Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide Questions

List at least 6 functions of water in the body

-carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body -maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen -participates in metabolic reactions -serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities -acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb -Aids in the regulation of normal body temperature, as the evaporation of sweat from the skin removes excess heat from the body -maintains blood volume

Describe the arguments for and against the use of vitamin and mineral supplements

-vitamin and mineral supplements can treat nutrient deficiency diseases. -Iron supplements are beneficial to most menstruating women -Folate supplements decrease the risk of neural tube defects -Breastfeeding women have increased needs for nutrients in which special supplements can be beneficial -newborns are often given a single dose of vitamin K at birth to prevent bleeding -some infants need other supplements as well -Dieters and the elderly art less and may need supplementation to meet nutrient needs -People who are vegetarian or allergic to foods such as dairy may require supplementation Peoples tolerance for nutrients vary, just as their risks for deficiencies do. Amounts that some can tolerate may be harmful to others, The Tolerable Upper Intake Levels of the DRI determine the highest does deemed safe for MOST healthy people. This is why there are risks with supplementation Men and post-menopausal women generally should not take iron supplements as it will more likely lead to toxicity Smokers should not take beta-carotene supplements given that high doses have been associated with increased risk of lung cancer and morality Post menopausal women should not take vitamin A supplements as they are associated with increased risk of hip fractures and reduced bone density Surgery patients should not take vitamin E supplements during the week before surgery because it acts as a blood thinner

Describe calcium's roles in the body

99% of the body's calcium is in the bones (and teeth), where it plays two roles. First, it it is an integral part of bone structure, providing a frame and serves as attachment points for muscles, making motion possible. As bones form, calcium salts form crystals called hydroxyapatite on a matrix of the protein collagen. During mineralization, it becomes denser. Second, it serves as a calcium bank, readily available source to body fluids should a drop in blood calcium occur. The remainIng 1% is found in the extracellular and intracellular fluids. Calcium helps to maintain normal blood pressure, either by stabilizing the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels or by releasing relaxin factors from the blood vessel cell walls. Extracellular calcium also assists in blood-clotting The calcium in intracellular fluids binds to proteins within the cells and activate them. For example, calmodin binds with calcium, which activates the enzymes involved in breaking down glycogen that can be use for muscle contraction energy.

What is the principle function of iodide in the body?

A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

What are significant food sources of sulfur?

All protein-containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts)

What are significant food sources of potassium?

All whole foods: meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes

What are the characteristic deficiency symptoms of B12? (6)

Anemia (large-cell type); fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis; sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of folate? (9)

Anemia (large-cell type); smooth, red tongue, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irratibility, headache; shortness of breath; elevated homocysteine

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of vitamin C?

Anemia (small-cell type), atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages; bone fragility, joint pain; poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth; muscle degeneration, pain, hysteria, depression; rough skin, blotchy bruises

What are the physical characterisitics of copper deficiency?

Anemia; bone abnormalties

What are the chief functions of vitamin E in the body?

Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and vitamin A)

What are the major functions of sulfur in the body?

As part of proteins, stabilizes their shape by forming disculfide bridges; part of the vitamins biotin and thiamin and the hormone insulin

List the B vitamins involved in protein metabolism

B6 assists enzymes that metabolize amino acids

What are the significant food sources of vitamin K? (5)

Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract; liver; dark green, leafy vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables; milk

What are significant food sources of vitamin A?

Beta-carotine: spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)

Explain the relationship between osteoporosis and calcium metabolism

Bone has two compartments; the outer, hard shell of th cortical bone and the inner, lacy matrix of trabecular bone. Both can lose minerals, but in different ways and different rates. The trabecular bone is made up of calcium-containing crystals that give up calcium to the blood when the diet does not provide enough. Trabecular bone is more sensitive to hormones and dietary needs for calcium. Typically, trabecular bone loss begins in the 30s. Cortical bone also gives up calcium, but at a more slow and steady pace. Cortical bone loss typical starts in the 40s.

What are the major functions of magnesium in the body? (8)

Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of Riboflavin?

Can cause Arivoflavinosis disease Sore throat, cracks and redness at corners of mouth; painful, smooth purplish red tongue; inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of Thiamin? (9)

Can cause Berberi disease (wet with edema, dry with muscle wasting) Enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, weight loss

What are the significant food sources of vitamin C? (10)

Citrus fruits, cabbage-type vegetables (such as Brussel sprouts and cauliflower), dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli), cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

What is the principle function of maganese in the body?

Cofactor for several enxymes; bone formation

What is the principle function of molybdenum in the body?

Cofactor for several enzymes. "Molydenum acts as a working part of several metallo-enzymes)

What are the chief functions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the body? (6)

Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth), antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, amino acid metabolism, strengthens resistance to infection, helps in absorbtion of iron

What is the principle function of selenium in the body?

Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of Niacin? (9)

Deficiency can cause Pellagra disease Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting; inflamed, red, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue; depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache, bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight

What are the risks associated with excess intake of vitamin b6? (6)

Depression, fatigue, irratibility, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions

What are the characteristic deficiency symptoms of Biotin? (8)

Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss

UWhat are the physical characteristics of chromium deficiency?

Diabetes-like condition including elevated blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin response, and glucagon response

What are the characterisitics of chloride deficiency?

Do not occur under normal circumstances

What are the food sources of flouride?

Drinking water (if flourinated or floride-containing), tea, seafood

Explain how the body uses electrolytes to regulate fluid balance

Electrolytes control fluids moving into and out of appropriate compartments. This is because electrolytes attract water. Each water molecule has a net charge of zero, but the oxygen side of a molecule has a slight negative charge and the hydrogenated have a slight positive charge. Sodium (anion) and chloride (cation) result primarily outside the cells Magnesium (cation), phosphate (anion) and sulfate (anion) reside predominantly inside the cells. The movement of water across a membrane toward more concentrated solute is called osmosis Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance occurs primarily in the kidneys and GI tract

What is the principle function of chromium in the body? (2)

Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance

Explain the function of sodium in the body and how the kidneys regulate blood sodium

FUNCTIONS OF SODIUM: -it is the principle cation of extracellular fluid and the primary regulator of its volume -Sodium helps maintain acid-base balance -essential to nerve impulse transition and muscle contraction Sodium is absorbed in the intestinal tract and runs freely in the blood stream until it reaches the kidneys, which filter all of the sodium out of the blood. Then, with exact precision, the kidneys return the exact amount needed into the blood. Excess sodium and water are excreted together, which is why we get thirsty with excess sodium.

List the B vitamins involved in cell division (2)

Folate and B12 help cells to multiply

What are significant food sources of phosphorus?

Food derive from animals (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)

What are significant food sources of B12? (4)

Foods of animal origin (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs), fortified cereals

What are significant food sources of folate? (5)

Fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver

What are the physical characteristics of zinc deficiency?

Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite

Tell the difference between heme and non-heme iron

Heme iron is found only in animal-derived foods Non-heme iron is found in BOTH animal and plant-derived foods

What are the characteristic deficiency symptoms of vitamin K?

Hemorrhaging

Describe the role of iron in the body

Iron can be in a reduced state, where it has lost two electrons (ferous iron). OR, if iron is oxidized it has lost three elecectrons, (ferric iron). Ferrous iron can be oxidized to ferric iron and ferric iron can be reduced to ferrous iron. Due to this, iron can serve as a cofactor to enzymes involved in the numerous oxidation-reduction reactions that commonly occur in all cells. Enzymes invoved in making amino acids, collagen, hormones, and neurotransmitters all require iron. Iron forms a part of the electron carriers that participate in the electron transmport chain. These carriers transfer hydrogens and electrons to oxygen, forming water, and in the process make ATP for the cells' energy use.

What are the characteristics of potassium deficiency? (3)

Irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance

What are the major functions of potassium in the body?

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; facilitates many reactions; supports cell integrity; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions

What are the major functions of chloride in the body?

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion

What is the difference between iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia?

Many people can be iron-deficient without being anemic. Iron deficiency refers to depleted body iron stores without the regard to the depletion or presence of anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia refers to the severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration. In iron-deficiency anemia, the synthesis of hemoglobin decreases, resulting in red blood cells that are pale (hypochromic) and small (microcytic)

What are the risks associated with excess intake of folate? (1)

Masked vitamin B-12 deficiency symptoms

What are significant food sources of vitamin b6? (10)

Meats, fish, poultry,potatoes and other starchy vegetables, legumes, noncitrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver, soy products

Describe the relationship between antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention

Metabolic reactions within the body requires oxygen. The oxygen will fact with body compounds and produces highly stable molecules known as free radicals. Environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, air pollution, and tobacco smoke generate free radicals. A free radical is a molecule with one or more unpaired electrons . To regain stability, the molecule steals an electron from another molecule, creating a chain reaction. Antioxidants donate electrons to free radicals, preventing the chain reaction. After donating, the antioxidant are still stable. Together, nutrients and photochemically with antioxidant activity minimize damage and prevent disease in the following ways: -limiting free-radical formation -destroying free radicals or their precursors -stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity -repairing oxidative damage -stimulating repair enzyme activity -supporting a healthy immune system

List and describe several significant food sources of calcium

Milk and milk products, small fish (with bones), calcium-set tofu (bean curds), greens (book-chop, broccoli, chard, kale), legumes

What are the significant food sources for Riboflavin? (4)

Milk products (yogurt, cheese); whole-grain, fortified or enriched grain products; liver

What are significant food sources of Niacin? (7)

Milk, eggs, poultry, fish; whole-grain, fortified, and enriched grain products, nuts and all protein-containing foods

What are the chief functions of vitamin D in the body?

Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorbtion from digestive tract, withdrawing caclium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)

What are the major functions of phosphorus in the body?

Mineralization of bones and teeth; part of every cell; important in genetic material, part of phospholipids, used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance

What factors enhance iron absorption?

More iron is absorbed when stores are low, while less is basorbed when stores are high. The storage protein ferritin captures iron and sroees into the cells of the small intestine. When the body needs iron , ferritin releases some iron to an iron transport protein called transferrin. If the body does not need iron, it is carried out in feces when the intestinal cells are shed. Heme iron, found in animal-derived foods, is more bioavailable and absorbed. About 25% of heme iron is absorbed. In addition to heme iron, these foods contain MFP factor peptide, which helps non-heme iron (found in plant foods) be better absorbed if eaten at the same time. Typically, 17% of non-heme iron is absorbed. Vitamin C also aids in the absorption of non-heme iron because it captures the iron and keeps it in the ferrous state. Also, some acids and sugars can enhance non-heme iron absorption. Some dietary factors bind with nonheme iron, inhibiting their absorption. These factors include phylates in legumes, whole grains, and rice; the vegetable proteins in soybeas, other legumes, and nuts; the clacium in milk; and polyphenols (such as tannic acid) in tea, coffee, grain products, oregano, and red wine GI disease can cause iron absorption to be as low as 2%

What are the characterisitics of phosphorus deficiency?

Muscular weakness, bone pain

What are the risks associated with excess intake of vitamin C in the body? (7)

Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, insomnia; hot flashes; rashes; interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones

What is the principle function of copper in the body?

Nessecary for the absorbtion and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes

What are characterisitic deficiency symptoms of vitamin A? (9)

Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot's spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia); impaired immunity (infectious diseases); plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)

What are the risks associated with excess intake of B12?

No toxicity symptoms have been reported

What are the risks associated with excess intake of Biotin?

No toxicity symptoms have been reported

What are the risks associated with excess intake of Pantothenic Acid?

No toxicity symptoms have been reported

What are the risks associated with excess intake of Riboflavin?

No toxicity symptoms reported

What are the risks associated with excess intake of Thiamin?

No toxicity symptoms reported

What are the characteristics of sulfur deficiency?

None known; protein-deficiency would occur first

What are the significant food sources of magnesium?

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, cocoa

What are the risks associated with excess intake of Niacin? (7)

Painful flush, hives, and rash; nausea and vomiting, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

What are the chief functions of Biotin in the body? (5)

Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism; fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis

What are the chief functions of Pantothenic Acid in the body?

Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism

What are the chief functions of Riboflavin in the body? (2)

Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism

What are the chief functions of Niacin in the body?

Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (it's phosphate form) used in energy metabolism

What are the chief functions of folate in the body? (2)

Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation

What are the chief functions of B12 (cobalamin) in the body? (5)

Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells; reforms folate coenzyme, helps to break down some fatty-acids and amino acids

What is the principle function of zinc in the body?

Part of many enzymes; associated with the hormone insulin; involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus

What are the chief functions of vitamin B6 in the body? (3)

Part of the coenzyme PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism; helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; helps to make red blood cells

What are the chief functions of a Thiamin (B1) in the body?

Part of the coenzyme TPP (Thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism

What are significant food sources of vitamin E?

Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings), dark green, leafy vegetables (spinach, turnip greens, collard greens, broccoli), wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolk, nuts, seeds, fatty meats

What are the physical characteristics of selenium deficiency?

Predisposition charcterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)

What are the physical characteristics of maganese deficiency?

Rare

What are the characteristic deficiency symptoms of vitamin E?

Red blood cell breakage; nerve damage

Distinguish between regular and trace minerals and tell how they differ from vitamins

Regular/major minerals are required/present in larger amounts in the body (more than 100 micrograms per day). They are also called macrominerals Trace minerals are required in much smaller amounts (less than 100 micrograms per day). They are also called microminerals. Regular/major minerals are equally as important as trace minerals to health. The bioavailability of minerals vary, some foods contain binders (such as phylates in grains/legumes or oxalates such as spinach/rhubarb) which inhibit the absorption of mineral. Unlike vitamins, minerals minerals cannot be destroyed or altered. They can temporarily combined with other elements but their individual form does not change. Some minerals absorbtion route are similar to water-soluble vitamins while others' are similar to fat-soluble vitamins.' Some minerals, in excess, can be toxic. There can be nutrient interactions with minerals. For example, sodium binds to calcium and so when sodium intake is high, more calcium is excreted. Phosphorus binds to magnesium, so when excess phosphorus is ingested, magnesium absorbtion is inhibited.

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of vitamin D?

Rickets in children Inadequate calcification, resulting in mis-shapen bones (bowing of legs); enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists), deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs), delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head; lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen; muscle spasms

What is the principle function of fluoride in the body?

Strenghtens teeth; helps to make teeth resistant to decay

What are the physical characterisitics of fluoride deficiency?

Suspeptibility to tooth decay

What are the chief functions of vitamin K in the body?

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

What are the significant food sources of vitamin D?

Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight; fortified milk, margarine, butter, juices, cereals, and chocolate mixes; veal, beef, egg yolk, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines), and other oils

Describe how calcium levels in the body are maintained

TO LOWER BLOOD CALCIUM: 1. Calcitonin inhibits the activation of vitamin D 2. Calcitonin prevents calcium reabsorbtion in the kidneys 3. Calcitonin limits calcium absorbtion in the intestines 4. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts cells from breaking down bone; preventing the release of calcium All of these actions blood calcium levels, which inhibits calcitonin secretion TO RAISE BLOOD CALCIUM: 1. Parathyroid hormone signals the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone 2.Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activation of vitamin D 3. Vitamin D and Parathyroid hormone stimulate calcium reabsorbtion in the kidneys 4. Vitamin D enhances calcium absorbtion in the intestines 5. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone stimulate osteoblast cells to break down bone, releasing calcium into the blood. All of these actions raise blood calcium levels, which inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion

What are significant food sources of chloride?

Table salt, soy sauce, moderate amounts in meats, milk, eggs; large amounts in processed foods

What are the physical characterisitics of molybdenum deficiency?

There are unknown deficiency symptoms because adults only require 45 micrograms per day, which is very little

List the B vitamins involved in energy metabolism (5)

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Pantothenic acid, and biotin form part of the coenzymes that assist enzymes in the release of energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein

What are the physical characteristics of iodide deficiency?

Underactive thyroid gland, goiter, mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism)

Explain how vitamins differ from energy nutrients

Unlike energy nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids), vitamins do not yield energy when metabolized. However, many of them do assist the enzymes that participate in the release of energy nutrients Vitamins are individual units; they are not linked together (as are glucose molecules or amino acids) Additionally, the amount of vitamins required daily are measured in micrograms or milligrams rather than grams

What are the chief functions of vitamin A in the body? (5)

Vision; maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; bone and tooth growth; reproduction; immunity

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of Pantothenic Acid? (9)

Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy; hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin,; numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk

Describe the general differences between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins are hydrophillic. They are found in watery-compartments of foods. On being absorbed, they move directly into the blood where they travel freely. The kidneys filter the blood and remove excess vitamins. Excess amounts can harm the system though. Doses are needed every 1-3 days to prevent deficiencies Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) are hydrophobic. They are usually found in fats and oils of foods. On being absorbed, the vitamins first enter the lymph, then the blood. Unlike water soluble vitamins, they require transport proteins to move through the blood. Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the fat stores or liver until needed. They are more likely to be toxic in excess than are water-soluble vitamins. They can be eaten in larger amounts with longer periods of non-consumption without causing a deficiency

What are the characteristic of magnesium deficiency?

Weakness; confusion; if extreme, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing; in children, growth failure

Describe how water intake influences blood volume and how the body regulates that blood volume

When water intake is inadequate, blood becomes concentrated, the mouth becomes dry, and the hypothalamus initiates drinking behavior When water intake is excessive, the stomach expands and stretch receptors send signals to stop drinking. Similar signals are sent from receptors in the heart as blood volume increases. The blood volume determines the blood pressure.vthe kidneys meticulously adjust the volume no the concentration of the urine to accommodate changes in the body, including variations in the day's food and beverage intakes. The instructions are given by the following hormones: ADH- whenever blood volume or pressure falls to low, or whenever the extra cellular fluid become too concentrated, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release anti diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is a water-conserving hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. These events also trigger thirst RENIN- cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure byvreleasing an enzyme called renin. Through a complex series of events, renin causes the kidneys to re-absorb sodium. Sodium reabsorbtion, in turn, always is accompanied by water retention, which helps to raise blood volume and pressure. ANGIOTENSIN- In addition to its role in sodium retention, renin hydrolyzes a protein from the liver called angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is inactive until another enzyme converts it to its active form- angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 is a powerful vasoconstrictor that narrows the diameters of the blood vessels, which raises blood pressure ALDOSTERONE- In addition to acting as a vasoconstrictor, angiotensin 2 stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands. Aldosterone signals the kidneys to excrete potassium and to retain more sodium, and therefore water, because when sodium moves, water follows.

What are the significant food sources for Thiamin?

Whole-grain fortified, or enriched grain products; moderate amounts in all nutritious food, pork

What are significant food sources of Pantothenic Acid? (10)

Widespread in foods; chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grains Easily destroyed by food processing

What are significant food sources of Biotin? (7)

Widespread in foods; liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains; also produced by GI bacteria

What are the characterisitic deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6? (5)

dermatitis; anemia (small-cell type); depression, confusion, convulsions