Nutrition for Infants and Toddlers

What is colostrum? And why is it important for the newborn

-colostrum is the first fluid that comes out of a women's breast -it is like the babies first immunization

What is more important, the percentile or the growth pattern in evaluating nutritional status, and why

-growth patterns; as long as there are no abnormalities the baby is typically healthy. they don't look as closely to percentile unless it is extremely high or low

Breast milk or infant formula for

1 year

What is eating competency

1. Has positive attitudes about eating and about food. 2. Demonstrates food acceptance skills that support eating an ever-increasing variety of the available food. - Offer new foods often. 3. Has internal regulation skills that allow intuitively consuming enough food to support an appropriate weight gain (for children) or support a stable weight (for adults). IE. Eat when hungry, enjoy your food, and stop when full. 4. Has skills and resources for managing the food context and orchestrating family meals and snack.

The American Academy of recommends that infants be breast fed or infant formula-fed for _____ months.

12 months (1 year)

highest in colostrum

1st fluid about 2-3 days of lactation

nursing phase

1st year of life

Solid food such as iron-fortified infant cereals or blended meats should be introduced to infant at _____ months

4-6 months

plus semi solid food at

4-6 motnhs

currently 75% breastfeed by 6 months ..

50% Healthy people goal - increase the propostion of mothers who breast feed their babies

1. What are the current levels of breastfeeding in women who leave the hospital after giving birth versus after 6 months?

50% after 6 months

Long chain omega-3 DHA and EPA are in breast milk

Associated with increased rates of brain and visual development, in preterm babies Evidence is not convincing for term infants. DHA now in formulas

. _______ (very slight) overweight/obesity in children who were breast-fed

Decrease

. Infant formula is lacking in DHA and vitamin D as compared to breast milk True or False

False; DHA is in formula

? True or false? : Infants' need for fat as percent of calories is lower compared to adults.

False; Fat is good for babies, and an infants need it ~50% kcal as fat.

Cow's milk is not recommended for infants (0-12 months) because it is too rich in calories and fat. True or False

False; it is not recommend but due to the unbalanced minerals. Also bc it is so high in protein, Ca, and phosphorus

Renal Solute Load

Infant has an immature kidney. Infant kidney cannot handle the increased N and minerals in cow's milk. - cow's milk high in protein, CA, Phosphorus

List the two long term effects of breastfeeding which are currently under investigation

Long chain omega-3 DHA and EPA are in breast milk which is associated with increased rates of brain and visual development, in preterm babies -Evidence is not convincing for term infants. 2. Decrease (very slight) overweight/obesity in children who were breast-fed. -Many experts are not convinced. Attend to good feeding practices.

What is the "Division of Responsibilities" between parents and their young children

Parent's job is to offer healthy choices, regular meals and snacks. Also call "love with limits. Child's responsibility is to decide how much to eat or whether to eat. -goal as a parent is to develop a competent eater ... and be a competent eater.

Why would whole cow's milk produce renal solute load in a 2 month old infant?

Renal Solute Load: The infant still has an immature kidney, and their kidney can not handle the increased N and minerals in cow's milk.

Why should a newborn and infant (0 to 1 yr) never be fed cow's milk; any kind of cow's milk?

Should bot be given cows milk bc their kidneys cannot handle it, and they need the good balance of nutrients and high bioavailability that breast milk provides.

List the advantages of breastfeeding for the infant, especially during the first months after birth.

There are immune factors: colostrum -therefore: dec GI infections, respiratory and ear infections bc -dec problems with food allergies, if genetically susceptible

What may be the benefits of oligosaccharides in breast milk

There are oligosaccharides in breast milk:prebiotics; shows benefit to healthy bacterial growth

Breast milk has immune factors that are not present in infant formulas. True or False

True

May be concerned if:

Weight less than - 5th percentile Weight greater than - 95 percentile

What is the biggest barrier for many women in terms of breast feeding their infants?

Women need early and repeated information and support to choose and extend periods of breast feeding

BOTTOM LINE: Infant formula is

a good alternative to breast feeding

Physicians, nurses, and/or dietitians look for

abnormalities in growth paTTERNS

growth =

best index of good nutrition

never

cows milk <1 yr old fat is good for babies aout 50% kcal of fat

Child's responsibility is to

decide how much to eat or whether to eat. Every child has his/her own shape and size.

Your goal as a parent is to

develop a competent eater ... and be a competent eater avoid battles at mealtime

Parent's job is to offer

healthy choices, regular meals and snacks. Also call "love with limits"

growth is progressing

height and weight ratio

Has the prevalence of breastfeeding increased or decreased in the last 50 years?

increased

cows milk can cause

increased GI bleeding, can progress to anemia

Explain what 25th percentile means.

means that 25% of babies that ages weigh the same or less than that amount.

. What is the first thing (and most important thing) you can measure to assess an infant's overall nutritional status?

measure wt.

breast milk is sterile

only an issue poor countries

? If a baby is at the 75 percentile for length and the 25 percentile for weight, is she plump or thin?

this

BMI charts are for children great than 2 years of age

this is because of growth sports, body, proportion, puberty

growth 4-6 months

x2 birth wt

growth 12 months

x3 birth wt.

Advantages of breast milk over formula

● Decreased GI infections, respiratory & ear infections Because of immune factors ● Decreased problems with food allergies, if genetically susceptible. ● Oligosaccharides in breast milk- prebiotics shows benefit to healthy bacterial growth