in a hot climate and who have consumed a large volume of unsalted water

Heat cramps

Heat illness that occurs when heat stress causes depletion of blood volume from fluid loss by the body

Heat exhaustion

KCalorie

Heat needed to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius

Condition that occurs when internal body temperature reaches 104?F; skin is hot and dry

Heatstroke

Which statement about vitamins is true?

Help regulate chemical reactions in the body

Destruction of red blood cells

Hemolysis

Compound secreted into the bloodstream that acts to control the function of distant cells

Hormones

Physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by innate cues to eating

Hunger

Process used to convert oils to more solid fats

Hydrogenation

High blood glucose; above 125 mg/100 ml blood

Hyperglycemia

Low blood glucose; below 40-50 mg/100 ml blood

Hypoglycemia

Dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids

Incomplete protein

Plant proteins do not match our needs for essential amino acids and therefore are called ________ proteins.

Incomplete, low quality, lower quality,

A method of measuring a body's energy use by measuring its oxygen uptake and then using formulas to convert that gas exchange into energy use

Indirect calorimetry

____ is an important protein that acts as a hormone. It is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas.

Insulin, insuline

Protein-like compound produced by the stomach that enhances vitamin b12 absorption

Intrinsic factor

Product of the VLDL metabolism that contains primarily cholesterol

LDL

A three-carbon acid formed during anaerobic cell metabolism

Lactic acid

Body weight minus fat storage weight

Lean body mass

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food relative to body needs.

Limiting amino acid

Compound in the bloodstream containing a lipid core with a protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol shell

Lipoprotein

Which of the following is the best source of preformed Vitamin A

Liver

Anemia characterized by the presence of abnormally large red blood cells

Macrocytic anemia

Planning food choices so that nutrient sources are not overconsumed

Moderation

A simple sugar

Monosaccharide

Vitamin A deficiency in which the retina cannot adjust to low amounts of light

Night blindness

Amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts

Nonessential amino acids

Fibers that mostly do not dissolve in water and are not fermented by intestinal bacteria

Nonfermentable (insoluble) fibers

Chemical substances in food that contribute to health.

Nutrients

Nutritional health as determined by ABCDE assessments

Nutritional state

A condition characterized by a body mass index of 30 or more

Obesity

An unsaturated fatty acid with its first double bond at the sixth carbon atom from the methyl end

Omega-6 fatty acid

Adult form of rickets

Osteomalacia

A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

Over-nutrition

When a chemical substance has either lost an electron or gained an oxygen

Oxidized

disorder that results from lack of vitamin b12 absorption

Pernicious anemia

High energy compound that is initially used by cells as a source of phosphate, when it needs to rapidly synthesis ATP

Phosphocreatine

Substances found in plants that contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or heart disease in people who consume them regularly

Phytochemicals

Cholesterol-rich substance deposited on inner wall of blood vessels

Plaque

Known as complex carbohydrates

Polysaccharide

A physical state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses

Protein equilibrium

A condition resulting from regularly consuming an insufficient amount of energy and protein

Protein-energy malnutrition

A three-carbon compound formed during glucose metabolism: also called pyruvate

Pyruvic acid

Recommended nutrient intakes that meet the needs of almost all healthy people of similar age and gender

RDAs

Containing products of decomposed fatty acids; they yield unpleasant flavors and odors

Rancid

Low blood glucose that follows a meal high in simple sugars

Reactive hypoglycemia

disease characterized by poor mineralization of newly synthesized bones due to low calcium content and caused by vitamin D deficiency

Rickets

State in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction

Satiety

_______________ fatty acids contain no double bonds and remain solid at room temperature.

Saturated

A neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan that appears to decrease the desire to eat carbohydrates and to induce sleep

Serotonin

What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein? a) amylase b) pepsin c) trypsin d) lipoprotein lipase

b) pepsin

A hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in the amino acid sequence of a protein chain is a) marasmus b) sickle cell anemia c) edema d) kwashiorkor

b) sickle cell anemia

Then protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is a) stored as amino acids in muscles b) store as glycogen and/or fat c) stored as amino acids in the liver d) excreted in the urine

b) store as glycogen and/or fat

Intestinal bacteria can make this B vitamin in adequate amounts to meet human needs

biotin

George wants to increase his consumption of vitamin A for the possible cancer risk-reducing effects. Which of the following should he choose?

Spinach

Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating-for example, removing foods from sight

Stimulus control

A fracture that occurs from repeated jarring of a bone

Stress fracture

A simple carbohydrate with the chemical composition (CH2O)n

Sugar

The energy expended to digest, absorb, and further process nutrients in food is called the ___________ effect of food.

Thermic

Metabolism that characteristically conserves more energy than normal so that it increases the risk of weight gain and obesity

Thrifty metabolism

A by-product of the process called hydrogenation

Trans fatty acid

A form of diabetes prone to ketosis

Type 1

A form of diabetes in which ketosis is not commonly seen

Type 2

Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and lipids newly synthesized by the liver

VLDL

Fibers that either dissolve or swell in water and are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine

Viscous (soluble) fibers

Which of the following vitamins helps acne

Vitamin A

Which fat-soluble vitamins are most toxic if consumed in excess amount over long periods of times

Vitamin A and E

Efficient deposition of calcium and phosphorus in bones is the net effect of

Vitamin D

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone

Vitamin D

The nutrient essential for synthesis in several blood clotting factors is

Vitamin K

Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way

Water-soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic

Disease process caused by vitamin A deficiency that can cause blindness

Xerophthalmia

An essential amino acid a) can be synthesized in the body if caloric intake is adequate b) can be formed in the body from semiessential amino acids. c) cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs d) can be synthesized in the body if there is a nitrogen source

c) cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs

If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins and minerals to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be

a fortified breakfast cereal

The best option in ensuring adequate intake of vitamins and minerals is

a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals

All of the following are essential amino acids except a) alanine b) threonine c) methionine d) lysine

a) alanine

The basic structure of an amino acid is C carbon atom with four different elements/groups bonded to it. The carbon has a hydrogen atom attached, a carboxyl group (acid group), a __________, and a generic "R" group, which identifies the amino acid. a) amino group b) hydroxyl group c) methyl group d) sulfhydryl group

a) amino group

The most reliable source of vitamin B12 for the vegan would be a) fortified soybean milk b) cheese c) eggs d) milk

a) fortified soybean milk

All of the following are true of high quality protein except a) it provides 7 kcal/g of energy b) it contains all essential amino acids c) it can support body maintenance d) it can support body growth

a) it provides 7 kcal/g of energy

Which of the following is a food that provides adequate amounts all of the essential amino acids? a) milk b) peanut butter c) navy beans d) wheat

a) milk

Proteins are digested in which areas of the body? a) stomach and small intestine b) mouth and small intestine c) small and large intestines d) mouth and stomach

a) stomach and small intestine

Wilma is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition call edema, which is a) the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces b) extreme thirst c) loss of muscle mas d) cardiovascular disease

a) the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces

High protein diets may be harmful for a) those with kidney disease b) athletes c) body builders d) the elderly

a) those with kidney disease

You eat a snack that contains 15 grams of carbohydrate, 8 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. This snack supplies _______________ kcalories.

164

Underweight is defined as a body mass index below _______________.

18.5

A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1,400 kcalories and 30 grams of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat? (Round to the nearest whole number)

Megadoses are described as vitamin intake ___ times the human need to prevent deficiency

2-10

A body fat level of _______________ percent or greater for men warrants a diagnosis of obesity.

24; 25

The American Heart Association recommends that we should consume no more than _______________ milligrams of cholesterol per day.

300

A body fat level of _______________ percent or greater for women warrants a diagnosis of obesity.

35; 36

A meal providing 1,200 kcalories contains 13 grams of saturated fats, 10 grams of monounsaturated fats, and 27 grams of polyunsaturated fats. What is the percentage of energy supplied by the total lipid.

38; 37.5

For student athletes, water is an adequate fluid replacement for events lasting less than _______________ minutes.

What is the caloric value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrate, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, 5 g of alcohol, 600 g water, and 3 g of iron?

755

A promising strategy to help other countries increase food resources is A) to use "green revolution" technologies. B) to establish large farms that grows cash crops. C) to try to obtain more food from the oceans. D) to cut down rain forests so there is more farmable land.

According to present day growth charts, an infant will double his or her birth weight at about ______ months of age. A) 5 B) 3 C) 2 D) 9

All of the following should be omitted from an infant's diet except A) iron. B) low-fat milk. C) hot dogs. D) corn syrup.

Approximately one third of children in developing nations are short and underweight for their age. The most frequent cause is A) weaning to high-carbohydrate, low-protein diets. B) diets low in essential fatty acids. C) weaning to low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets. D) diets high in protein.

Elements influencing food/population ratio include all of the following except A) high socioeconomic status. B) war and political/civil unrest. C) rapid depletion of natural resources. D) AIDS.

Experts speculate that about 70% of foodborne illness cases go undiagnosed because they result from ________ causes. A) viral B) bacterial C) fungal D) microbial

Foodborne illness caused by Clostridium perfringens A) is usually associated with meat and meat dishes, gravies, and improperly handled leftovers. B) appears within 12 to 36 hours of ingesting contaminated food. C) usually is caused by consuming improperly home-canned food. D) can cause human illness in about 4 hours.

For a girl, undernutrition could be expected to have its greatest effect on height if it occurs A) before the onset of menses. B) 2 years after the onset of menses. C) 1 year after the onset of menses. D) 3 years after the onset of menses.

The best way to prevent the foodborne illness E. coli (Escherichia coli) is to A) cook all meat thoroughly. B) substitute bean sprouts for washed lettuce. C) wash your hands often. D) wear a hair net while cooking.

Which foods would you suggest adding to the diet of a preschool child who needs increased iron intake? A) Lean meats B) Milk C) Orange juice D) Egg whites

Which of the following can be found in raw egg whites? A) Avidin B) Dioxin C) Oxalic acid D) Saponins

Which of the following is the best approach to preventing famine in developing nations? A) Increase the productivity of rural people by teaching them farming methods so they can build agricultural surpluses to eat and sell. B) Developed countries should send food and medicine. C) Developing countries should grow cash crops. D) Discourage having livestock.

The World Health Organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ______ percent of our total kcalories. A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25

A - 10

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of A) two monosaccharides. B) two polysaccharides. C) one monosaccharide and one polysaccharide. D) two oligosaccharides.

A - 2 monosaccharides

One serving of Raisin Bran cereal contains 50 percent of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of your cereal provide? A) 9 mg B) 15 mg C) 5 mg D) 36 mg

A - 9 mg

Which of the following terms describes psychological influences that encourage us to find and eat food? A) Appetite B) Hunger C) Satiety D) Obsession

A - Appetite

Which of the following is true about carbohydrate digestion? A) Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins. B) Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach. C) Chewing food does not assist in carbohydrate digestion. D) Saliva production does not influence starch digestion.

A - Carb digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins

What is the major monosaccharide found in the body? A) Glucose B) Fructose C) Galactose D) Sucrose

A - Glucose

Which of the following is not a viscous (soluble) fiber? A) Lignin B) Gums C) Pectin D) Mucilages

A - Lignin

Which of the following nutrients can directly supply energy for human use? A) Lipids and oils B) Water C) Vitamins D) Minerals

A - Lipids and Oils

What substances, present in fruits and vegetables, provide significant health benefits such as reducing the risk of cancer? A) Phytochemicals B) Beta blockers C) Deoxidizers D) Free radicals

A - Phytochemicals

Which of the following should be limited in the diet because of their effect on blood cholesterol? A) Saturated fats B) Unsaturated fats C) Essential fats D) Amino acids

A - Saturated fats

Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate? A) Starches B) Table sugar C) Disaccharides D) Monosaccharides

A - Starches

Nutrient density can be defined as the amount of A) a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of kcalories in that serving. B) a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of grams of protein. C) kcalories in a food divided by the amount of kcalories needed in a day. D) a nutrient in a serving of food divided by the amount of the nutrient needed for that day.

A - a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of kcalories in the serving

The term "Daily Values" on a food label refers to A) a rough guideline based on approximate human needs. B) RDAs. C) minimum requirements. D) AIs.

A - a rough guideline based on approximate human needs

Adequate Intakes (AI) A) are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs. B) are established for carbohydrate, total fat, and dietary fiber. C) represent minimum nutrient needs. D) are established for all vitamins and minerals.

A - are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs

The glycemic load takes into account the glycemic index of the food and the amount of A) carbohydrate consumed. B) glucose absorbed. C) insulin released from the pancreas. D) glycogen stored.

A - carbohydrate consumed

Fibers belong to the class of nutrients known as A) carbohydrate. B) protein. C) lipids. D) minerals.

A - carbohydrates

The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are A) gas, abdominal pain, and distention. B) a rash, sneezing, and stuffy nose. C) a headache and chest pain. D) nausea and vomiting.

A - gas, abdominal pain, distention

Which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state? A) Insulin B) Epinephrine C) Cortisol D) Glucagon

A - insulin

Which of the following foods would have the most fiber? A) Kidney beans B) English muffins made with enriched flour C) Orange juice D) Corn flakes

A - kidney beans

Amylose is A) a long, straight glucose chain. B) branched glucose chains. C) a long, straight fatty acid chain. D) branched amino acid chains

A - long straight glucose chain

The most important dietary approach for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus is to A) lose body fat. B) eat regular meals. C) maintain a constant ratio of carbohydrate to protein to fat throughout the day. D) avoid sugar.

A - lose body fat

The major storage sites for glycogen are A) muscles and liver. B) kidney and muscles. C) liver and kidney. D) liver and pancreas.

A - muscles and liver

Dietary fibers primarily are A) polysaccharides. B) polypeptides. C) disaccharides. D) monosaccharides.

A - polysaccharides

Which of the following is not true about water? A) Provides energy B) Provides a way to transport nutrients and waste C) By-product of cell chemical reactions D) Dietary need of approximately 9-13 cups per day

A - provides energy

A warning sign or symptom of alcohol poisoning is A) semiconsciousness or unconsciousness. B) rapid breathing. C) skin that is hot to the touch. D) insomnia.

A - semiconsciousness or unconsciousness

RDAs are not used in food labeling because A) they are age and gender specific. B) they are too generic. C) there are too many of them. D) their values are set too high.

A - they are age and gender specific

According to the USDA MyPlate, an adult age 18 or older should consume how many cups of milk or milk equivalent per day on a 2,000-calorie diet? A) 3 B) 1 C) 2 D) 4

A -3

ATP and phosphocreatine are major energy sources for events lasting how long? A) 1 minute B) 5 minutes C) 10 minutes D) 30 minutes

A) 1 minute

What would be the approximate weight gain, in pounds, of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month? A) 4 B) 6 C) 3 D) 2

A) 4

Which of the following is not a major goal for weight control programs? A) 5 pound weight loss per week B) Loss of stored fat C) Sparing lean body mass D) Reaching a healthy weight

A) 5 pound weight loss per week

Which of the following is a description of chyme? A) A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines B) The semisolid mass of undigested food that is swallowed C) The mixture of pancreatic juices containing enzymes for digestion D) A thick, viscous material synthesized by mucosal cells for protection against digestive juices

A) A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines

What is the name of the high energy compound that cells use directly to fuel other chemical reactions? A) Adenosine triphosphate B) Glucose C) Amino acids D) Fatty acids

A) Adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following is not a way to estimate body fat? A) Body mass index B) Bioelectrical impedance C) Skinfolds D) Underwater weighing

A) Body mass index

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow? A) Epiglottis B) Tongue C) Tonsils D) Esophagus

A) Epiglottis

Which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Final

A) First

Studies of Greenland Eskimos, among others, have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of fish and the risk for heart disease. What is the most likely mechanism for the reduction of heart disease risk when fish is consumed? A) Fish contain fatty acids that decrease blood clotting. B) The carbohydrate in fish lowers blood cholesterol. C) The protein in fish lowers the blood cholesterol. D) Fish is low in cholesterol.

A) Fish contain fatty acids that decrease blood clotting.

Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients, transporting them to the liver? A) Hepatic Portal vein B) Mesenteric vein C) Subclavian vein D) Femoral vein

A) Hepatic Portal vein

Potassium performs all the following functions except which one? A) It maintains the ability to see at night. B) It maintains fluid balance. C) It assists nerve transmission. D) It maintains normal heart function.

A) It maintains the ability to see at night.

Where does digestion begin? A) Mouth B) Stomach C) Esophagus D) Small intestine

A) Mouth

Which of the following is not a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids? A) Palm oil B) Soybean oil C) Corn oil D) Safflower oil

A) Palm oil

Which of the following statements is important for infant feeding? A) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a child's life. B) Breastfeeding has no advantage over formula-feeding, so the latter is the feeding practice of choice. C) Working mothers should avoid breastfeeding. D) Cows' milk can be introduced safely when the child is 3 months old.

A) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a child's life.

Which of the following is true about protein intake during pregnancy? A) The RDA for protein increases by about 25 grams per day over that for the nonpregnant state. B) Women probably do not get enough protein in typical diets to meet their total needs for pregnancy. C) The RDA for protein increases by about 10 to 15 grams per day. D) The RDA for protein increases by about 5 to 10 grams per day

A) The RDA for protein increases by about 25 grams per day over that for the nonpregnant state.

Hydrogenation produces what kinds of fat? A) Trans-fatty acids B) High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) C) Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) D) Cis-fatty acids

A) Trans-fatty acids

Which of the following testing methods is considered the most accurate way of measuring percent body fat? A) Underwater weighing B) Skinfolds C) Infrared light D) Bioelectrical impedance

A) Underwater weighing

Which of the following is true about trans fatty acids found in hydrogenated fats? A) When consumed, they can raise serum LDL cholesterol. B) When consumed, they can decrease blood clotting. C) When consumed, they can lower serum LDL cholesterol. D) When consumed, they have no effect on serum cholesterol.

A) When consumed, they can raise serum LDL cholesterol.

A difference between anorexics and bulimics is that A) anorexics turn away from food during a crisis, whereas bulimics turn toward food. B) bulimics exhibit denial of the disorder, whereas anorexics know their behavior is abnormal. C) anorexics come from loosely organized families, whereas bulimics come from overly-organized families. D) bulimics tend to be methodical, whereas anorexics tend to be impulsive.

A) anorexics turn away from food during a crisis, whereas bulimics turn toward food.

Constipation is a common problem during pregnancy. All the of following practices can be helpful except A) avoiding too much fluid. B) consuming more dietary fiber. C) consuming dried fruits such as raisins. D) engaging in aerobic exercise regularly.

A) avoiding too much fluid.

A hormone responds to food entering the small intestine and stimulates the pancreas to release A) bicarbonate. B) acid. C) bile. D) mucus.

A) bicarbonate.

The method for determining energy expenditure that involves the measurement of heat given off by the body during a select period of time in an insulated chamber is A) direct calorimetry. B) indirect calorimetry. C) thermocalorimetry. D) bomb calorimetry.

A) direct calorimetry.

Constipation can best be prevented by A) eating dietary fiber. B) restricting fluids. C) restricting physical exercise. D) using laxatives.

A) eating dietary fiber.

If a woman athlete is not menstruating regularly, she should do all the following except A) exercise more intensely. B) increase her kcalorie intake. C) get adequate calcium in the diet. D) have her body fat percentage checked.

A) exercise more intensely.

A common characteristic of both bulimics and anorexics is that they are usually A) female. B) underweight for height. C) perfectionists. D) able to recognize their behavior as abnormal.

A) female.

Vitamin needs generally increase during pregnancy, especially for A) folate. B) iron. C) vitamin D. D) pantothenic acid.

A) folate.

Loss of menstrual periods associated with anorexia nervosa is caused by A) low body fat content. B) loss of lean body mass. C) low thyroid hormone synthesis. D) lanugo.

A) low body fat content.

All foods in their unprocessed form tend to be low in sodium except A) milk and dairy products. B) whole grains. C) legumes. D) fruits.

A) milk and dairy products.

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) estrogen. D) progesterone

A) oxytocin.

The villi of the small intestine A) provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption. B) store fat-soluble vitamins. C) continuously move food through the small intestine to the colon. D) inactivate enzymes consumed with food.

A) provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.

After absorption, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides inside intestinal cells are A) reformed into triglycerides. B) converted to proteins. C) converted to cholesterol. D) converted to glucose.

A) reformed into triglycerides.

All of the following can weaken esophageal sphincter tension and promote heartburn except A) root beer. B) coffee. C) alcohol. D) nicotine.

A) root beer.

The two most significant extracellular ions are A) sodium and chloride. B) phosphate and potassium. C) potassium and sodium. D) chloride and potassium.

A) sodium and chloride.

The ring-like muscles that retard or prevent backflow of partially digested food in the gastrointestinal tract are called A) sphincters. B) passages. C) openings. D) gates.

A) sphincters.

The best way to determine how much fluid must be replaced as a result of a workout is to A) weigh before and after the workout. B) rely on thirst. C) drink various amounts of fluid during the workout and see how much makes you feel best. D) estimate how much you sweated.

A) weigh before and after the workout.

A breakdown product of adenosine triphosphate that contains two phosphates

ADP

The main energy currency for cells

ATP

The expenditure of energy to produce heat in response to a cold environment and as a result of overfeeding is called _______________.

Adaptive Thermogenesis

Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat soluble vitamins

After absorption, they are transported in t he bloodstream to body cells and/or stored in the liver and fatty tissue

The building block for proteins containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Amino acid

_________ are the building blocks of protein.

Amino acids

Which of the following accurately describes the term hypotheses? A) A test made to examine the validity of an educated guess B) An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon C) A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups D) An explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it

An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

man-made substances related to male sex hormones.

Anabolic steroids

Activities that consist of energy expenditure bursts followed by a rest period; intense short-term exertion

Anaerobic training

Upper body obesity is called _______________ obesity.

Android

Height, weight, skinfold thickness, body circumferences.

Anthropometeric

Psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food

Appetite

Impaired development or function that results from an inadequate intake, absorption, or utilization of the nutrients needed for optimal growth, development, and body function is best termed A) malnutrition. B) undernutrition. C) malabsorption. D) hunger.

Lead toxicity effects include all of the following except A) anemia. B) abnormal reproduction. C) kidney disease. D) reduced learning capacity.

Susie is 3 years old. At her most recent checkup she was at the 20th percentile for height. This means that A) 79 of 100 girls her age are shorter than she is. B) 19 of 100 girls her age are shorter than she is. C) 79 of 100 girls her age are taller than she is. D) 20 girls her age are taller than she is.

The adolescent growth spurt A) begins earlier in boys than girls. B) begins earlier in girls than boys. C) decreases energy and nutrient needs. D) begins at the same age for boys and girls.

The greatest health risk from food today is contamination via A) fungi. B) viruses and bacteria. C) parasites. D) prions.

The majority of hungry people live in A) Africa. B) Asia. C) Latin America. D) Europe.

The most sensitive indicator of long-term nutrient intake in a child is A) weight. B) height. C) head circumference. D) fusion of bone ends.

The single most effective health advantage for people wherever they live is A) adequate kcalorie intake. B) safe and convenient water supply. C) well built shelter. D) adequate water intake.

Which of the following breakfasts would be highest in carbohydrate? A) Grapefruit half, 2 fried eggs, 3 bacon slices, 1 slice of toast with butter, coffee B) 8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, English muffin with jelly, 1 cup whole milk C) 8 ounces orange juice, 2 bran muffins, 8 ounces nonfat yogurt, coffee D) 1 cup whole milk, 2 ounces sausage, 2 fried eggs, 1 slice of toast with butter

Which of the following is the best approach to eradicating undernutrition in developing nations? A) Have developed countries give direct food aid to underdeveloped countries B) Improve the infrastructure of rural people C) Establish large farms D) Provide more jobs in urban centers

The MyPlate guidelines recommend that we be physically active for at least how many minutes most days of the week? A) 20 B) 30 C) 45 D) 60

B - 30

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences advocates that 10% to 35% of calories come from protein and ________________ from carbohydrate. A) 20% to 35% B) 45% to 65% C) 50% to 70% D) 55% to 75%

B - 45% - 65%

A large hamburger (e.g., Whopper) sandwich contains 628 kcalories and 36 grams of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat? A) 23% B) 52% C) 19% D) 41%

B - 52%

Which of the following is true about the North American diet? A) Most of our protein comes from plant sources. B) Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars. C) Most of our fats come from plant sources. D) Most of our carbohydrates come from starches.

B - Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars

For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source? A) Muscles B) Brain C) Liver D) Heart

B - Brain

You pick up a box of Cheerios cereal in the supermarket. The label tells you that a 1-cup serving provides 25 percent of the ______ for iron. A) RDA B) Daily Value C) Minimum Requirement D) ESADDI

B - Daily Value

Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this? A) Biochemical evaluation B) Diet history C) Clinical examination D) Menu planning

B - Diet history

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use? A) Insulin B) Epinephrine C) Glycogen D) Progesterone

B - Epinephrine

Which of the following is not a Metabolic Syndrome risk indicator? A) High blood pressure B) High HDL cholesterol C) Elevated glucose D) Elevated triglycerides

B - High HDL cholesterol

The acronym RDA stands for A) Recommended Dietary Allowance. B) Recommended Daily Allowance. C) Required Dietary Allowance. D) Required Daily Allowance.

B - Recommended Dietary Allowance

According to the USDA MyPlate, consumption of foods from the Grain group should include A) an equal amount of whole grain and refined grain products. B) at least 3 oz. of whole grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta every day. C) only whole grain products. D) a serving of grain products at each meal.

B - at least 3 oz. of whole grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice or pasta every day

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? A) Choose a diet very low in fat and cholesterol. B) Balance the food you eat with physical activity. C) Choose a diet with plenty of animal products including milk and meats. D) Eat an abundance of saturated fats.

B - balance the food you eat with physical activity

Margaret, an elderly woman, needs to limit her kcalorie intake without sacrificing needed nutrients. Keeping in mind MyPyramid, which of the following could she do? A) Eliminate carbohydrate. B) Carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in kcalories. C) Count kcalories and not worry about the food groups. D) Eliminate dairy foods.

B - carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in kcalories

EER refers to A) a set of nutrient recommendations that includes RDAs, AIs, and ULs. B) estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender, and physical activity pattern. C) a person's actual calorie needs, as measured by calorimetry. D) the level of dietary intake of a nutrient that is likely to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

B - estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender, and physical activity pattern

Major fructose sources include A) milk and cheese. B) fruits and honey. C) fruits and vegetables. D) breads and cereals.

B - fruits and honey

According to the Dietary Guidelines the food groups to encourage are A) milk, meat, and beans. B) fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and whole grains. C) grains, beans, and oils. D) fruit juice, beans, and meat.

B - fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and whole grains

Lactose intolerance is caused by A) a milk allergy. B) lactase deficiency. C) milk bacteria. D) intestinal bacteria.

B - lactase deficiency

When insulin is released, it causes A) the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood. B) muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake. C) fat breakdown in fat tissue. D) the liver to make glycogen from protein.

B - muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake

Simple sugars in large quantities have been shown to A) cause obesity. B) promote tooth decay. C) cause diabetes mellitus. D) cause hyperactivity.

B - promote tooth decay

Which of the following shows the process of starch digestion? A) Starch to lactose to galactose B) Starch to maltose to glucose C) Starch to glycogen to glucose D) Starch to sucrose to fructose

B - starch to maltose to glucose

Mary Sue wishes to lose 5 pounds before her vacation in approximately 5 weeks. Her average consumption is 2,100 kcalories. How many kcalories should she consume daily to lose this weight, assuming her activity pattern remains unchanged? A) 1,800 to 1,900 B) 1,600 to 1,700 C) 1,400 to 1,500 D) 1,100 to 1,200

B) 1,600 to 1,700

During the first trimester, a woman should gain ______ pounds. A) 1 to 3 B) 2 to 4 C) 5 to 9 D) 10 to 14

B) 2 to 4

Which of the following therapies is appropriate for ulcer treatment? A) Aspirin B) Antacids C) Orange juice D) Milk and cream

B) Antacids

Which of the following is not a function of calcium? A) Muscle contraction B) Appetite regulation C) Blood clotting D) Normal nerve transmission

B) Appetite regulation

Which of the following does not have an ergogenic effect according to your text? A) Growth hormone B) Carnitine C) Anabolic steroids D) Blood doping

B) Carnitine

Current thought regarding ulcer disease implicates infection with __________, as a common cause of ulcers. A) Salmonella B) Helicobacter pylori C) E. coli D) Clostridium botulinum

B) Helicobacter pylori

Which of the following is true about cholesterol? A) It is an essential nutrient. B) It is found only in animal products. C) It is found only in plants. D) It is found in plant and animal foods.

B) It is found only in animal products.

Phosphorus functions in all the following ways except which one? A) It is a cofactor for a variety of enzymes. B) It is important for blood glucose regulation. C) It is a component of cell membranes. D) It is a component of DNA.

B) It is important for blood glucose regulation.

Minerals are classified in which way? A) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 500 mg per day or greater. B) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less. C) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 10 mg per day or less. D) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 200 mg per day or greater

B) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less.

A regular physical activity program should include all the following except A) a warmup. B) a frequency of 2 times per week. C) a heart rate of 60 percent to 70 percent of maximum. D) at least 20 to 30 minutes duration.

B) a frequency of 2 times per week.

The amount of iron in the body is mostly regulated by A) excretion in the urine. B) absorption in the small intestine. C) absorption through the skin. D) absorption in the large intestine.

B) absorption in the small intestine.

The incidence of anorexia nervosa is highest in A) adolescent males from middle and high socioeconomic classes. B) adolescent females from middle and upper socioeconomic classes. C) adolescent males from low-income classes. D) preteen females from low-income classes.

B) adolescent females from middle and upper socioeconomic classes.

The conversion of glucose to lactic acid is called A) aerobic glucose breakdown. B) anaerobic glucose breakdown. C) aerobic glycogen breakdown. D) anaerobic glycogen breakdown.

B) anaerobic glucose breakdown.

A disorder in which frequent bingeing and possibly purging occurs is called A) hypoglycemia. B) bulimia. C) anorexia nervosa. D) compulsive overeating.

B) bulimia.

The slower basal metabolism that accompanies anorexia nervosa is caused by A) decreased synthesis of growth hormone. B) decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone. C) low intake of iron. D) hypoglycemia.

B) decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone.

Orlistat (Xenical) is a medication approved by the FDA for weight loss that reduces fat A) storage by inhibiting lipase activity in fat cells. B) digestion by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine. C) absorption by decreasing bile secretion. D) circulation by inhibiting lipoprotein production.

B) digestion by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine.

During each feeding, human milk changes composition in which of the following ways? A) carbohydrate increases B) fat increases C) minerals decrease D) protein decreases

B) fat increases

Currently, the most common and effective surgical procedure for morbid obesity is A) intestinal bypass. B) gastric bypass. C) gastric balloons. D) gastrectomy.

B) gastric bypass.

Select the items below that would fill in the blanks for the following sentence: A triglyceride is made up of a ______________ and _______________. A) amino acid backbone B) glycerol backbone C) glucose backbone D) 2 fatty acid chains E) cholesterol backbone F) maltose backbone G) 3 fatty acid chains H) 4 fatty acid chains I) 5 fatty acid chains J) 1 fatty acid chain

B) glycerol backbone G) 3 fatty acid chains

All of the following are sources of cholesterol except A) whole milk. B) peanut butter. C) butter. D) turkey meat.

B) peanut butter.

Criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa includes all the following except A) overconcern with body shape and weight. B) purposely eats large quantities of food and feels tremendous control in doing it. C) uses purging techniques like self-induced vomiting. D) two binge eating episodes per week for at least 3 months.

B) purposely eats large quantities of food and feels tremendous control in doing it.

Most digestion and absorption takes place in the A) stomach. B) small intestine. C) pancreas. D) large intestine.

B) small intestine.

Anorexia nervosa sufferers A) tend to be between 25 and 35 years of age. B) tend to be adolescent and early adult girls. C) lack denial of their disease. D) see themselves as thin even though they are fat.

B) tend to be adolescent and early adult girls.

Body weight in kilograms divided by height squared in meters yields A) the obesity index. B) the body mass index. C) relative weight. D) percent body fat.

B) the body mass index.

If a child is born prematurely during the third trimester A) the child will have minimal nutritional problems. B) the child may have problems sucking and swallowing. C) the child will almost always die. D) the infant will maintain adequate mineral and fat stores.

B) the child may have problems sucking and swallowing.

The first goal in nutrition therapy for anorexia nervosa is A) to increase weight to return the basal metabolic rate to normal. B) to stop further weight loss. C) hospitalization and forced feeding. D) rapid weight gain to reverse physical symptoms.

B) to stop further weight loss.

A reduced sense of taste is associated with a deficiency of A) iron. B) zinc. C) chromium. D) selenium.

B) zinc

The theme of this chapter and this course, is that a healthy diet can be achieved through a combination of B_____, V_____, and M_____

Balance, Variety, Moderation

The name for minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive is _______________.

Basal Metabolism

Minimal energy the body requires to support itself when resting and awake

Basal metabolism

Thiamin deficiency disorder characterized by muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and nerve degeneration

BeriBeri

nutrients in the urine, blood, feces

Biochemical

A technique by which red blood cells, in a blood sample, are concentrated by removing fluid, and later are injected into an athlete

Blood doping

A common cause of foodborne illness that results from sneezing or coughing over food is A) Salmonella. B) Clostridium perfringens. C) Staphylococcus aureus. D) Campylobacter jejuni.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the best age to introduce solid foods into the infant's diet is A) less than 1 month. B) 1 to 4 months. C) 4 to 6 months. D) over 8 months.

All of the following are potential environmental contaminants except A) acrylamide. B) lead. C) carbon dioxide. D) mercury.

Aseptic processing involves A) quick freezing food after it is prepared. B) drying foods to decrease water content. C) sterilizing the package and food separately and then packaging the food. D) the addition of chemical preservatives.

Common symptoms of foodborne illness include A) fever, skin rash, itching. B) coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing. C) fever, diarrhea, vomiting. D) fever, headache, muscle cramps.

High-fiber diets are A) recommended for infants after 4 months of age. B) recommended for infants after 6 months of age. C) not recommended for infants. D) recommended for breastfed infants only.

Increasing the acid content of a food is especially effective in preventing the growth of A) yeast. B) salmonella. C) Clostridium botulinum. D) Staphylococcus aureus.

Infants who are born prematurely will catch up in growth by A) 6 months. B) 1 year. C) 2 to 3 years. D) 4 to 5 years.

Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter are the bacterial foodborne illnesses of particular interest since they are the ones most often associated with A) kidney failure. B) high fever. C) death. D) liver failure.

The consequences of undernutrition are most critical during A) adulthood. B) elementary school years. C) infancy. D) elderly years.

The most common parasites in the North American food supply are A) anisakis and scromboid. B) scromboid and dinoflagellates. C) Trichella spiralis and anisakis. D) dinoflagellates and anisakis.

What vitamin routinely is given by injection to all infants at birth? A) A B) E C) K D) D

Which of the following is not true about acquired immune deficiency syndrome worldwide? A) The transmission pattern is different in developed versus developing countries. B) Africa is the continent that has been hardest hit. C) The United States is the country hardest hit. D) Developing countries have the most infections.

Which of the following is true about chronic hunger in the world? A) Chronic hunger is not found in developed countries. B) Hunger, by definition, is when someone eats no food for a long period of time. C) The primary cause of hunger is poverty. D) Hunger is the psychological and physiological state that results when enough food is eaten to meet energy needs.

Which of the following procedures will not decrease free water in a product? A) Salting B) Adding sugar C) Irradiation D) Smoking

Which of the following statements is not true about the "Danger Zone"? A) It is the temperature range at which bacteria grow quickly. B) Do not store food within this temperature range for more than 1 to 2 hours. C) It includes the temperature range 65oF to 165oF. D) Keep foods out of the danger zone by keeping hot foods hot and cold foods cold.

Which of the following statements is true? A) There is strong evidence that infant obesity will result in adulthood obesity. B) Obese infants become obese preschool children. C) Most overweight infants become normal weight preschoolers. D) Kcalories should be restricted for obese infants to levels less than those for normal weight infants.

How many grams of carbohydrate, per day, must humans consume to avoid ketosis? A) 75 B) 100 C) 130 D) 250

C - 130

A serving of bleu cheese dressing containing 23 grams of fat would yield _____ kcalories. A) 161 B) 92 C) 207 D) 255

C - 207

Which of the following most accurately describes the term epidemiology? A) A test made to examine the validity of an educated guess B) An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon C) A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups D) An explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it

C - A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups

Which of the following has been set for vitamin D, fluoride, and biotin?

C - AIs

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends which of the following? A) Choosing and preparing foods without salt B) Consuming two alcoholic beverages per day C) Being physically active each day D) Washing meat and poultry

C - Being physically active each day

Which of the following are substances in plant foods that are not digested in the stomach or small intestine? A) Dextrose B) Disaccharides C) Dietary fiber D) Simple sugars

C - Dietary Fiber

Which of the following is not a monosaccharide? A) Galactose B) Fructose C) Lactose D) Glucose

C - Lactose

Which of the following hormones is made by the fat cells and influences long-term regulation of total fat stores? A) Endorphins B) Cortisol C) Leptin D) Neuropeptide Y

C - Leptin

Tina is consuming 12 mg of iron per day. Her RDA is 15 mg. She has no condition warranting a greater-than-normal need for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient? A) She is likely to be deficient in iron. B) She will need to consume significantly more iron, above the RDA, to make up for her intake. C) Only if her intake is consistently less than 70% of the RDA would she be at great risk of nutritional deficiency. D) She couldn't possibly be getting enough iron for her needs.

C - Only if her intake is consistently less than 70% of the RDA would she be at great risk of nutritional deficiency

In chemistry terms, which of the following most accurately describes the term organic? A) Products sold at health food stores B) Substances containing energy-yielding nutrients C) Substances containing carbon D) Products grown without the use of pesticides

C - Substances containing carbon

Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are A) Type 1 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer. B) Type 1 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke. C) Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke. D) Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer.

C - Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke

Which term describes failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that does not meet nutritional needs? A) Desirable nutrition B) Balanced nutrition C) Undernutrition D) Inferior nutrition

C - Undernutrition

Glucose is absorbed via ______ absorption. A) passive B) facilitated C) active D) participatory

C - active

The number of servings to consume from each MyPyramid food group depends on a person's A) height, weight, and waist circumference. B) taste preferences. C) age, gender, and physical activity level. D) frame size.

C - age, gender, and physical activity

Amylase is A) an enzyme that digests protein. B) a branched chain of glucose units. C) an enzyme that digests starch. D) a straight chain of glucose units.

C - an enzyme that digests starch

Missy visits a doctor because she feels tired most of the time, is easily distracted, and feels chilled. As part of her examination, Missy has blood drawn to be tested for concentrations of nutrients and their by-products. This part of the examination is the A) anthropometric assessment. B) physical examination. C) biochemical evaluation. D) clinical examination

C - biochemical evaluation

Which of the following is not a true statement about the USDA MyPyramid Fruit group? A) Eat 2 cups every day. B) Eat a variety of fruit. C) Include plenty of fruit juices for your fruit servings. D) Choose fresh, frozen, canned, or dried fruit.

C - include plenty of fruit juices for your fruit servings

Which organ will first receive sugars after they are absorbed into the blood? A) Kidney B) Heart C) Liver D) Pancreas

C - liver

Which of the following is not a characteristic of protein? A) Major component of body structure B) Supplies 4 kcalories per gram C) Most significant energy source for humans D) Forms enzymes

C - most significant source for humans

The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called A) biosynthesis. B) anabolism. C) photosynthesis. D) glycogenesis.

C - photosynthesis

When looking at the ingredient label of a bottled spaghetti sauce, you see that olive oil is the second ingredient. This means that olive oil is A) the second ingredient by alphabetical listing. B) just one of the ingredients present in the sauce. C) the second most abundant ingredient by weight. D) the second most abundant ingredient by volume.

C - the second most abundant ingredient by weight

Hypertension is defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure at or above ____ mm Hg. A) 100/50 B) 120/80 C) 140/90 D) 180/100

C) 140/90

The AI for sodium for those under 51 years of age is A) 500 mg/day. B) 1000 mg/day. C) 1500 mg/day. D) 2000 mg/day.

C) 1500 mg/day

The typical American diet contains approximately ___ mgs of sodium. A) 700 to 1,200 B) 1,300 to 2.200 C) 2,300 to 4,700 D) 5,000 to 10,000

C) 2,300 to 4,700

A desirable total serum cholesterol level is less than ____ milligrams per deciliter. A) 400 B) 300 C) 200 D) 100

C) 200

The MyPyramid calorie guideline for a 19- to 30-year-old active woman is A) 1600. B) 2000. C) 2400. D) 2800.

C) 2400.

The total weight gain goal of a desirable-weight pregnant woman is how many pounds? A) 10 to 15 B) 15 to 25 C) 25 to 35 D) 28 to 40

C) 25 to 35

For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would be A) 18. B) 23. C) 27. D) 32.

C) 27 [wt. in kg. / ht. in meters^2 = BMI] or [wt. in lbs. X 703 / ht. in inches^2 = BMI]

Anaerobic glucose breakdown provides most of the energy for sports activities lasting A) 10 seconds. B) up to 30 seconds. C) 30 seconds to 2 minutes. D) up to 5 minutes.

C) 30 seconds to 2 minutes

In women, bone loss begins around age A) 20. B) 25. C) 30. D) 35.

C) 30.

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, an average of ______ extra kcalories per day are needed. A) 150 - 250 B) 250 - 350 C) 350 - 450 D) 450 - 550

C) 350 - 450

Water constitutes ______ percent of body weight. A) 10-20 B) 25-45 C) 50-70 D) 75-95

C) 50-70

Breast milk production requires approximately ____ kcalories per day? A) 200 B) 400 C) 800 D) 1,000

C) 800

A 120-pound woman is attempting to be a bodybuilder so she would like to gain large quantities of muscle mass. Her daily protein intake should be how many grams? A) 32 to 59 B) 65 to 87 C) 82 to 93 D) 44 to 81

C) 82 to 93

Which of the following is true about purging behavior related to bulimia? A) There are no medical risks to purging. B) After many months of purging, it gets harder and harder to do. C) After vomiting, many kcalories from the food eaten are still absorbed. D) Few kcalories are absorbed when laxatives are used as a purging technique.

C) After vomiting, many kcalories from the food eaten are still absorbed.

Which of the following does not describe a function of fat? A) Adds flavor to food B) Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins C) Best source of energy for the brain D) Insulates and protects the body

C) Best source of energy for the brain

What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes? A) Bicarbonate B) Mucus C) Bile D) Pancreatic juices

C) Bile

If an athlete's body fat level is too high, what is the best weight loss approach? A) Follow an 800 kcalorie eating plan. B) Wear a rubber suit to sweat off extra weight. C) Eat about 200 to 500 kcalories less per day. D) Restrict dietary carbohydrates.

C) Eat about 200 to 500 kcalories less per day.

These protein-based substances enhance digestion by making chemical reactions more likely to happen. A) Bile B) Emulsifiers C) Enzymes D) Hormones

C) Enzymes

Which of the following is true about digestive enzymes? A) One enzyme can speed many types of chemical processes. B) Enzymes are not sensitive to temperature. C) Enzymes that work in the acidic environment of the stomach cannot work in the basic or alkaline environment of the small intestine and vice versa. D) Enzymes typically work very slowly.

C) Enzymes that work in the acidic environment of the stomach cannot work in the basic or alkaline environment of the small intestine and vice versa.

What is the name of the condition characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis? A) Female anorexia B) Female bulimia C) Female athlete triad D) Binge eating disorder

C) Female athlete triad

Cardiovascular disease risk factors include all of the following except A) hypertension. B) total blood cholesterol >200 mg/dl. C) HDL cholesterol > 40 mg/dl. D) blood triglycerides > 200 mg/dl.

C) HDL cholesterol > 40 mg/dl.

Which of the following is not true about the let-down reflex? A) It is needed to make milk available to the infant. B) It can be inhibited by anxiety or nervous tension. C) It is triggered by the release of the hormone estrogen. D) After a few weeks of lactation, it becomes automatic.

C) It is triggered by the release of the hormone estrogen.

Which characteristic is more indicative of bulimia than anorexia nervosa? A) Rigid, disciplined dieting B) Feeling a sense of power because of strict discipline and self-denial C) Lack of impulse control D) Lack of menstruation

C) Lack of impulse control

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? A) Stearic B) Palmitic C) Linoleic D) Oleic

C) Linoleic

After digestion and absorption, which organ system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins? A) Portal B) Enterohepatic C) Lymphatic D) Mesentery

C) Lymphatic

Which of the following is an important aspect of behavior modification used for weight control? A) Severely restricting intake after overeating B) Avoiding planned eating so you can be ready to handle spontaneous changes in the situation C) Recording eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating D) Weighing at the same time each day

C) Recording eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating

Which of the following statements does not describe the role of minerals in the body? A) They make possible the transfer of nerve impulses. B) They are constituents of important body compounds. C) They provide 4 kcalories per gram. D) They help maintain water balance.

C) They provide 4 kcalories per gram.

A pre-event meal should A) be eaten 1 hour before the event. B) contain at least 600 kcalories. C) be low in fat and fiber, high in carbohydrate and moderate in protein. D) be high in fat to prevent hunger.

C) be low in fat and fiber, high in carbohydrate and moderate in protein.

Anabolic steroid use may cause all of the following side effects except A) stunting growth in teenage athletes. B) cardiovascular disease. C) body fat loss. D) "roid rage" (extreme mood swings).

C) body fat loss.

In the body, 99 percent of calcium is found in A) the liver. B) intracellular fluid. C) bones and teeth. D) nerve cells.

C) bones and teeth

According to the RDA, the mineral that you need in the largest amount is A) iron. B) iodine. C) calcium. D) copper.

C) calcium

Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake? a) his surgical wound will heal quickly and effectively, but he won't grow effectively. b) his surgical wound will not heal quickly and effectively, but he will grow effectively. c) the size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease. d) his surgical wound will heal effectively and he will grow normally because he can live off fat stores .

c) the size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease.

A rich source of Vitamin E is

corn oil

Today the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is ____ grams per kilogram body weight per day. a) 1.5 b) 2 c) 0.6 d) 0.8

d) 0.8

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins? a) 5 b) 29 c) 9 d) 20

d) 20

Jack weighs 176 pounds. What would be his RDA for protein? a) 27 grams b) 10 grams c) 80 grams d) 64 grams

d) 64 grams

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by a) releasing an acid b) binding sodium ions c) releasing nitrogen d) acting as buffers

d) acting as buffers

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is a) stored in the liver b) converted to fat c) oxidized to carbohydrate d) converted to urea

d) converted to urea

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein? a) order of appearance of only the essential amino acids in the protein b) folding arrangement of the peptide chain c) number of side chains in the protein d) order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

d) order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause _____, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered (it unfolds).

denaturation, denature, denaturing

The _______________ prevents the entrance of food into the trachea.

epiglottis

The primary components of fecal material are water and _______________.

fiber; undigested fiber

The most reliable source of Vitamin D in the diet is

fortified milk

A _______________ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions.

h2 blocker; proton pump inhibitor

Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because

it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to sun

In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

kidneys

generally, good folate sources are

leafy green vegetables

Alan has been hospitalized and you are concerned about his nutritional status. The five ways you would attempt to assess his nutritional status would be to take anthropometric measurements, determine environmental status, and do a biochemical evaluation, clinical examination, and _______________ analysis.

medical analysis

When a fatty acid has a double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end (-CH3), we say it is a(n) _______________ fatty acid.

omega-3; omega 3

All of the following are true about the toxicity of vitamin A except

one can experience toxic effects from consuming too much beta-carotene

The vitamin that aids in activating fatty acids so they can yield energy is

pantothenic acid

In proteins, amino acids are joined by _________ bonds.

peptide

A _______________ is generally a fake medicine used to disguise the treatments of participants in an experiment.

placebo

What vitamin plays an essential role in amino acid metabolism

pyridoxine

When looking at the organization of the human body, smaller units lead to progressively larger units. For instance, groups of atoms are called molecules, groups of cells are called _______________, and various organs that work in coordination are called organ systems.

tissue; tissues

Some niacin is formed in the body from

tryptophan

In relation to fats, the Dietary Guidelines recommend choosing foods that contain fatty acids/fats

unsaturated

When using the USDA MyPlate to choose fruits and vegetables, one should include a vitamin C source such as citrus fruit and a dark green vegetable each day, as a source of _______________.

vitamin A

Vitamins involved in red blood cell synthesis are

vitamin b12 and folate

The six classes of nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and _______________.

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