Nutrition

Charles is a 55-year-old executive who is obese and has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. He has a family history of heart disease. He is determined to lose weight and has set a goal to lower his intake of fat and sodium. He is planning to achieve that by reducing his intake of processed foods and increasing his intake of fruits and vegetables. Charles has met a friend for lunch at his favorite restaurant, which offers pizza, salads, soups, and sandwiches.

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Maria is a 57-year-old operating room nurse who works full-time at a local hospital. She has a family history of diabetes and heart disease and was recently diagnosed with high blood cholesterol. Maria has declined the cholesterol-lowering medication that her doctor prescribed, explaining that she would like to explore other methods for lowering her cholesterol first. She has been taking a tablespoon of coconut oil every day in the hopes that it will lower her cholesterol. Her diet history reveals that she often skips breakfast and relies on frozen dinners or other convenient foods for dinner. An analysis of her diet reveals an average daily intake of 200 grams of carbohydrates, 50 grams of protein, and 80 grams of fat.

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6. This breakfast menu contains 182.33 µg vitamin A (RAE). How many kcalories does this amount of vitamin A yield?

0 calories

9. In addition to the fluids you drink, foods you eat also provide water. How many liters of water are in this breakfast menu? (Hint: 1 gram = 1 milliliter of water, and there are 1000 milliliters in 1 liter.)

0.0575

8. Energy density is calculated as kcalories divided by grams of food. What is the energy density of this breakfast menu?

0.57 kcal/g

1. "No sugar added" 2. "Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure, a disease associated with many factors." 3. "Improves memory" 4. "Omega-3 fatty acids promote eye and brain health." 5. "Adequate calcium as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life."

1. Nutrient Claim 2. Health Claim 3. Structure/Function Claim 4. "Omega-3 fatty acids promote eye and brain health." 5. Health Claim

At which of the following pH levels do the gastrin-producing cells stop secreting acid into the stomach?

1.5

4. Charles realizes that he will have to estimate portion sizes if he is going to eat from the salad bar, and he is not sure what amount of fruits and vegetables he should consume. If he is on an 1800-kcalorie diet, what would be the daily recommended amount of fresh fruit?

1.5 cups

How many calories are discretionary and can be used for solid fats, added sugar, and possibly alcohol by someone on a 2000 calorie diet?

100-300 per day

4. How many kcalories from carbohydrate does the banana provide?

107.8 calories from carbohydrate

1. What percent of adults worldwide are obese?

13%

5. Approximately what percent of the kcalories in the breakfast menu come from fat?

15.15 calories from fat

. Using Table 1-2 from the text, calculate Maria's average daily kilocalorie intake from carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Adding these figures together, what is her total daily caloric intake?a. 1420b. 1520c. 1320d. 1720e. 1620

1720

Based on one serving, how many grams of total sugar do not come from an added sugar source?

2

A person consumes 8 grams of protein, 25 grams of carbohydrates, 6 grams of fat, and 4 grams of alcohol. What is the total energy value (in kcalories) from these stated amounts?

214 kilocalories

7. How much does Coffee, Brewed (8 fluid ounces), weigh?

237 g

Given the same intake (500 grams of carbohydrate, 30 grams of protein, and 75 grams of fat), what percentage of the kilocalories is from fat?

24

Maria spreads 3 tablespoons of almond butter on her bagel. How many calories does this contain?

285

2. If Kimmy ate all of the foods in this breakfast menu, approximately how many kcalories did she eat?

381

Given the same intake (500 grams of carbohydrate, 30 grams of protein, and 75 grams of fat), what percentage of the kilocalories is from protein?

4

If you ate 2.5 cups of this particular cereal, how many calories and grams of fiber would you be consuming?

475 calories, 17.5 grams fiber

Given the same intake (500 grams of carbohydrate, 30 grams of protein, and 75 grams of fat), what percentage of kcalories is from carbohydrate?

72

Not an essential energy source

Alcohol

In a recent nutritional assessment, 10-year-old Gabby shows higher-than-average weight and height measurements than others of her age and sex. What type of assessment provided these results?

Anthropometric data

3. Why is it important to look for no antibiotics on the label?

Antibiotics have been overused to stimulate growth and that overuse has led to the rise of super bugs.

Nutrient recommendations _____

Are not minimum requirements and may not represent optimal intakes for all individuals.

The gallbladder stores and concentrates _____.

Bile

What might a person whose greatest motivation in dietary choices is convenience be most likely to eat?

Blended smoothie with milk; yogurt; sliced bananas, strawberries, peaches, and avocado; and flax seed

A major energy source with 4 kcal per gram

Carbohydrates

1. The very first step of the process of verifying a statement about a product is represented by the C in CLAIM. What does the letter C stand for?

Check the source

2. In Ecuador, what product content in processed food is NOT included in the mandatory traffic-light supplemental nutritional information labeling system?

Cholesterol

1. Consider Maria's typical evening meals and the factors that may influence her food habits. Which factor is likely to have the biggest impact on her choices?

Convenience

3. What is the most abundant ingredient listed for this cereal?

Corn

3. The A in the CLAIM method stands for Analyze the research methods, which can be easier said than done. Which of the following would be a red flag indicating faulty or false research methods? a. A supplement's website doesn't provide the research that its claims are based on b. The supplement's website gives snippets of the research, but not the whole story c. The disclaimer below the ad that reads, "results are not typical." d. All of the above

D.

Which part of a typical research article draws tentative conclusions supported by the data?

Discussion

What value refers to the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and sex?

EAR analysis

Which part of the body is located in the throat and guards the trachea entrance to prevent fluid and food from entering it when a person swallows?

Epiglottis

What is the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and sex?

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

The nutrition facts panel contains nutrient information required by which government agency?

FDA

1. In a 2018 survey, 45 percent of internal medicine residents reported having little or no training in nutrition.

False

4. True or False: There is a strict, set, universal definition for "no added antibiotics."

False

4. You take the next step in the CLAIM method and Investigate other research on the product. You can't find any research that backs the manufacturer's claims.

False

7. True or False: Meat that bears the labeling "cage free" means that the animals were raised in an open pasture environment, free from the confines of cages or stalls.

False

True or False? The USDA allows food companies to put any claims they want on food packages.

False

Based on the label,____________ is the most abundant macronutrient in butter.

Fat

The most energy-dense

Fat

Which of the following nutrients takes the longest to digest?

Fats

Fruits Vegetables Protein Grains Dairy

Grapes Peppers Beans wheat bread cheese

3. Which of the following was NOT a determination reached by the researchers investigating the impact of the traffic-light labeling on soft drink consumption?

a. The traffic light supplemental nutrition labeling had the expected effect of reducing purchases of carbonated soft drinks during its first year of implementation.

Which statement applies to the health status of vegetarians, on average?

a. They have a lower rate of cancer than non-vegetarians.

6. Compare the composition of Maria's diet with the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). How would you characterize her intake?

adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and high fat

Maria explains that she learned about the effects of coconut oil on the Internet, while reading an online article about a well-known movie star who claims it helped him lower his bad cholesterol. What are these types of testimonials called?

anecdotes

5. Charles should consume 5 ounces of protein/day on his 1800-kcalorie diet. What are some of the protein foods should he be limiting in his diet?

b. Bacon, luncheon meat, fried meat, seafood, and poultry

Which statement accurately describes the absorption of nutrients via facilitated transport?

b. It requires a specific carrier.

If scientists were studying the effect of vitamin supplements on kidney disease, which of these would be the variable?

b. Kidney disease

A food that is labeled "fat-free" contains which of the following?

b. Less than 0.5 gram of fat per serving (and no added fat)

Water is absorbed in the intestine through which of the following processes?

b. Simple diffusion

Which of the following types of grain product retains its original content of nutrients and fiber?

b. Whole-grain product

How much fat can "low-fat" ice cream contain ?

c. 3 grams or less per serving

6. Charles considers other lunch options on the menu. Which of the following meals has food from all five groups of the USDA Food Patterns: Food Groups and Subgroups?

c. Hawaiian pizza (ham, pineapple, cheese), marinated bean salad, and milk

Which of the following terms applies to the wavelike muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract?

c. Peristalsis

Pancreatic juices aid digestion and absorption by

c. Releasing bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acidity.

In the adult digestive tract, where do lipases break fat into fragments so that it can be absorbed into the lymph?

c. Small intestine

Which of the following is a structure-function claim?

c. Supports immunity and digestive health

2. When the word "natural" is found on a meat package, what does it mean?

c. The term is exclusive to how the meat was handled after slaughter and means it was minimally processed with no artificial ingredients added.

The new food label replaced the Daily Values of vitamins A and C with which of the following?

c. Vitamin D and potassium

Which of the following food servings is equivalent to 1 ounce of grains?

c. ½ cup of cooked rice

5. What percentages of Maria's daily kcalories are provided by carbohydrates, protein, and fat?

carbohydrates: 46%; protein: 12%; and fat: 42%

2. Which of Maria's food habits is most influenced by her emotions?

d. Drinking wine in the evening

A label of a food that provides 15 percent of the Daily Value of a given nutrient per serving can carry which of the following claims about that nutrient?

d. Good source of

Which part of the nutrition assessment is useful for finding early signs of malnutrition before symptoms appear?

d. Laboratory tests

Which of the following kinds of nutrients does the lymphatic system carry to the bloodstream?

d. Large fats and fat-soluble vitamins

Which of the following parts of the intestinal tract prevents the backflow of food from the stomach into the esophagus?

d. Lower esophageal sphincter

A measure of the nutrients a portion of food provides relative to the energy it provides is known as

d. Nutrient density.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria in the body _____

d. Produce small amounts of several vitamins.

Which of the following is NOT a member of the vegetable food group?

d. Soy products

7. Charles's friend points out that the restaurant has nutritional information for each selection on a special menu, which they request from the waitstaff. If the nutrition information on the menu uses the same principles as the nutrition information on food labels, Charles can be certain that:

d. The kcalories and amounts of sodium and saturated fats will be listed.

Which vitamin is contained in vegetable oils?

d. Vitamin E

3. Charles went to check out the salad bar, and told his friend; "I can just come here every day and have Caesar salad for lunch. I will cut down on the salad dressing" What would be the most appropriate advice to give Charles at this time?

d. You need a variety of vegetables every day, and from all of the subgroups every weeks.

A typical volume leaving the large intestine might be 200 mL. If the volume exiting the large intestine were 408 mL, then it would most likely indicate a case of .

diarrhea

A study in which both the subjects and the researchers do not know which subjects are in which group is known as a study.

double-blind study

6. True or False? The USDA has a definition for "humanely treated" meat products.

false

If two servings are eaten, of which nutrient will you have consumed 50% or more of the DV?

fat

Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones helps maintain the proper pH of the stomach?

gastrin

3. Identify the organ where most of the water gets absorbed into the bloodstream.

large in

Manufactures bile Absorbs water and minerals The major site of nutrient absorption Grinds and churns swallowed food Stores and concentrates bile

liver small in large in stomach galbladder

3. Which item in the breakfast menu contains the most protein?

milk, non fat skim or fat free (8 fluid ounces)

Which class of nutrients does NOT contain carbon?

minerals

1. Charles freely admits he enjoys food—lots of food, mostly rich food, and food that isn't necessarily healthy. His lunch companion assures him that he can still enjoy food but just needs to pick foods that deliver the most nutrients for the fewest kcalories. Such foods are termed:

nutrient-dense

Order the steps of the scientific method.

observation & questioning -> Hypothesis & prediction -> Experiment -> Results and interpretation -> theory or new question & observation.

Carbohydrates Lipids (fats) Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

organic Macronutrient organic Macronutrient organic Macronutrient organic Malnutrition inorganic Malnutrition inorganic. neither

8. Which of the following risk factors contributing to deaths in the United States does Maria seem to exhibit?

poor diet/inactivity

2. From which organ of the GI tract do most of the nutrients get absorbed into the bloodstream?

small in

2. Research shows that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans, can help fight heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. But just 9.3 percent of U.S. adults meet the daily vegetable intake recommendation, while only 12.2 percent of adults get enough fruit.

true

Which of the following is classified as a nutrient?

water

Which substance is found in the largest amount in both fruits and vegetables?

water

What diet-planning principle calls for selecting foods from each of the food groups daily and varying your choices within each food group?

Variety

What are the four vitamins and minerals that are required by law to be listed on all Nutrition Facts panels (food labels)?

Vitamin D, calcium, iron, and potassium

Easily destroyed by heat and light

Vitamins

A nutrition facts label can be found on the packaging of most food items. The label describes the nutritional composition of the food. In the United States, federal law requires that the amounts of certain nutrients be given, though manufacturers sometimes add additional information. Consider the following minimal nutrition facts label describing the nutritional composition of butter. Nutrition Facts for Butter (1 Tbsp) Calories99Calories from Fat 99% Daily Value*Total Fat11 g17%Saturated Fat 7 g35%Cholesterol30 mg10%Sodium2 mg0%Total Carbohydrate0 g0%Fiber 0 g0%Sugars 0 gProtein0 gVitamin A 7%• Vitamin C 0%Calcium 0%• Iron 0%* Percent Daily Values are calculated based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Based on the label, is this food . . .

a source of amino acids? No a source of fatty acids? Yes a source of fuel molecules that supply energy? Yes

Which key nutrient is NOT found in legumes?

a. Calcium

1. Which item from the breakfast menu contains the most kcalories?

a. Oatmeal, Quick, Dry (0.5 cup)

8. What does the label "USDA Organic" mean on meat products?

a. The animal was raised with organic feed and not given hormones or antibiotics.

While reading a research article, you note a prediction that "it seems likely that individuals who exercise more will lose weight more easily." How would you categorize this statement?

Hypothesis

Which statement accurately describes the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)?

If people consumed the EAR of a given nutrient daily, half would develop a deficiency.

According to the USDA Food Patterns: Food Groups and Subgroups, which of the following food items is listed in both the vegetable and protein groups?

Legumes

Which of the following organs is the first to receive nutrients that have been absorbed from the digestive tract?

Liver

Which term defines any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients?

Malnutrition

Located in bones, teeth, and fluids within body

Minerals

2. Charles's friend points out that there is a large salad bar with all sorts of food and suggests that Charles tries it. Given his history, which of the following would be the most problematic for Charles if he selects the salad bar?

Moderation

a b c d e v g h i j k L

Mouth Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Salivary gland Liver Pancreas Gallbladder

3. Dr. Barnard recommends five steps the medical community can take to address this lack of nutrition knowledge. One of the steps in the article advises that __________should be a required part of continuing medical education for physicians everywhere.

Nutrition

Which statement accurately describes a cross-sectional study?

Observing how much and what kinds of foods a group of people eat and how healthy these people are.

Which is the number one reason that most people choose certain foods?

Preference

The macronutrient least used for fuel

Protein

What value refers to the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people?

RDA

Which of the following statements regarding risk factors for disease is accurate?

Risk factors tend to cluster.

3. Which of these seems to be the most whole food that Maria typically eats?

Salad

Aretha's health history indicates that she is anemic because she is excreting too much iron. What type of deficiency does this suggest?

Secondary deficiency

Which information would be part of a person's historical information when completing a nutrition assessment?

Socioeconomic status

Aretha's blood and urine tests at a recent checkup show that her levels of iron are low. She is surprised by the results because she doesn't have any of the symptoms associated with low iron, such as fatigue and headaches. Which type of deficiency does this suggest?

Subclinical

The use of Select __________poses the most prominent risk factor for chronic diseases in the United States.

Tobacco

Which value can specify the point at which a nutrient could become toxic?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

10. All types of fat provide 9 kcalories per gram. This breakfast menu contains the least of which type of fat?

Trans fat

2. True or False? The letter L in the CLAIM method stands for Look for bias in funding.

True

5. True or False: The claim "No Hormones Added," doesn't mean much on poultry or pork labels because federal regulations already prohibit the use of hormones in both poultry and pork.

True

Which of these refers to the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects?

UL