Nutrition Pt.2
Which amino acid lowers blood pressure and prevents blood clots?
Arginine
Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?
Starches
Hypertension affects approximately________ of all adult Americans.
30%
On average, adults absorb ________ of the calcium they ingest. 20% 30% 50% 65% 80%
30%
__ of protozoa are visible in fecal material
30%
If you had the condition phenylketonuria, which should you not use?
Aspartame
Approximately how many people in the United States die from foodborne illnesses each year? 3000 5000 7000 9000 11,000
3000
Compared to the RDA of vitamin B6 for people 19-50, the RDA for vitamin B6 for men and women over 50 _____.
...increases
Which of the following has the most starch?
1 cup of kidney beans
Which of the following breakfasts has the highest fat content?
1 granola bar, 1 orange, 1 cup low-fat milk
Only __ of the public thought that GM food was good for them
1%
How many carbons do long-chain fatty acids contain?
12 or more
About how many hours of television do children aged 8 to 18 years watch each day? 2.5 3 4.5 5 6.5
4.5
Foods most commonly associated with Salmonella intoxication are:
eggs and chicken.
Which of these food labeling claims represents the highest level of significant scientific agreement?
"This product contains whole grains, which have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers."
Enzymes that hydrolyze protein are called ________.
proteases
Which of the following body organs produces bile?
Liver
Which organ will first receive sugars after they are absorbed into the blood?
Liver
__ is the only organ that can regenerate itself
Liver
Branched chain amino acids
Come from corn and lead to metabolic syndrome
Which of these protein foods is the leanest?
Flounder
Amylase is
an enzyme that digests starch.
Signs the body is having trouble metabolizing sugar
-Wake in the middle of the night after only a few hours asleep and feeling wide awake -Get sleepy or fall asleep after eating a meal (especially if high carbs or sugar) -Use bathroom a lot at night
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
-rbGH injections increase hormone IGF-1 -Humans have IGF-1 that causes cells to divide and is a powerful growth hormone in body that resembles insulin -IGF-1 in milk is not destroyed by pasteurization -67% of IGF-1 ended up in bloodstream
Acetyl CoA is metabolized from which B-vitamin? Answer Selected Answer: pantothenic acid Correct Answer: pantothenic acid
...
To minimize the possibility of foodborne illness, poultry, stuffing, and reheated leftovers should be cooked to an internal temperature of at least ________ °F. 125 140 145 165 212
165
Signs of illness, diminished work capacity, and poor reproductive function become apparent when the BMI is below ________.
17
A person is considered underweight until his BMI reaches ________.
18.5
New leaf potato established in
1998
It's recommended that an athlete consume ______ of calories from fat. 15 to 35 percent less than 20 percent 25 to 50 percent 20 to 35 percent 45 to 65 percent
20 to 35 percent
What is the recommended range of weight gain for a mother at healthy BMI at conception who is pregnant with twins? 28 to 40 pounds 31 to 50 pounds 37 to 54 pounds 50 to 70 pounds Insufficient data to make recommendation
37 to 54 pounds
What is the very earliest age that it is recommended for infants to begin eating solid food in addition to breast milk or formula?
4 months
__ of protozoa are invisible to the human eye
70%
What is fibrin?
A blood clotting protein
Which of the following defines the term "conjugated linoleic acid"?
A fatty acid with the chemical make-up of linoleic acid but with a different configuration
Which person would need more body fat than the others?
A pregnant woman
The pre-curser for vitamin _____ is _____.
A; beta-carotene
When is it potentially acceptable for an infant to be fed fat-free milk? After 6 months of age After 1 year of age After 2 years of age As soon as complementary foods are introduced When the diet supplies 30% of kcalories from fat
After 2 years of age
Inflammation is the key factor that causes
Aging
What nonnutritive substance contributes energy, but does not sustain life?
Alcohol
Which of the following is not a class of nutrient?
Alcohol
Which of the following includes all energy-yielding substances?
Alcohol, carbohydrates, lipids, protein
Uses for colloidal silver products
Anything needing antibiotic help such as cuts/scrapes/bites/burns, throats/ears/teeth/gums, sinus health, upper respiratory help
Which of the following terms describes psychological influences that encourage us to find and eat food?
Appetite
Which of the following is true about the North American diet?
Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars.
BEST colloidal silver product looked at was
Argentyn23
Which of the following does not describe a function of fat?
Best source of energy for the brain
Which carotenoid has the highest vitamin A activity? Beta-cryptoxanthin Lycopene Lutein Beta-carotene Zeaxanthin
Beta-carotene
Dr. Kimber Standhope looked at the effects of sugar consumption on
Body weight and visceral adiposity Lipid metabolism Insulin sensitivity
Stool transplantation may help with
C. Diff Ulcerative Colitis Parkinson's disease Diabetes mellitus (to reverse insulin resistance)
What is another name for vitamin D3? Ergocalciferol Foliocalciferol Cholecalciferol Phyllocalciferol Xanthociferol
Cholecalciferol
Type I diabetes
Don't make insulin
________ occurs when a family is not able to ensure a consistent, dependable supply of safe and nutritious food.
Food insecurity
All of the following are supplements that dangerous to health and are banned by most professional sports organizations except HMB. anabolic steroids. hGH. DHEA. androstenedione.
HMB.
Why did the DRI committee not set an Upper Level for fiber?
High-fiber foods are so filling, they are not likely to be eaten in excess.
High glucose diets cause
Increased glucose and insulin exposure which may promote the development of metabolic disease
Sugar
Is necessary for the body to function properly but having too much is not good Human body sometimes has problems metabolizing sugar
All of the following are characteristics of heartburn except which one?
It subsides when a person relaxes and lies down after a meal.
Which of the following is not true of vitamin B12
It works closely with thiamin.
Linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. What does "omega-3" mean?
Its closest double bond is three carbons away from the methyl end.
Prophylactic treatment for travelers diarrhea
Jamieson works better than Culturelle
Which of the following foods would have the most fiber?
Kidney beans
What toxic substance may be contained in calcium supplements made form bone meal, oyster shell, or dolomite? Arsenic Lead Cyanide Ricin Hydrazine
Lead
Which of the following is a not typically something that a pregnant woman of 35 years or older is at higher risk for? Caesarean sections Preterm births Macrosomia Genetic abnormalities in the fetus Low-birthweight babies
Macrosomia
Which of the following is present in highest concentration in hard water? Sodium Potassium Manganese Phosphorus Magnesium
Magnesium
Type II diabetes
Make insulin but have insulin resistance
Bone marrow
Makes white blood cells/red blood cells/platelets
Which of the following contains the greatest percentage of calories from fat (in a typical serving size)?
Margarine
Microbiome changes over generations
Mom's given antibiotics shortly after birth Mom's that undergo C-section Decrease in breast feeding Some vaccinations are given when the baby does not have a fully developed microbiome yet Diets
Where does digestion begin?
Mouth
Vitamin K deficiency is most likely in which of the following groups? Young adults Elderly Newborns Teenagers Middle-aged adults
Newborns
Which term describes the process of a substance combing with oxygen?
Oxidation
Of these foods, which is the best source of zinc? Oysters Potatoes Eggs Watermelon Tomato juice
Oysters
Which of the following yield greater than 4 kcalories per gram?
Plant fats
How to naturally increase Akkermansia levels
Plant foods (prebiotics, polyphenols) Ellagic acid (polyphenol found in berries, nuts) Catechins and Tannins (found in green tea)
Fructose
Poison
Which of the following is a symptom of riboflavin deficiency?
Purplish tongue
Which is not a potential side effect of high intakes of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Rapid heartbeat
In addition to iodized salt, which of these foods is a significant source of iodine? Seafood Tap water Pork Brussels sprouts Kale
Seafood
Which term is defined as a plant polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules?
Starch
What are the basic features of the Mediterranean diet? What health benefits might it provide?
The basic features of the Mediterranean diet are whole foods such as breads, whole grains, and pastas. They eat some seafood and poultry and their source of fat comes mainly from nuts and fish. Some health benefits that could come from this diet are low risk of heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Life expectancy is also very high.
Genetic engineering causes a change in
The biochemical pathway in the brain which regulates appetite
Why are vitamins and minerals sometimes called micronutrients?
The body requires only small amounts of them daily.
What happens when the body uses energy-yielding nutrients?
The bonds between the atoms break and release energy.
Can't patent colloidal silver but can patent
The process if you make a smaller particle -which is what the company of Argentyn23 did
Fatty acid oxidation
The process which turns triglycerides into energy
Which of the following is not a property of conditioned muscles? They can store more glycogen. Glycogen breakdown occurs more slowly. They contain more mitochondria. They rely less on glucose and more on fat breakdown for energy. They are resistant to lactate build-up.
They are resistant to lactate build-up.
Which of the following is true about the use of medications that lower blood cholesterol levels?
They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes.
What is the name of the coenzyme form of thiamin?
Thiamin pyrophosphate
Hydrogenation produces what kinds of fat?
Trans-fatty acids
Which is not a group of lipoproteins?
VHDL
Which of the lipoproteins primarily transports triglycerides from the liver to other tissues?
VLDL
Which of the following is a good indicator of an older adult's physical abilities? Walking endurance Arm strength Overall flexibility Posture Body composition
Walking endurance
What essential nutrient provides the environment in which nearly all the body's activities take place?
Water
Which of the following is true about trans fatty acids found in hydrogenated fats?
When consumed, they can raise serum LDL cholesterol.
Most of our fat is
White fat (to store extra energy, but leads to obesity if too much)
Post Test 9: Which structure is responsible for triggering drinking in response to a dry mouth? a. hypothalamus b. liver c. thyroid gland d. pituitary gland e. thalamus
a
Which nutrition-related side effect would most likely occur after head and neck surgery to treat cancer? a. aspiration b. acid reflux c. dumping syndrome d. diarrhea e. early satiety
a
Which of the following is an educational tool used to illustrate the five food groups? a. MyPlate b. food labels c. Dietary Guidelines d. USDA Food Guide e. DASH Eating Plan
a
Which organ stores the greatest amount of the body's total glycogen? a. muscles b. brain c. liver d. kidneys e. bones
a
A nutrition label must be present on the product if
a claim is made about the health benefits of a specific nutrient.
Nutrient density can be defined as the amount of
a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of kcalories in that serving.
The scientific method always begins with ________.
a problem or a question
Ribosome is composed of RNA and protein and can be thought of as ________.
a protein-making machine
The term "Daily Values" on a food label refers to
a rough guideline based on approximate human needs.
The "meat factor" is:
a special factor found in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances iron absorption.
A diuretic is _____.
a substance that increases fluid loss via the urine
Glucose is absorbed via ______ absorption.
active
Pantothenic acid is metabolized into two major coenzymes, coenzyme A, and _____.
acyl carrier protein
The primary method used to preserve seafood is:
adding salt.
The hormone produced in the pancreas to raise the blood glucose level is called _____. a. pancrease b. glucagon c. lipase d. amylase e. insulin
b
Which of the following is a feature of Retin-A? a) It is effective in treating rickets. b) It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne. c) It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles. d) It prevents birth defects when used by pregnant women. e) It is known to cause inflammation and darkly pigmented skin.
b) It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne
An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience a softening of the bones, which is called ________. a) rickets b) osteomalacia c) keratomalacia d) hyperkeratosis e) osteopenia
b) osteomalacia
A majority of food infections are caused by:
bacteria.
Minerals can
become part of the body structural systems.
A thiamin deficiency disease is called:
beriberi.
Which mineral deficiency is believed to cause hallucinations during alcohol detoxification? a. calcium b. chloride c. magnesium d. potassium e. sodium
c
An essential amino acid
cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.
By routing blood supply through ________, sweat evaporates which cools the skin and underlying blood. blood vessels near the kidneys arteries in the cooler extremities of the body capillaries just under the skin deep veins in the cooler areas of the body blood vessels surrounding the lungs
capillaries just under the skin
Since the 1970s, total energy intakes increased by almost 300 kcalories, which all came from an increase in ________ kcalories.
carbohydrate
Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ________ before entering the bloodstream. albumin cholesterol chylomicrons liposoluble binding proteins osteocalcin
chylomicrons
Aging is often associated with dysphagia, which is:
difficulty swallowing foods.
When checking laboratory values for electrolyte levels, the normal range for serum sodium should be between: a. 3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L. b. 98 to 106 mEq/L. c. 158 to 178 mEq/L. d. 7 to 35 mEq/L. e. 136 to 146 mEq/L.
e
Which B vitamin is deficient in beriberi, a disease characterized by the loss of sensation in the hands and feet? a. biotin b. folate c. niacin d. riboflavin e. thiamin
e
Which B vitamin is found in significant amounts in milk? a. thiamin b. folate c. biotin d. pantothenic acid e. riboflavin
e
A popular term used to denote foods that contribute energy but lack protein, vitamins, and minerals is ________.
empty kcalorie foods
The A1C is a test to measure _____. fasting plasma glucose non-fasting blood glucose percentage of hemoglobin with glucose attached cumulative values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood glucose the amount of glucose in the urine
fasting plasma glucose
In passive absorption, nutrients enter the cell
from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
The monosaccharides important in nutrition are
fructose, glucose, and galactose.
Major fructose sources include
fruits and high fructose corn syrup.
According to the Dietary Guidelines the food groups to encourage are
fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and whole grains.
A kcalorie is a measure of
heat energy.
Tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms are examples of:
helminthes.
Which of the following is a symptom of preeclampsia?
high blood pressure
Which of the following additives prevent moisture absorption from the air?
humectants
As an antioxidant, beta-carotenes act upon the:
hydrophobic portion of the cell membranes.
The minerals that form bone are collectively called:
hydroxyapatite crystals.
Chromium deficiency is characterized by hypertension. hyperglycemia. hypoglycemia. weight loss. hyperparathyroidism.
hyperglycemia.
A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as ________. hypertension hyponatremia hyperkalemia water intoxication hypodiuresis
hyponatremia
When conducting research, an educated guess like, "Diets rich in fiber always lead to good health," is called a _______.
hypothesis
An appropriate attitude toward aging and health is
if I live a healthful lifestyle, I may slow the aging process.
Older adults primarily diet in order to ________. economize when food prices increase improve appearance pursue a medical goal such as reducing cholesterol reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia reduce feelings of depression
improve appearance
A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to
include more high-fiber foods in the diet.
What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase?
increased longevity of the population
Which of the following is associated with gestational diabetes:
increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes..
The increased energy demands from regular, strenuous activity typically _______. requires nutrient supplementation decreases appetite so intake of adequate energy and nutrients is difficult increases food intake to meet energy needs but not usually nutrient needs increases food intake so that additional nutrient needs are met if nutrient-dense foods are selected respond better to nutrients in supplements, rather than food
increases food intake so that additional nutrient needs are met if nutrient-dense foods are selected
Goiters can be caused by both an excess of, or a deficiency of _____.
iodine
Absorption of which mineral is enhanced by vitamin C?
iron
Copper is necessary to keep _____ in its oxidized state so that it can be transported in the plasma.
iron
In vegetarians, the RDA is higher for ____.
iron
The increased needs for _______ during pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores so supplements are recommended. protein calcium iron zinc vitamin B12
iron
The most common nutrient deficiency in young children is caused by inadequate ________ consumption.
iron
Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete the protein ________. keratin opsin elastin collagen beta globulin
keratin
Fruity breath is a sign of:
ketoacidosis.
In chronic alcohol consumption this pathway becomes important in metabolizing large amounts of alcohol.
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS
The combination of galactose and glucose make the principle carbohydrate of ________.
milk
The RDAs are considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of
nearly all healthy persons.
Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly starves herself. She is likely to be in a state of
negative protein balance.
A molecule that gives up electrons is
oxidized.
Dietary fibers primarily are
polysaccharides.
The function of thick mucus in the stomach is to
protect stomach cells from acid and enzymes.
The degradation and synthesis of protein is called ________.
protein turnover
Kwashiorkor usually is associated with a deficiency of
protein.
Antibodies are
proteins.
The villi of the small intestine
provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.
Osteocalcin ________. is a vitamin K-deficiency disease in children binds calcium in the GI tract to enhance absorption requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals is a disease characterized by softening of the bones binds to vitamin K and is excreted in feces
requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals
Which of the following statements best describes food intoxication?
result form consuming food in which microbes have secreted poisonous substances
All of the following can weaken esophageal sphincter tension and promote heartburn except
root beer.
The body's initial protection against food-borne microbial contamination is/are: Answer
salivary enzymes.
The lipid in the diet that most profoundly raises the "bad" blood cholesterol is
saturated fat.
What factor increases the need for supplemental vitamin D?
sunscreen
The main function of glucose is to
supply energy.
The five primary types of taste are
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
A high-quality, cost-effective healthcare and nutrition services program that provides women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have children ages 0 to 5 years is ________. the SNAP program the March of Dimes food stamp the WIC program the OAA program
the WIC program
Women readily develop lower body fat around the hips and thighs and men readily develop central body fat around the abdomen. This primarily is due to gender differences in
the activity of lipoprotein lipase.
In epigenetic study, methylation involves ________.
the addition of a methyl group
Ready-to-eat-or-drink supplements can be ideal when the athlete only has 30 minutes before competition. the athlete can't eat solid food due to a nervous stomach. the athlete wants a meal that provides "complete nutrition." substituted for regular meals. the athlete wants a low-carbohydrate pregame meal.
the athlete can't eat solid food due to a nervous stomach.
Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in:
the bones.
Wilma is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is
the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.
When looking at the ingredient label of a bottled spaghetti sauce, you see that olive oil is the second ingredient. This means that olive oil is
the second most abundant ingredient by weight.
All of the following are characteristic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus except
the least common form of diabetes.
The main regulator of blood cholesterol levels is
the liver.
Putting a demand on muscles repeatedly by making them work harder is _________. effective for increasing muscle tissue when combined with tripling protein intake only effective for increasing muscle endurance the most effective, safe way for athletes to add muscle tissue. only effective for increasing muscle strength causes overtraining and is an ineffective method for adding muscle tissue.
the most effective, safe way for athletes to add muscle tissue.
All of the following describe the characteristics of fat cells except
the number of fat cells decreases when fat is lost from the body.
The association of soda consumption with poor bone health is most likely associated with ____________________.
the tendency for the sodas to replace milk in the diet.
Current factors that can influence American food habits negatively are
the time-oriented, hurried lifestyle leading to many meals eaten away from home.
Fetal demand for iron is highest during the:
third trimester.
If Betty wants to eat the most nutrient-dense source of protein, she would eat
tuna.
Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide composed of ________.
two glucose units
A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of
two monosaccharides.
A chief waste product of the urinary system is
urea.
The nutrient needs of older people ________. vary according to individual histories remain the same as in young adult life increase and necessitate supplementation decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition are addressed by four DRI categories
vary according to individual histories
A vegetarian who eats only plant foods is a(n)
vegan.
Much of the vitamin E in the diet comes from ________. lean meats fish vegetable oils tropical fruits tomatoes
vegetable oils
Which of the following is NOT a good source of niacin?
vegetables
The lipoprotein that carries triglyceride made by the liver to the rest of the body is the
very-low-density lipoprotein.
Progressive blindness caused by severe vitamin A deficiency is called ________. keratinization keratomalacia xerophthalmia teratogen xanthophyllia
xerophthalmia
Parasites can release __ toxins when they die
~70 Some can cause pain you will feel and cause hormone issues, adrenal imbalances, immune system issues (and cause some people to give up)
For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is ________.
½ to 2 pounds per week
Congress conclusion with rbGH
"The entire FDA review of rbGH has been characterized by misinformation and questionable actions on that part of both FDA and Monsanto"
Dr. Herbert Ley
"The thing that bugs me is that people think the FDA is protecting them. It isn't. What the FDA is doing and what the public thinks its doing are as different as night and day"
Which statement about food labeling is true?
"Total Carbohydrate" amounts include starch, sugars, and fiber.
Wash fruits and vegetables to get rid of
**"slow poisons" that accumulate in adipose tissue Pesticides Herbicides Glyphosates Various other chemicals
Potatoes
-Altering DNA of potato to produce own pesticide, a lectin from snowdrop plant to protect from insects -Goal was to mass produce so farmer's didn't have to spray their fields -Dr Pusztai's team was to test potato's effects on health of rats -GM potatoes were already being sold and consumed in the USA -DNA was spliced with gene from soil bacterium similar to Bacillus anthrax (added gene causes potato to create their own pesticide called Bacillus thuringienses toxin or Bt produced by every cell plant to quickly kill insect if eaten) -Same Bt genes were put in DNA of corn and cottonseed and were being consumed in USA and only recognized as "pesticides" by US-EPA
Foods high in prebiotics
-Dandelion greens (high fiber antioxidants which help prevent damage to cells) -Garlic (good course of insulin and FOS that supports good gut bacteria) -Chicory root (coffee like flavor, excellent source of prebiotics and antioxidants) -Onions (rich in prebiotics, antioxidants, flavonoids, insulin, FOS to strengthen gut health and immune system) -Jerusalem artichokes (fiber antioxidants that support colon health by increasing good bacteria) -Bananas (contain lots of vitamins, minerals, fiber, insulin to help increase good bacteria and lower bloating) -Steel cut oats (contain lots of b-glucan that helps good bacteria and helps with sugar control and digestion) -Apples (contain a lot of vitamin C, antioxidants, fiber that helps increase good bacteria in gut and decrease harmful bacteria)
Digestive enzymes
-Deficiency causes heartburn, nausea, bloating, cramping -Supplements help to replenish digestive enzymes to breakdown food and avoid discomfort -Don't want to see fillers (magnesium stearate, maltodextrin, silicon dioxide, artificial colors/flavors) -Cheaper variety often doesn't have the potency necessary to cause results -Plant-based are more effective than animal-based because they target the small intestine more effectively
Real science produced by Canadian scientists showed
-Development of cysts on thyroid and prostate glands -Infections were rampant -Lots of antibiotics were required -Lots of birth defects -Reproductive disorders -Higher incidence of mastitis (udder infection) -Metabolic disorders -Uterine infections, diarrhea, lesions -Shortened lives
How to decrease "bad" harmful bacteria in microbiome
-Eat fiber rich whole real foods -No processed foods -Eat nuts/seeds -Avoid acid blockers/NSAIDs/antibiotics if possible -Possibly eliminate dairy and GM gluten -Eat fruits and vegetables
How to improve gut microbiome
-Eat whole, quality foods (preferably organic without pesticides and GM) -Eat nutrient rich organic plant foods or plant-based meats from animals that were grass fed or pasture raised eggs -Eat more fiber (good bacteria thrive on dietary fiber) -Legumes, nuts, seeds, berries, vegetables can feed good gut bugs -Increase anti-inflammatory fats (omega 3 rich sources) such as wild caught fish, flaxseeds, walnuts, fish oils
Conclusions of Dr. Kimber Standhope's study
-Fructose increased postprandial triglycerides, fasting and postprandial apoB, LDL, sdLDL, oxLDL, postprandial RLP-C, RLP-TG but glucose did not -Changes in fasting triglyceride levels are not a reliable index of fructose induces dyslipidemia -Increased conversion of sugar into triglycerides (but decreased conversion of fat into energy and decreased triglyceride clearance by LPL)
Pusztai gag order
-He could not speak to anyone about his work without written permission -Fired him because he publicly announced results of research before they were reviewed by other scientist (as required by Rowett institute) -Nobody knew that James game permission to Dr. Pusztai to speak to press or that it was James' mistake of the type of lectin
Dr. Pusztai's lectin
-His team engineered potato plants to create pesticide (lectin) that some plants produce to ward off insects -Spent ~ 7 years researching lectin's properties (and became world expert on lectins) -Knew that this particular lectin was safe for humans to eat (during one study he fed rats 800x the amount of lectin that the GM potato plants were engineered to produce) -Lectin did no damage when given alone
America, FDA, and rbGH in 1980s
-LOTS of conflict of interest, sloppy science, industry influence that also plagued GM food policy -FDA chemists (Joseph Settepani and Alexander Apostolou) try to stand up for the truth -Retaliations against whistle blowers only caused more to come forward
Pusztai bombshell
-Monsanto published full-page advertisements in newspapers talking about benefits and how great GM foods are -Everyone was covering this news while the public was getting over mad cow disease (despite earlier government assurances of safety with that) -08/09/1998 immediate gag order was placed on Pusztai by Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of London -Director James now taking all PR and TV attention milking every ounce of publicity because he had big aspirations and Tony Blair (prime minister) asked James to draw up blueprint for Food Standards Agency
How Biotech used politics to "rebrand themselves"
-Monsanto was making multibillion dollar gamble on pushing GE foods but knew their past track record and public mistrust was a BIG problem for them -Told governments to make policy/regulations to support thus assuring public that GE products were "safe" -They knew the public would never trust them yet their connections to Washington run very deep
University of California Berkeley 1998 case
-Novartis gave $25 million to Department of Plant and Microbial Biology for research (and in return Novartis got 1st right so refuse license and 1/3 of all discoveries from the department as a whole even if others were not funded by Novartis and were federally funded) -Novartis now had the right to delay publication and have share in patent applications -Novartis got 5 seats on the committee that determined how the departments research money was spent
Conclusions of Dr. Pusztai's potato research
-Only the rats fed the GM potatoes suffered serious negative effects -Lectins were not the major cause of health damage -Used the same methods of GM used by food companies (which may be the reason for health problems arising in people)
Michael Taylor
-Previously an attorney for Monsanto -FDA created a special role for him in 1991 ("deputy commissioner for policy") -> now he had all the power with GM foods/regulation in the US -1994 become an administrator for the Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service
Smear campaign against Dr Pusztai
-Rowett institute blamed Dr Pusztai (painted him as senile, confused old "muddled" man on verge of collapse who fabricated his data) -Got away with this due to Pusztais gag order
Prebiotics
-Selectively fermented ingredient that results in specific changes in composition or activity of GI microbiota to benefit host health -A substrate that's selectively used by host microbiomes to benefit health -Increase good bacteria to boost immune system and maintain healthy digestive system -Different from probiotics -Fibers that aren't digestible by your body but are digestible by probiotics to the good bacteria grow in your gut (not all dietary fiber is prebiotic) -Studies show 3-5 g/day is beneficial
"mistake" information with Pusztai's research
-Type of lectin the research team used (Dr. James was describing the lectin to the "concanavalin A" which was a well known toxic immune suppressant)
Pantothenic acid is metabolized into two major coenzymes, coenzyme A, and _____.
...acyl carrier protein
Who is at the greatest risk of poor thiamin status?
...elderly
What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity?
...flushing
Riboflavin assists with antioxidant function through its role as a coenzyme for which enzyme?
...glutathione peroxidase
Which diet is low in B-vitamins?
...high in unenriched processed foods
Which dietary source of niacin has the highest availability?
...meat
Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid are two forms of ________.
...niacin
Pellagra is the deficiency disease associated
...niacin
Which vitamin can be made from the amino acid tryptophan?
...niacin
Which of the following B-complex vitamins is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids?
...panthothenic acid
Which of the following conditions are vitamin B6 supplements used to treat?
...premenstrual syndrome
What disease is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin D in children?
...rickets
Jackie eats a banana, tuna fish sandwich, dry granola, and a slice of cheese. Which of these foods has the highest amount of available niacin?
...tuna fish
Which of the following is the BEST source of thiamin?
...whole grains
Which food has the highest amounts of B-vitamins?
...whole wheat bread
The only thing that will "cure" preeclampsia is:
.delivery of the infant.
The protein RDA for adults is ________ grams per kilogram.
0.8
Today the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _____ grams per kilogram body weight per day.
0.8
The DRI for protein for the elderly is:
0.8 g/kg body weight per day.
What percentage of all the earth's water is potable? 1 5 10 15 20
1
How much fruit juice (100%) is equivalent to 1 cup of fresh fruit?
1 cup
If a normal, healthy adult stopped eating vitamin A-containing foods, deficiency symptoms would begin to appear in about ________. 6 weeks 2 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1 year 1 to 2 years
1 to 2 years
Process of GE
1. DNA 2. Code scramblers 3. Hitchhikers 4. Chaperones 5. Messing up host normal DNA 6. Gene transfer and antibiotic resistance 7. Gene silencing 8. Environmental influences 9. Light switches to turn genes on 10. Risk of breathing in genetically modified DNA 11. Synthetic genes 12. Allergens 13. Human error
Akkermansia MOA
1. Feeds on mucin (glycoprotein) that regulates thickness of the guts intestinal mucosal layer 2. Byproduct of mucin produces propionate and acetate that feed other beneficial gut bacteria to make butyrate (SCFA) which is a vital energy course for mucus secreting goblet cells and intestinal epithelial cells 3. SCFAs strengthen the tight junctions and prevent unwanted materials from passing through and into circulation
Dr. Kimber Standhope 3 main research questions with sugar consumption
1. The differential metabolic effects of fructose vs glucose 2. The reason why fructose has negative metabolic effects compared to glucose 3. The direct experimental evidence that suggests sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) have negative metabolic effects too
List 3 of the water soluble vitamins and identify the following for EACH: Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Food Sources
1. Thiamin-Deficiency Symptoms: enlarged heart, cardiac fever, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, and weight loss-Toxicity Symptoms: none reported-Food Sources: Whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products: moderate amounts of all nutritious food, and pork 2. Riboflavin-Deficiency Symptoms: Sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth (cheilosis); painful, smooth, purplish red tongue (glossitis); inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales-Toxicity Symptoms: none reported-Food Sources: Milk products (yogurt, cheese); whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products; liver 3. Niacin-Deficiency Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting; inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue (glossitis); depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache; bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight-Toxicity Symptoms: Painful flush, hives, and rash ("niacin flush"); nausea and vomiting; liver damage; impaired glucose tolerance-Food Sources: Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish; whole-grain, fortified, and enriched grain products; nuts and all protein-containing foods
List the 6 classes of nutrients, identify which 3 nutrients are energy-yielding and what is the energy yield per gram?
1. Water 2. Carbohydrates- energy yielding 4 kcal/g 3. Lipids (fats)- energy-yielding 9 kcal/g 4. Proteins- energy-yielding 4 kcal/g 5. Vitamins 6. Minerals
Sugar will cause
1. release of insulin from pancreas 2. insulin binds receptors on cells to activate the glucose transporters
The RDA for riboflavin for adults aged 19 years and older is:
1.3 mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/day for women.
The AI for sodium (for adult men and women aged 19 - 50 years of age) is ________ grams per day.
1.5
About what proportion of US adults does high blood pressure affect? 1/10 1/4 1/3 1/2 1/5
1/3
How many eligible seniors participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program? 1/10 1/4 1/3 1/2 2/3
1/3
What proportion of adults in the United States has high blood triglycerides? 1/10 1/4 1/3 1/2 2/3
1/3
Sources of sugar in the diet
1/3 in beverages 1/6 in desserts 1/2 hidden in foods that didn't previously have sugar (salad dressings, yogurt, tomato sauce, ketchup, condiments, crackers, other carbohydrate products)
By 2030, approximately what fraction of the U.S. population is projected to be 65 years or older? 1/100 1/25 1/10 1/8 1/5
1/5
A minimum of ____ minutes of aerobic physical activity, moderate or vigorous, is recommended. 5 10 15 30 45
10
About what percentage of the US population is deficient in iron? 5 10 20 33 42
10
About what percentage of the iron consumed in one day represents heme iron? 5 10 25 50 90
10
The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily kcalorie needs?
10%
The thermic effect of food accounts for ________ of the average person's energy expenditure each day.
10%
There are about __ digestive enzymes in the body
100 trillion
The American Heart Association recommends limiting added sugars to ________ kcalories per day for women and ________ kcalories per day for men.
100, 150
What is the UL for vitamin E? 100 mg/day 120 mg/day 500 mg/day 1000 mg/day 1200 mg/day
1000 mg/day
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for copper? 5 mg/day 105 mg/day 100 mg/day 5000 mg/day 1000 mg/day
105 mg/day
To avoid iodine toxicity, the UL is set at _____. 75 mcg/day 500 mcg/day 1100 mcg/day 1200 mcg/day 1500 mcg/day
1100 mcg/day
The DRI recommends ________ milligrams of calcium for women over 50 and older and men over 70. 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1200
The average person consumers __ pounds of sugar per year
125 (Which is about 1/3 - 1/2 cups each day)
According to research a possible average human life span beyond ________ years is unlikely.
125-130
When tested, what percentage of imported foods are found to be in violation of residue limits? 1 5 13 20 32
13
To prevent dehydration, it is recommended that a lactating mother consume approximately ____ of water per day. 6 to 7 cups 8 cups 10 to 11 cups 13 cups 16 cups
13 cups
The maximum potential human life span is currently about ________ years. 110 120 130 140 150
130
To prevent foodborne illnesses, all foods should be served at a minimum of ________ °F. 140 152 165 180 212
140
Adults aged 51 to 70, who engage in minimal outdoor activity, need ________ micrograms of vitamin D daily. 15 20 25 30 35
15
Jules burns 100 kcalories during her morning walk. How many additional kcalories is she likely to burn in the post-exercise period?
15
The post-exercise effect on one's metabolism may raise energy expenditure to a maximum ________.
15%
What percentage of the U.S. population is deficient in vitamin D? 6 16 26 36 46
16
Approximately how many children live in U.S. households without enough available food? 1 million 6 million 10 million 16 million 60 million
16 million
An active 6-year-old child need about _________ kcalories per day to meet energy needs. 400 800 1600 2400 3200
1600
John is a marathon runner training for his next competition. He normally weighs 185 pounds, and he admits to forgetting to hydrate adequately during long training runs. What weight suggests John is very close to becoming dehydrated? 173 176 179.5 181.5 183
181.5
Sally weighed 160 pounds and had a BMI of 28 when she got pregnant. What weight, in pounds, is within the recommended weight gain range for her at the end of her pregnancy? 173 182 189 194 196
182
The federal mandate for enrichment of grain products in the United States was initiated in the ____.
1940s
GD Searle's Aspartame (NutraSweetr)
1993 : Preferential treatment revealed before House subcommittee regarding approval process of NutraSweet 1990: more than 5500 consumer complaints to FDA about AE to this product 1996: studies linked it to human brain cancer
During the _____ , the embryo is most susceptible to damage from alcohol, drugs, and nutrient deficiencies.
1st trimester
The embryo is most vulnerable to teratogens during which stage of pregnancy?
1st trimester
How many ATP are produced in anaerobic glycolysis from one glucose molecule?
2
To help improve a child's BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 5 years to ________ hours per day. 2 3 3.5 4 4.5
2
Imagine that an adult consumes 500 excess kcalories each day for two weeks. About how much weight would that person gain?
2 lbs
Dehydration greater than ____ of body weight can impair physical performance. 1 percent 2 percent 3 percent 5 percent 7 percent
2 percent
According to ACSM guidelines, resistance or strength exercise should be incorporated on _______ per week. 2 to 4 nonconsecutive days 5 to 7 nonconsecutive days 1 to 3 nonconsecutive days 2 to 3 nonconsecutive days 3 to 5 nonconsecutive days
2 to 3 nonconsecutive days
Caitlin is a 12-year-old girl and has started to menstruate. Caitlin needs an additional ____ milligrams of iron per day. 1.9 2 2.5 3.1 4
2.5
Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?
20
Nina is a 150-pound adult woman who drinks soft drinks sweetened with aspartame. According to the ADI, how many cans of soft drinks could Nina safely consume each day for the rest of her life? 5 10 20 40 60
20
To improve cardiorespiratory endurance, activities that use most of the large-muscle groups of the body and elevate heart rate should be sustained for at least _____. 20 minutes 40 minutes 1 hour 1½ hours 2 hours
20 minutes
About how long must you wash your hands with warm water and soap to reduce the potential for microbial contamination? 10 seconds 20 seconds 45 seconds 1 minute 2 minutes
20 seconds
About how long must you wash your hands with warm water and soap to reduce the potential for microbial contamination? 10 seconds 20 seconds 45 seconds 1 minute 2 minutes
20 seconds
In the United States, beverages currently represent about ________ of a person's total energy intake. 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
20%
A desirable total serum cholesterol level is less than ____ milligrams per deciliter.
200
An ounce of mixed nuts provides about ________ kcalories.
200
A serving of bleu cheese dressing containing 23 grams of fat would yield _____ kcalories.
207
A healthy infant that weighs 7 pounds at birth likely will weigh ________ pounds by her first birthday. 14 21 28 35 42
21
What is the UL for sodium for adults? 750 mg 900 mg 1200 mg 2300 mg 3500 mg
2300 mg
How many ounces of sugar-sweetened soft drinks do adolescent boys consume each day at school? 8 12 20 24 26
24
__% of US kids are obese
25
A lactating mother produces approximately ____ of milk each day. 12 oz 18 oz 25 oz 28 oz 32 oz
25 oz
A reasonable and recommended goal for daily dietary fiber intake is how many grams?
25 to 38
Approximately what percentage of an average teenager's daily food energy intake is derived from snacks? 15% 25% 35% 50% 75%
25%
The liver stores about ________ of the body's total glycogen.
25%
Which of the following represents the BMI of a person classified as overweight?
27
Parasite cleanses usually take __ days
3-7 (5-7 day cleanses are recommended)
Losses of trabecular bone start becoming significant for men and woman at about age ________. 20 30 35 40 50
30
Peak bone mass is developed by age ________. 5 10 15 30 60
30
The MyPyramid guidelines recommend that we be physically active for at least how many minutes most days of the week?
30
On any given day, how many adolescents smoke a cigarette for the first time? 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
3000
Cholesterol intakes in the U.S. average ________ milligrams for men.
315
During lactation, the caloric needs of the mother increase by ________ calories a day.
330 - 400
An estimated ________ percent of older adults in the United States are obese. 15 25 35 45 55
35
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend getting no more than ______ percent of your total kcalories from fat.
35
Diets with up to ________ of kcalories from fat can be compatible with good health if energy intake is reasonable.
35%
Nicole is four years old. What serving size of green beans would you recommend for her? Answer
4 tablespoons
At about what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?
40
How many adults over age 65 would live in poverty without the help of Social Security? 9 15 26 33 40
40
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for zinc for adults? 20 mg 40 mg 80 mg 120 mg 160 mg
40 mg
The temperature danger zone is:
40-140°F.
About how many varieties of fruits and vegetables does the United States import from other countries? 100 200 400 800 1600
400
Carbohydrates should provide ________ of the day's total energy intake to support good health.
45% - 65%
The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences advocates that 10% to 35% of calories come from protein and ________________ from carbohydrate.
45% to 60%
What was the average life expectancy in the United States in 1900? 42 years 47 years 55 years 59 years 65 years
47 years
A low-birthweight infant is defined as a baby that weighs _______ at birth. 3 1/2 lbs or less 4 lbs or less 5 1/2 lbs or less 6 1/2 lbs or less 9 lbs or less
5 1/2 lbs or less
Phospholipids and sterols make up about ________ of the lipids in the diet.
5%
What percentage of vitamin K is derived from foods? Less than 5 25 50 85 95
50
Approximately how many people in the United States are diagnosed with some form of arthritis each year? 5 million 10 million 50 million 500 million 5 billion
50 million
Beverages account for about ________ of the added sugars consumed in the U.S.
50%
In the U.S. diet, carbohydrate supplies approximately what percentage of total kcalories?
50%
Nearly __ of US states have introduced bills prohibiting genetically engineered foods
50%
People who travel to other countries have a ________ chance of contracting travelers' diarrhea. 15% 25% 33% 50% 75%
50%
The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a nutrient meets the needs of about ________ of the population.
50%
Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency causes about ________ children to go blind each year. 125,000 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000
500,000
A large hamburger (e.g., Whopper) sandwich contains 628 kcalories and 36 grams of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?
52%
At what age should breastfed infants be offered complementary foods? 1 month 3 months 6 months 9 months 1 year
6 months
Breastfeeding reduces the risk of an allergy developing in an infant, as does delaying the introduction of solid foods until the age of _____.
6 months
About how much iron does the usual US diet provide per 1000 kcalories? 3 to 5 mg 6 to 7 mg 10 to 12 mg 15 mg 18 mg
6 to 7 mg
Fat supplies about ________ of the body's ongoing energy needs during rest.
60%
Water constitutes about ________ of an adult's body weight. 35% 40% 55% 60% 75%
60%
What percentage of salt is composed of chloride?
60%
About how many food samples are tested by the Total Diet Study each year? 300 600 3000 6000 36,000
6000
Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein?
64 grams
About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents? 7 10 14 17 21
7
An individual is at risk of collapsing if ____percent of body weight is due to water loss. 2 7 15 25 33
7
In the United States, woman who live to the age of 85, can expect to survive an additional _______ years, on average. 3 5 7 9 11
7
Which of the following represents a blood pH level in the normal range? 6.75 7.00 7.35 7.55 8.35
7.35
The digestibility of most plant proteins (beside legumes) is ________.
70 to 90%
Chronic diseases are responsible for ________ of adult deaths in the U.S.
70%
What proportion of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese?
70%
Nancy's protein RDA before she got pregnant was 47 grams per day. What is her protein RDA now that she is pregnant? 47 grams 1.0 grams per kg of body weight 72 grams 1.2 grams for each kg of pregnancy weight gained 94 grams
72 grams
Which fasting blood glucose level would be in the normal range?
77 mg/dL
According to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, what is the upper limit of fat, in grams, that should be consumed by a healthy person requiring 2,000 kcalories per day?
78
What is the average life expectancy in the United States today? 79 years 81 years 86 years 89 years 93 years
79 years
The citric acid cycle is a continuous circle of how many metabolic reactions?
8
About how much protein is provided by 1 cup of milk?
8 g
Which of the following breakfasts would be highest in carbohydrate?
8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, English muffin with jelly, 1 cup whole milk
Overweight teens with at least one obese parent have about a ________ chance of becoming obese adults. 10% 35% 50% 65% 80%
80%
How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide?
9 kcalories
One serving of Raisin Bran cereal contains 50 percent of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of your cereal provide?
9 mg
What percentage of adults aged 65 years and older takes at least one prescription medicine? 50 60 70 80 90
90
What percentage of adults aged 65 years and older takes at least one prescription medicine? 50 60 70 80 90
90
What percentage of the U.S. population exceeds the recommended intake for sodium? 50 60 70 80 90
90
What percentage of a meal has been absorbed by the time it leaves the small intestine?
95%
What is a desirable blood level for triglycerides? <125 mg/dL <150 mg/dL 150 to180 mg/dL 180 to 200 mg/dL <240 mg/dL
<150 mg/dL
Which of the following is a characteristic of botulism? A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system. With immediate treatment, a full recovery takes 24 hours. It is caused by the organism Staphylococcus aureus. It is a toxicant produced in foods stored under aerobic conditions. Symptoms may take several weeks to appear.
A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system.
Which of the following is a characteristic of botulism? A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system. With immediate treatment, a full recovery takes 24 hours. It is caused by the organism Staphylococcus aureus. It is a toxicant produced in foods stored under aerobic conditions. Symptoms may take several weeks to appear.
A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system.
Phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways?
A compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid.
Which of the following will best accelerate glycogen storage after physical activity? A high carbohydrate snack within 2 hours of exercise completion A high fat meal taken within 2 hours of exercise completion A high protein snack taken midway through exercise and another 30 minutes after exercise Sports drinks taken throughout exercise and repeated small, high protein snacks for 2 hours after exercise A high protein meal taken within 2 hours of exercise completion
A high carbohydrate snack within 2 hours of exercise completion
Colloid
A homogeneous, noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles (1-1000 nanometers in diameter) of one substance dispersed through a second substance (usually pharm grade water) Colloids include gels, solutions, and emulsions (the particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension) Smaller is better
What is lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2)? A pancreatic enzyme A blood protein and marker for hypertension risk A marker for plaque inflammation A LDL cholesterol-lowering medicine A liver enzyme
A marker for plaque inflammation
What is a congregate meal? A meal provided for groups of elderly in a place like a community center A meal prepared for the elderly that meets two-thirds of the Dietary Recommended Intakes A meal prepared for individual elderly members of large church organizations and delivered to their homes A meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for nursing home residents A meal prepared by a community organization and delivered to home-bound individuals where they live
A meal provided for groups of elderly in a place like a community center
Addiction
A never ending cycle of bingeing, withdrawal, and craving Cross-sensitization leads to increased consumption and enhanced locomotion
1 / 1 pts Which of the following statements accurately describes the genetic and environmental factors that affect childhood obesity? The typical obese child learns food behaviors from friends, not family. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. The chances of an obese child becoming an obese adult decline as the child grows older. As a society, our eating and activity patters are roughly the same as they were 40 years ago. In children 2 to 18 years old, one-tenth of total energy intake comes from empty kcalories
A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the genetic and environmental factors that affect childhood obesity? The typical obese child learns food behaviors from friends, not family. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. The chances of an obese child becoming an obese adult decline as the child grows older. As a society, our eating and activity patters are roughly the same as they were 40 years ago. In children 2 to 18 years old, one-tenth of total energy intake comes from empty kcalories
A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood.
What is hemosiderin? The part of iron that is not used by the body Another term for ferritin A protein that carries iron in the blood An enzyme that helps in absorption of iron A storage protein for iron
A storage protein for iron
Of the following, which person is most likely to experience a chloride imbalance? An Olympic weightlifter A teenager with bulimia nervosa An infant with sickle cell anemia An elderly person with dementia A vegan
A teenager with bulimia nervosa
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mother who has experienced malnutrition prior to or after conception? Inadequate fetal nourishment due to a poorly developed placenta. A temporary loss of insulin secretion If the baby is female, an elevated risk of that baby later in life to develop a chronic disease that could impair her ability to give birth to a healthy infant. Growth restriction in the fetus Higher risk of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth
A temporary loss of insulin secretion
Which of the following is a description of chyme?
A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines
Which reaction represents dephosphorylation?
ATP ADP + Pi
Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States compared to the rest of the world?
About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.
Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated?
Acidic
Anything fried is usually bad due to
Acrylamide concentration (a carcinogen)
Which statement about protein transporters is FALSE?
Active transport systems require no energy.
What are added to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table?
Added sugars
Naturopathic physician approach
Address possible mineral deficiency first to see if it fixes problem
What organ in the body contains more vitamin C than any other organ?
Adrenal glands
Which of the following are cues that an infant is ready to accept solid foods?
All of these are signs that an infant is ready for solid foods.
Europe
Almost entirely banned GM ingredients (other countries put huge restrictions on sale/labelling of GM products)
Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamins?
Almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins.
Want to get more __ when you have parasites
Alteast 250 mg chelated magnesium (take chelated so that more will be absorbed)
If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?
Amino acids
Which of the following enzymes begins digestion?
Amylase
What is the Healthy Eating Plate? An alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health A vegetarian alternative to the USDA's MyPlate A 1200 kcalorie weight reduction diet A phytochemical-rich diet A carbohydrate counting plan
An alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health
What is prothrombin? A storage protein for vitamin K A transport protein for vitamin E An active protein needed for bone formation An inactive protein needed for blood clot formation A soluble protein that decreases the "stickiness" of red blood cells
An inactive protein needed for blood clot formation
Which of the following therapies is appropriate for ulcer treatment?
Antacids
__ can affect mitochondria
Antibiotics
Which of the following best describes the effect of aging on the immune system? Immunity is improved by abundant intake of iron-rich red meats and calcium-rich butter. In the United States, infectious diseases rarely cause of deaths in the elderly. Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems. In elderly persons, nutritional status rarely influences immune functioning.
Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems.
Oregano oil can also be used as an
Antimicrobial
Which of the following is correct statement about the U.S. adult population's physical activity? Half of adults get physical activity, but no exercise. Approximately 80% of adults do not meet physical activity guidelines. Approximately 20% of adults get no physical activity. One-fourth of adults are sedentary. Approximately 60% of adults don't exercise regularly.
Approximately 80% of adults do not meet physical activity guidelines.
Colloidal silver products
Argentyn23 Sovereign Silver Natural Path Silver Wings Etc
Which of the following is not characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Arises most commonly in adulthood
When does the most severe damage associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occur? Around the time of conception Between weeks 8 and 12 After week 24 The second trimester The third trimester
Around the time of conception
In terms of heart disease risk, which of the following is true?
As LDL cholesterol levels increase there is an increased risk.
What does phosphorus do in the body? Participates in blood clotting Helps maintain gastric acidity Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte Stabilizes protein shape Assists in energy metabolism
Assists in energy metabolism
What is the main cause of cardiovascular disease?
Atherosclerosis
A person who eats a granola bar from a vending machine is most likely making a food choice based on: ____.
Availability
Maintaining a healthy microbiome gut
Avoid unnecessary antibiotics (including indirectly in foods) Avoid environmental toxins Avoid artificial sweeteners Increase fiber in diet Avoid refined sugars or don't consume a lot Take prebiotics Avoid bad diet Avoid antibacterial soaps Eat/drink fermented foods or drinks (sauerkraut, pickles, etc)
Which vitamin is water soluble? a. A b. B c. D d. E e. K
B
The two primary co-enzymes in oxidative metabolism are derived from:
B-Vitamins.
Which of the following preservatives is (are) commonly used to prevent rancidity in oils and fats?
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
2 main types of probiotics
Bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bfidobaceterium) Yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii)
Too much blood sugar can feed
Bacteria, fungi, or viruses in the blood
Common weight/other symptoms of parasites
Bad breath Acne Poor immune response Respiratory issues Congestion/post-nasal drip Unexplained cough Chronic viral/bacterial symptoms Body odor Gain weight for no reason in short amount of time Uncontrolled hunger Inability to lose weight Craving carbohydrates
Which of the following foods contain cholesterol?
Baked chicken
Which of the following statements is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Balance the food you eat with physical activity.
Lymph nodes
Bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse the lymph as it filters through them
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends which of the following?
Being physically active each day
What disease can result from prolonged thiamin deficiency?
Beriberi
Stevia
Best artificial sugar
Higher levels of Akkermansia is linked to
Better metabolic health Gut function Immune health
What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes?
Bile
Which of the following is not a sterol?
Bile
Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the absorption of fat to facilitate its digestion?
Bile
Which statement about lipid digestion is FALSE?
Bile is a digestive enzyme that acts as an emulsifier.
Which is not part of the enterohepatic circulation of bile?
Bile is stored in the pancreas.
Which of the following statements accurately describes alcohol use among the elderly? Binge drinking is more frequent in the elderly than in younger persons. The proportion of binge drinkers in greater in the elderly than any other age group. In elderly individuals, unlike in younger individuals, alcohol use is not associated with other risky behavior such as illicit drug use. Determining alcohol abuse among the elderly community requires costly assessment by medical professionals. Elderly individuals are rarely successfully treated for alcohol abuse and dependence.
Binge drinking is more frequent in the elderly than in younger persons.
Which of the following represents the most common eating disorder among men and women of any age?
Binge-eating disorder
Which term refers to the increase in the concentration of contaminants in the flesh of animals high on the food chain? Bioaccumulation Hyperconcentration Evolutionary containment Binding capacity Degradation rate
Bioaccumulation
Herbal supplements for parasites
Black walnut oil (preferably) or capsules (most important ingredient***) Black seed capsules Wormwood Nettle (capsules) Oregano oil Thyme Berberine Clove powder Nutmeg Cinnamon sticks Fennel seeds Grapefruit seed (capsules) Papaya seeds
Which of the following statements accurately describes energy and nutrient needs during adolescence? Blacks, females, and overweight children are most at risk for vitamin D deficiencies. Girls in an adolescent growth spurt need an additional 2.9 mg of iron a day. More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development. The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks. The adolescent growth spurt begins around age 12 for females and 10 for males.
Blacks, females, and overweight children are most at risk for vitamin D deficiencies.
Which sweetener contains significant amounts of calcium and iron?
Blackstrap molasses
Which statement is not true about how the body uses iron? Most iron entering the body is recycled. Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine. Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron. Surplus iron is stored in the muscles. Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin.
Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron.
In Sardinia, Italy, and Nicoya, Costa Rica, people live long, healthy, and active lives well past 100 years. These places collectively are called ________. Red Zones Blue Zones Age Hot Spots Longevity Hot Spots Quality Circles
Blue Zones
Other symptoms of parasite die off
Body aches (muscle/joint pain, sore throat) Skin issues (rash, itching, sores, bruising) Digestive issues (gas, bloating, diarrhea, dehydration, constipation, nausea, stomach pain, cramps, vomiting, excess mucus production) Anxiety/insomnia Phlegm or stuffy nose Acne
Which of the following statements is characteristic of body fat changes associated with aging?
Body fat stores shift from subcutaneous stores to visceral sites.
Where is 99% of the body's calcium located? Body fluids Bones and teeth Kidneys and Intestines Thyroid glad Skeletal muscle
Bones and teeth
Alcohol and Sugar
Both claim to be nutrients, but aside from energy they have no health value Metabolic and CNS pathways are similar Both are legal substances that produce health harms when overused Little danger from moderate consumption Burden of harm falls disproportionately on lower socioeconomic groups
In 1999 the British food industry
Bowed to customer pressure and announced it would remove GM ingredients from its products sold in Europe
For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source?
Brain
There is always a connection between the gut and the
Brain (due to the gut-brain axis)
Consequences of a bad microbiome
Brain dysfunction Skin disorders GI problems (Colitis, Chron's, IBD, Constipation, etc) Type II DM Arthritis Autoimmune disorders Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Migraines
Brown fat
Breaks down blood sugar (glucose) and fat molecules to create heat and maintain body temperature Cold temperatures activate brown fat (which leads to various metabolic changes in the body)
Why is it crucial for the fetus to store adequate iron during gestation?
Breast milk is low in iron.
Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A? Peanut butter Butternut squash Sunflower seeds Whole-grain bread Pinto beans
Butternut squash
How does obesity raise blood pressure? By constricting blood vessels, thereby restricting blood flow. By inhibiting secretion of hormones that help regulate blood pressure. By altering kidney function. By causing the heart to work harder. By promoting inflammation of the arterial walls, thereby reducing their elasticity.
By altering kidney function.
Which agency monitors all confirmed cases of food-borne illness?
CDC
Which of the following electrolytes is concentrated primarily outside the body's cells? Calcium Potassium Magnesium Phosphate Sulfate
Calcium
Which of the following interferes significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic tetracycline? Folate Zinc Calcium Vitamin B12 Vitamin C
Calcium
In the United States, the most common food-borne illnesses result from which of the following bacteria?
Campylobacter jejuni
Parasitic infections
Can clog up the lymphatic system (and cause the body to be unable to eliminate the byproducts and parasite remnants)
Parasites
Can invade all parts of the body (including the brain) Most lab tests only test for 5 and humans can play host to hundreds of different parasites (~70% of lab tests are actually positive, parasites are good at evading detection) Can lay 1000 eggs every few minutes, causing severe damage to tissues Can eat calcium linking of bone Can erode and degrade protein coating around nerve cells Toxic byproduct wastes can block pores and lead to acne or chronic constipation Certain foods feed them and steal nutrients away from you (such as sugar/dairy) Weaken your immune system
Silver & Se
Can turn skin blue if concentration if high enough and the two react
Influence of money on healthcare
Can't get patent on natural substance (only synthetic) US is 72nd in the world in overall health of it's citizens (20 years ago the US was 14th in the world in overall health) FDA/Big Pharma Executives/CDC/WHO/Medical research conflicts of interest Insurance companies and what they cover
Elevated IGF-1 is associated and linked to
Cancers
Which of the following is true about carbohydrate digestion?
Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins.
Certain nutrients provide us with energy. Some are important for growth and development. Others act to keep body functions running smoothly. Which of the following does not promote growth and development?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following does not regulate body processes?
Carbohydrates
_______ are the dietary nutrients most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations. Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Chromium and iron Sodium and potassium
Carbohydrates
_______ are the dietary nutrients most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations. Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Chromium and iron Sodium and potassium
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is true about the energy content of nutrients?
Carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 kcalories per gram.
Which of the following is not regulated by the FDA as water? Soft water Public water Natural water Distilled water Carbonated water
Carbonated water
Margaret, an elderly woman, needs to limit her kcalorie intake without sacrificing needed nutrients. Keeping in mind MyPyramid, which of the following could she do?
Carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in kcalories.
Which of these foods is a good vegetarian source of iron? Yogurt Milk Cashews Apples Honey
Cashews
Which term refers the clouding of the eye lenses that impairs vision and can lead to blindness? Retinitis Keratoids Cataracts Rhodolipids Glaucoma
Cataracts
Which of the following groups is at the LOWEST risk for lactose intolerance?
Caucasian.
Which title is granted by alternative educational programs and sounds authoritative but lacks the credentials of an RDN?
Certified nutritionist
Which of these therapies may be used to treat iron overload? Gastric bypass surgery Chelation Vitamin C supplements Calcium supplements Blood transfusion
Chelation
Which of the following would not be classified as a carcinogen by the World Health Organization?
Chicken tenders
The most dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes over the past two decades has involved _____. African Americans Hispanic Americans Premenopausal women Postmenopausal women Children and adolescents
Children and adolescents
Which of the following statements about the diets of today's children is FALSE? Few children eat the USDA recommended daily amounts from each food group. Children 2 to 6 years of age eat more solid fat, added sugar, and sodium. Preschool children eat more pizza and candy than those in previous decades. Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber. Children consume more fruit than they did in previous years.
Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber.
Which of the following factors has limited the success of the School Breakfast Program? The cost is prohibitive The meals are not nutritious Children simply do not participate in it Only about 25% of the nation's schools participate in it Recent legislation has reduced funding for it
Children simply do not participate in it
Binders for parasites
Chlorella (Blue/Green algae) Activated charcoal Bentonite clay Pyrophyllite clay Zeolite binders Pectin Enterosgel Humic & Fulvic acids Psyllium husk
Which of the following accurately describes vitamin A in foods? Xanthophylls in beets and corn masks the presence of beta-carotene. Butter is a poor source of vitamin A. Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A. Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene. Plants contain retinoids but no carotenoids.
Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene.
_________ is a postexercise snack that has been shows to increase muscle glycogen stores and protein synthesis. Almonds Bananas Cheese Chocolate milk Whole-grain tortillas
Chocolate milk
What is another name for vitamin D3? Ergocalciferol Foliocalciferol Cholecalciferol Phyllocalciferol Xanthociferol
Cholecalciferol
Which statement about the health effects of lipids is FALSE?
Choosing fat-free foods is an effective strategy in cutting kcalories.
Common sleep/energy symptoms of parasites
Chronic fatigue/lethargy/low energy Multiple awakenings at night (especially around 1-3 am when parasites show most activity) Insomnia (caffeine in morning makes this worse because it created the acidic environment that parasites love) Teeth grinding during sleep Bed wetting Drooling while sleeping
FlavrSavr GE tomato
Claimed that is would remain looking fresh weeks after being picked Company voluntarily did feeding study with rats and sent data to FDA even though FDA did not require it Caused stomach lesions
The proper steps developed for canning foods ensures that all endospores of ________ are eliminated when followed carefully.
Clostridium botulinum
Which of the following is an example a microorganism that causes food intoxication?
Clostridium botulinum
Corn syrup and honey may be dangerous for infants because they may contain:
Clostridium botulinum.
Supplements that help restore mitochondrial function
CoQ Ribose Magnesium NAD Vitamin C GSH
Bingeing on high-calorie foods may be as addictive as
Cocaine or nicotine (and could cause compulsive eating and obesity)
What product has the highest amount of saturated fatty acids?
Coconut oil
Leading up to approval of rbGH land grant
Colleges in US (receiving tons of $$$ from biotech industry) heavily promoted dairy farmers
Dietary fiber may play a key role in the prevention of which cancer?
Colon
What term is defined as the milk-like substance secreted right after delivery? Lactadherin Lactoferrin DHA Colostrum TGF-β
Colostrum
________ is an anabolic reaction in which water is released as a by-product
Condensation
Which of the following terms describes an amino acid that is normally dispensable, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to make it?
Conditionally essential amino acid
In 1994 Congress asked US GAO to look into
Conflicts of interest -Margaret Miller, Michael Taylor, Susan Sechen conflicts of interest tied back to Monsanto history
FDA could re-examine 1986 disposition on sugar
Consider removal from the GRAS list
Ann Miles, a triathlete, wants to eat a health promoting diet and achieve dietary adequacy. Which principles should she follow to achieve dietary balance?
Consume a variety of foods from MyPyramid's five major food groups every day.
Which statement best describes the healthful diet principle of balance?
Consume a variety of foods from MyPyramid's five major food groups every day.
Which statement best describes nutrient density?
Consume foods that have the most nutrition for their kcalories.
Problems with the 1986 FDA document
Consumption based on 1978 surveys (before HFCS) No data on "excessive consumption" No data on HFCS Fruit juice was considered "fruit" and not added sugars (and fiber is just a waste product)
Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by carbohydrates?
Contain more calories than protein
Berberine can also be used to
Control blood sugar levels
Strategies that might work to decrease sugar consumption
Controls on advertising and marketing Counter-advertising campaigns Industry self-regulation
Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?
Controls passage of food through the GI tract
Allopathic
Conventional medicine using pharmaceutical medications
______ is usually the best choice for physically active people who need to replace lost fluids. Cool water "Sweat" replacers Salt tablets and tap water Water warmed to body temperature Very cold water
Cool water
What is the name of the process by which glucose is regenerated from lactate? glycolysis Cori cycle TCA cycle fatty acid oxidation metabolism
Cori cycle
Which of the following is a starchy vegetable and provides about 15 grams of carbohydrate per half-cup serving?
Corn
Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium? Canned cream corn Corn on the cob Instant banana pudding Frozen apple pie Corn flake cereal
Corn on the cob
Money usually leads to
Corruption
High fructose corn syrup
Costs 1/2 as much and gave rise to it finding itself in tons of products
Symptoms of gut issues
Cramps Constipation Diarrhea Gas Bloating Stomach pain
An athlete getting ready to compete in the 100-meter dash will rely primarily on _____ for quick energy in this event. Fat Lactate Creatine phosphate Adenosine diphosphate Glucose
Creatine phosphate
What does severe iodine deficiency cause during pregnancy? Gestational diabetes Iron deficiency Protein malabsorption Ketosis Cretinism
Cretinism
What is hydroxyapatite? A calcium-binding protein that regulates muscle contractions Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus A calcium regulatory hormone secreted by the thyroid gland A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption Potassium and sodium crystals found in the framework of bones
Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
What is hydroxyapatite? A calcium-binding protein that regulates muscle contractions Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus A calcium regulatory hormone secreted by the thyroid gland A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption Potassium and sodium crystals found in the framework of bones
Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
Which of the following is a natural toxicant found in lima beans? Cyanogens Solanine Goitrogens Hallucinogens Narcotic-like substances
Cyanogens
Which of the following substances is not involved in the inflammation process? Free radicals macrophages LDL cholesterol Cytokines Minerals
Cytokines
A child with beaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin? A B12 C D E
D
A child with beaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin? A B12 C D E
D
Post Test 1: Values-based food choices include _____. a. skipping meals due to depression or anxiety b. choosing low-cost fast food over more expensive food c. eating more frequently to relieve boredom d. boycotting certain foods due to political views e. avoiding specific foods due to allergies
D
You pick up a box of Cheerios cereal in the supermarket. The label tells you that a 1-cup serving provides 25 percent of the ______ for iron.
Daily Value
Which of the following is not a benefit of eating almonds or walnuts?
Decreasing blood-clotting factors
Which of the following accurately describes fat-soluble vitamins? They travel freely and are absorbed directly into the blood. They circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body. Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet. The kidneys detect and remove excesses in urine. They are needed in frequent doses, perhaps ever 1 to 3 days.
Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet.
Which term refers to the change in a protein's shape due to the application of heat or acid?
Denaturation
The presence of round up in soil
Depletes plants of minerals and vitamins (by chelating to minerals and preventing plants from absorbing them)
Monsanto
Described world with 100% seeds genetically modified and patented (made a lot of money)
Appendix
Destroys bacteria before it breaches the intestine wall during absorption
Insulin sensitivity is a risk factor for
Diabetes
Chromium is important with
Diabetes mellitus, brain functioning, decreasing insulin resistance, heart health
Selenium is important with
Diabetes mellitus, immune function, fertility
High concentrations of magnesium cause
Diarrhea
Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this?
Diet history
Which of the following accurately describes phosphorus as it relates to nutrition? Rich sources include fresh vegetables Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown Soft drinks reduce absorption Toxicity is common among vegetarians and causes kidney failure Eggs and milk are relatively poor sources
Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
Which of the following are substances in plant foods that are not digested in the stomach or small intestine?
Dietary fiber
How does dietary fiber help prevent heart disease, type 2 diabetes and colon cancer?
Dietary fiber helps prevent heart disease by lowering blood pressure, improving blood lipids, and reducing inflammation. It helps type 2 diabetes by preventing glucose surge and rebound, and enhancing the health of the large intestine. It helps prevent colon cancer by diluting, binding, and rapidly removing potential cancer-causing agents.
Which statement about non-digestible carbohydrates is FALSE?
Dietary fiber lingers in the small intestine.
Which of the following is not an assumption made in the formulation of the RDA for protein?
Dietary protein needs are lower in infants and children.
Foods high in vanadium
Dill seed, black pepper, shellfish, spinach, mushrooms
If you do a parasite cleanse you may want to
Do a metal cleanse at the same time Take with a binder
How to decrease symptoms of parasite die off
Do colon cleanse first Eat foods that kill them Start slow treatment to see how the body responds Hot bath with epsom salts
Of the following, which is an example of a behavior modification technique for weight loss?
Download an app to keep a record of your eating and exercise habits.
Which of the following is not usually a factor that puts an athlete at higher risk for developing iron-deficiency anemia? Being female Practicing an endurance sport Being vegetarian Drinking orange juice when consuming iron-rich foods Menstruation
Drinking orange juice when consuming iron-rich foods
Which is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins? A E K D2 D3
E
What is the federal agency that is responsible for regulating the use of pesticides and establishing water quality standards? EPA FDA CDC USDA WHO
EPA
Which of the following is true about the way we should eat to achieve good nutritional status?
Eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs.
Which of the following is an important dietary recommendation for avoiding heartburn?
Eat smaller meals that are lower in fat.
John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?
Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels
Of the following, which would be considered a fad diet?
Eating only cold, green foods for one month
Foods high in selenium
Egg yolk, Brazil nuts, seafood, yellowfin tuna, white fish, sardines, baked beans
Which of the following statements accurately describes the vitamin E in foods? Vitamin E is fairly stable to heat. Most convenience foods are good sources of vitamin E. Saturated oils are the major dietary sources of vitamin E. The amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is underestimated. Egg yolks are a good source of vitamin E.
Egg yolks are a good source of vitamin E.
Allopathic physician approach
Either wait and see approach or write Rx and reassess in 3 months
Which of the following is not a wise application of the USDA MyPyramid?
Eliminating foods from the oils group to lose weight
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins?
Enable chemical processes in the body
President Bush proposed an initiative to
End hunger in Africa using GM foods on May 23, 2003 Claimed higher yields and partnered up with Monsanto
Sweet-Ease increases
Endogenous opioids to reduce pain during circumcision
Benefits of colloidal silver
Enhances antibiotic activity (Arg23 is 30x more effective than Vancomycin at killing bacteria)
Which government agency regulates the labeling, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of all pesticides in the United States?
Environmental Protection Agency
These protein-based substances enhance digestion by making chemical reactions more likely to happen.
Enzymes
Which of the following is true about digestive enzymes?
Enzymes that work in the acidic environment of the stomach cannot work in the basic or alkaline environment of the small intestine and vice versa.
Which term refers to the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the DNA sequence?
Epigenetics
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
Epiglottis
Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use?
Epinephrine
Which disorder is seen in premature infants deficient in vitamin E? Rickets Xerophthalmia Muscular dystrophy Erythrocyte hemolysis Osteomalacia
Erythrocyte hemolysis
What is polydipsia, a common symptom of untreated diabetes? Increased urge to urinate Excessive fluid losses Excessive thirst Excessive hunger Multiple electrolyte deficiencies
Excessive thirst
Ulcerative colitis
Exposed to mold, severe colitis, and c.diff recurrence Low levels of acromancia
Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay? Development of caries resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples. Bacterial attack of teeth due to use of lead-rich drinking water. Extensive tooth decay infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle. Tooth decay resulting from prolonged exposure to soft food due to the infant's inability to swallow normally. Tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent thinning of enamel.
Extensive tooth decay infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle.
Honey
Extremely health (as long as it is real/untainted honey)
What organ is affected by macular degeneration, a common condition for older people? Bone Eyes Liver Kidneys Stomach
Eyes
Which of the following is a correct statement about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? FAS cannot be treated, only prevented. Cognitive function is affected the least when physical abnormalities are most severe. Diagnosis is apparent within 6 months of birth for virtually all children with FAS. The most severe physical abnormalities in most FAS children are covert rather than overt. No harm will result to the infant unless the mother is actually drunk.
FAS cannot be treated, only prevented.
Associated press (John Scheid) says
FDA never examined the raw data from studies and based its conclusions on summary provided by Monsanto Serious whistleblower
A significant portion of the nutrients we consume is absorbed in the large intestine
False
A significant portion of the nutrients we consume is absorbed in the large intestine.
False
Athletes usually need at least triple the protein intake of non-athletes. Supplements are the preferred source.
False
Because proteins are a combination of a variety of amino acids, it is crucial to consume sufficient amounts of ALL of the amino acids in the diet.
False
Diabetes is a medical problem most commonly associated with low blood glucose.
False
Insulin is the only hormone that controls blood glucose.
False
Meat contains a fair amount of carbohydrates due to the glycogen stores found in the animal from which it came
False
Protein deficiencies are commonly seen in North America
False
The human body uses fiber mainly as a source of energy.
False
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are all organs through which foods must pass during digestion
False
Total blood cholesterol is the only important test for assessing risk for cardiovascular disease.
False
Wheat bread is a good source of fiber
False
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the speed at which one eats and weight management?
Faster eating correlates with higher BMI.
Unhealthy mitochondria causes
Fatigue
Gram for gram, which provides the most energy?
Fats
Which of the following, upon digestion, is not normally released directly into the bloodstream?
Fats
What is the composition of the triglyceride form of fats?
Fatty acids and glycerol
Which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption?
Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein.
In 2009 the American Heart Association recommended that
Females do not consume more than 100 kcal/day of added sugar and men do not consume more than 150 kcal/day of added sugar
_____ is the term used for a developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth. Fetus Ovum Zygote Embryo Blastocyst
Fetus
______ is the term used for a developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth. Fetus Ovum Zygote Embryo Blastocyst
Fetus
What undigested carbohydrate lingers in the stomach creating satiety?
Fiber
Which of the following dietary components may protect against cancer? Fiber Inositol and biotin Certain saturated fats Protein from animal sources Certain sugars
Fiber
Which guideline acknowledges that all segments of our society have a role to play in supporting healthy choices?
Fifth guideline
Which item is a chief source of long-chain fatty acids?
Fish
Studies of Greenland Eskimos, among others, have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of fish and the risk for heart disease. What is the most likely mechanism for the reduction of heart disease risk when fish is consumed?
Fish contain fatty acids that decrease blood clotting.
Table salt has a margin of safety of 1/5. What does that mean? Food additives may use 1/5 of the RDA of dietary sodium. One in five people who consume the additive likely will experience health problems. People should strive to consume only 1/5 of the UL for table salt each day. Five times the amount normally used as a food additive would cause harmful effects. One in five forms of table salt have been found to cause health problems.
Five times the amount normally used as a food additive would cause harmful effects.
Which of the following is a correct statement about a lactating mother and her dietary intake? The mother's milk has consistent flavor regardless of foods eaten. Flavors in the mother's milk may influence the infant's food choices later in life. Many mothers require iron-supplementation to enhance the iron levels in breast milk. Infants consume more milk when it contains even small amount of alcohol. Infant discomfort like gas or constipation has no association with the food intake of the lactating mother.
Flavors in the mother's milk may influence the infant's food choices later in life.
Most common symptoms of parasite die off
Flu-like Fatigue Weakness Headaches Anxiety
Which one of these nutrients must be used to enrich grains?
Folate
___________ are two nutrients required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells. Protein and iron Folate and vitamin B12 Calcium and vitamin A Calcium and B6 Selenium and iron
Folate and vitamin B12
In 2001 NYTimes published an article that stated that
Food is responsible for twice the number of illnesses in the US as scientists thought
Which of the following is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States? Naturally occurring toxicants Food poisoning from microbes Pesticide residues from farmers Food additives from the food industry Deliberate contamination or sabotage
Food poisoning from microbes
Which of the following is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States? Naturally occurring toxicants Food poisoning from microbes Pesticide residues from farmers Food additives from the food industry Deliberate contamination or sabotage
Food poisoning from microbes
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? Fruits Fortified milk Vegetables Legumes Whole grains
Fortified milk
Of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States, how many have some relationship with diet? Two Four Five Six Eight
Four
BIG offender with inflammation
Free radicals
Which of the following foods likely contains acrylamide? Raw potatoes French fries Raw carrots Grilled swordfish White rice
French fries
Foods that are antiparasitic
Fresh garlic Tumeric root Ginger root Pumpkin seeds Onion Cucumber seeds Pomegranate Papaya seeds Parsley Lemons Cinnamon Cloves Dandelion greens Pineapple Thyme Psyllium husk
Dr Margaret Miller changed antibiotic recommendations in milk
From 1part/100million to 1part/1million without any consumer safety testing
Which monosaccharide is found abundantly in fruits?
Fructose
Which of the following statements accurately describes ways to minimize nutrient losses when storing or preparing foods? To minimize vitamin loss, cut fresh fruits and vegetables and then rinse in water. Most fruits should be stored at room temperature to prevent vitamin loss. Use frozen vegetables sparingly as the nutrient content is lower than that of fresh vegetables. Microwaving vegetables causes the greatest loss of nutrients over other cooking methods. Fruits that have been cut or juiced should be stored in airtight containers in the refrigerator.
Fruits that have been cut or juiced should be stored in airtight containers in the refrigerator.
Impossible burger contains
GM soy (not food and an endocrine system disrupter for the body) Have 15x more glyphosate than normal burgers
Which of the following cannot support growth and health as a diet's sole protein?
Gelatin
When there is a need for increased dietary protein during pregnancy or lactation, which foodstuff would be least desirable?
Gelatin.
David Kronfeld
Genetically engineered bovine growth hormone (rbGH) and was then threatened by Monsanto and U stop and so all criticism was silenced immediately
In 1998 Health Canada reviewed
Genetically engineered rbGH that is injected into dairy cows to increase milk production
________, also called the "dwindles", characterizes the complexity of age-related weight loss.
Geriatric failure-to-thrive.
One of the most common causes of waterborne disease in humans in the U.S. is caused by:
Giardia.
__ won't degrade
Glass
Storage of colloidal silver products
Glass has less impurities Plastics leech into solution (causing silver nanoparticles to X-link)
Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state?
Glucagon
All cells use ____ as an energy source
Glucose
Starch is comprised of hundreds and perhaps thousands of which molecule?
Glucose
The coenzyme form of niacin is central to the metabolism of _____.
Glucose
What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
Glucose
Which of the following is a monosaccharide sometimes known blood sugar?
Glucose
Which of the following is true?
Glucose and galactose form lactose.
Dopamine binding correlates with
Glucose metabolism both in drug addiction and obesity
What of the following terms describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly blood glucose returns to normal?
Glycemic response
What is the simplest amino acid?
Glycine
Which compound is a storage form of energy for the body?
Glycogen
What is the main symptom of iodine deficiency? Anemia Goiter Skin lesions Diarrhea Purplish tongue
Goiter
Strategies that are likely to work to decrease sugar consumption
Government agency action Pricing strategies Controls at the point of sales Bundling strategies
Strategies that don't work to decrease sugar consumption
Government guidelines Public information campaigns Warning labels on product packaging School-based education programs Menu labeling
Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by the autoimmune disease called ________.
Graves' disease
Which of the following is not a resistant starch?
Green apples
Of the following foods, which is considered a cancer initiator? Legumes Grilled meat Garlic Fruit Milk
Grilled meat
Organic foods
Grown without pesticides or herbicides Mineral/vitamin content is high Minerally deficient soil sprayed with chemicals does not taste good compared to organic More expensive
______ is an ergogenic aids that increases the risk for acromegaly HMB Creatine Octacosanol Growth hormone DHEA
Growth hormone
Cardiovascular disease risk factors include all of the following except
HDL cholesterol > 40 mg/dl.
Breastfeeding is not recommended when the mother has ________. hepatitis common cold tuberculosis sinus infection HIV
HIV
In 1998 Howard Vlieger
Harvested natural corn and GM (Bt) corn on his farm on Iowa -> cattle broke through fences and walked through GMO corn fields to get to the non-GMO variety to eat
ORAC (oxygen radical absorption capacity)
Have antioxidant effects Nutritional supplements are the easiest way to get ORAC in the body High ORAC foods= green tea, Yerba matte tea, curry powder, cinnamon, red wine, dark skinned fruits, unpasteurized chocolate
Which of the following terms refers to the harm that is likely under real-life conditions? Hazard Toxicity Bioinsecurity Food insecurity Riskiness
Hazard
What is the leading cause of death in the United States?
Heart disease
Antibiotic treatment of infection with the bacteria ______________ heals some stomach ulcers and prevents their recurrence.
Helicobacter pylori
FDA and EFSA could influence the 'Court of Public Opinion"
Help to make sugar less appealing Cigarettes went from "fashion" to "filthy habit" in a few years
Antioxidants
Help with GI inflammation We need 20K ORAC per day and the average person only gets 1500
Silver suldadiazine
Helps with burns Very long history of effectiveness as an antimicrobial agent
Chronic ethanol exposure
Hematologic disorders Electrolyte abnormalities Hypertension Cardiac dilatation Cardiomyopathy Dyslipidemia Pancreatitis Malnutrition Obesity Hepatic dysfunction (ASH) Fetal alcohol syndrome Addiction
US wine contains
Herbicides Arsenic Pesticides Fungicides Glyphosates
When red meat is well done or charred on a girl
Heterocyclic amines (HCA) form (which are carcinogenic and pro-inflammatory)
What type of diet does research suggest can provide endurance athletes with ability to go longer without fatigue? Mixed diet Low carbohydrate diet No-carbohydrate diet Low-fat diet High-carbohydrate diet
High-carbohydrate diet
Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?
High-density lipoprotein
Which U.S. population group is growing at the fastest rate?
Hispanic
The glycemic effect of food depends on several things. Which is not one of them?
How the food was grown
Which substance denatures protein structures and activates pepsinogen?
Hydrochloric acid
Which method to assess body fat weighs a person on land and then again while submerged in water?
Hydrodensitometry
Which of the following is a chemical reaction in which one molecule is split into two molecules?
Hydrolysis
Chronic fructose exposure
Hypertension Myocardial infarction Dyslipidemia Pancreatitis Obesity Hepatic dysfunction (NASH) Fetal insulin resistance Habituation (if not addiction)
Anatomic leptin resistance
Hypothalamic obesity due to a brain tumor/trauma
Which of the following reflects a SMART goal?
I will eat a healthy breakfast and run three miles every day.
Which of the following accurately describes bovine growth hormone use in the United States? It is only biologically active in humans when injected. It cannot be detected in meat or milk of cows receiving it. If consumed from foods, it is digested by enzymes in the GI tract. If consumed from foods, it could potentially stimulate receptors for human growth hormone. Testing of BGH has indicated that its risks to human health are, at most, minor.
If consumed from foods, it is digested by enzymes in the GI tract.
Mineral chromium
If the cell does not have enough chromium inside, then the "glucose transporters" to bring sugar into the cell is interrupted and don't get activated to bring sugar in
What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine?
Ileocecal
Stressed lymphatic system causes a stressed __ system
Immune
Health Canada did investigations of rbGH and reported that FDA has
Improperly reported the data and concluded that rbGH was not and could not be absorbed into bloodstream based on assumption that anything ingested would be expected to be degraded in GI in the same manner as proteins (wrong)
Which of the following is not a true statement about the USDA MyPyramid Fruit group?
Include plenty of fruit juices for your fruit servings.
GI inflammation can be caused by
Increased sugar Processed foods Fast foods Low fiber diets Antibiotic exposure Acid blockers Hormones Etc
FDA could revisit the NLEA
Instead of total contents, label should reflect degree of processing What was added (sugar, salt, trans-fat) What was taken away (fiber)
Which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state?
Insulin
Which protein, acting as a hormone, regulates blood glucose?
Insulin
On a typical day, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium ingested to the amount of sodium excreted? Intake is higher. Excretion is higher. Intake and excretion are equal. Excretion is unrelated to intake. With extreme sodium intake, they are unrelated; with normal sodium intake, ingestion is greater than excretion.
Intake and excretion are equal.
Which sugar is only sold in liquid form and used as a food additive to help preserve freshness and prevent shrinkage?
Invert sugar
By law, what mineral must be added to refined flours during the enrichment process?
Iron
Of the following minerals, which is found in the body in the lowest amount? Iron Calcium Potassium Sodium Phosphorus
Iron
________ is the most common mineral deficiency world wide.
Iron
Which of the following statements describes the mineral nutrition of older adults? Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group. Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity. Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group. Vitamin D is more readily absorbed by the thinner skin of this group. Folate excesses are fairly common.
Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity.
What is typically a characteristic of a vegetarian diet?
Iron intake is higher.
Mary is 15 years old and has just joined her high school swim team. After the first three months of training and competing, her coach sends the team for mandatory physical examinations and routine blood tests. When Mary got home, she told her mom that the team physician prescribed her a daily iron supplement to take. What condition does Mary most likely have? Iron-deficiency anemia Amenorrhea Vitamin E deficiency Pernicious anemia Sports anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
________ is a process that uses gamma rays to eliminate harmful bacteria in meat and poultry.
Irradiation
Genetic engineering corn sprayed with herbicide glyphosate
Is directly related to the occurrence of four different types od cancer, stroke, and high blood pressure
Liver enzyme AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
Is made by the liver and indicates liver damage Healthy range is 10-40 (the higher the number the more problems your liver has)
Which of the following describes how iron deficiency affects children's behavior? It affects brain function long before blood effects appear. Testing is a tedious, cost-prohibitive process for many families. It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome. Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span. Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are normalized.
It affects brain function long before blood effects appear.
Which of the following is true about Olestra?
It cannot be digested, therefore it leaves the body.
Which of the following statements accurately describes body mass index?
It correlates with disease risks.
Which of the following is not true of copper? It is a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis. It helps make collagen. It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body. It helps inactivate histamine. It is a constituent of several enzymes.
It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.
Which of the following is a function of vitamin C?
It helps form collagen.
How does aspirin reduce inflammation and relieve pain? It acts as a sedative. It promotes wound healing and blood clotting. It interferes with prostaglandins. It binds to nerve receptors. It stimulates endorphins.
It interferes with prostaglandins.
What happens when pepsin enters the small intestine?
It is digested due to the high pH.
Which of the following is true about cholesterol?
It is found only in animal products.
Which of the following is true about the lymphatic system?
It is important for transporting fat-soluble nutrients.
In a short paragraph or two, explain the importance of folate (folic acid) and it's role in reducing the risk of neural tube defects.
It is important to have folic acid in your system during the early stages when your baby's brain and spinal cord are developing. It also reduced the change of your baby having a neural tube defect. The neural tube develops during the first months of pregnancy and having enough folic acid is essential to proper development. Generally neural tube defects occur about 25 days after conception. The cells of the neural plate make up the nervous system. In normal development, they fold back onto themselves in order to create what is called the neural tube, which then becomes the back bone and the spinal cord. After a number of transformations, the superior pole eventually becomes the brain. One can liken this process to a coin whose edges merge at its center. In the case of an NTD, the neural tube is unable to close completely. The growing brain and spinal cord are then exposed (depending on the location of the anomaly). The most common forms of NTD are anencephaly and spina bifida. (this information was obtained from the Taber Medical Dictionary)
Which of the following is true of pantothenic acid?
It is involved in more than 100 steps in the synthesis of certain compounds.
Which of the following is a feature of Retin-A? It is effective in treating rickets. It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne. It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles. It prevents birth defects when used by pregnant women. It is known to cause inflammation and darkly pigmented skin.
It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles.
Which of the following is true about protein?
It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.
Which of these statements is true of nonheme iron? It is present in plant-derived foods only. It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods. Only about 25 percent of nonheme iron in food is absorbed. Citric acid interferes with its absorption. Its absorption is enhanced by phytates.
It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods.
Which of the following is true regarding bile?
It is produced by the liver.
All of the following are features of the epiglottis except which one?
It is the first GI tract sphincter.
Which of the following statements best describes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient?
It is the minimum amount that the average person needs in her diet.
Which statement accurately describes lecithin?
It is used as an emulsifier by the food industry.
How is iron used in the bone marrow? It is converted to myoglobin and sent to the muscle for storage. It is used to produce transferrin. It is used to make hemoglobin. It is used to convert hemoglobin to myoglobin. It becomes a cofactor and used during energy metabolism.
It is used to make hemoglobin.
Which of the following is true of fluoride? A deficiency causes the condition fluorosis. Toxicity is unknown. A deficiency can lead to pica. It is added to about 25 percent of community water systems in the United States. It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.
It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.
Which of the following is a correct statement about morning sickness? It may occur any time of day, not just in the morning hours. It typically peaks at the start of the second trimester. It can be effectively treated by eating foods high in vitamin B6. Citrus juices, water, and milk are the best beverages to treat nausea. Taking prenatal supplements will ease symptoms.
It may occur any time of day, not just in the morning hours.
Which of the following is not true of diabetic ketoacidosis? It results in ketonuria. It can lead to diabetic coma. It occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It occurs only in type 1 diabetes. It results from the production of ketones for energy since glucose cannot enter the cells.
It occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Which of the following is true of vitamin B6?
It occurs in three forms
When oil in bottles mix with air over time
It oxidizes and causes you to pour a lot of free radicals into your body -oil in water= free radicals -oil in high heat= free radicals
Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?
It picks up and transports dietary lipid.
It is 10 a.m. and Julie is trying to decide what to prepare for tonight's dinner. She selects a frozen turkey breast and must thaw it before she can proceed with her cooking preparations. Which of the following would be an appropriate method of thawing her poultry?
Julie could use her microwave.
At birth, a single dose of vitamin ________ is given by intramuscular injection. A D2 D3 E K
K
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? A D2 D3 E K
K
What happens to crops sprayed with glyphosate?
Kills bugs Gets into soil and roots of plants Kills bacteria in soil Less minerals absorbed due to no bacteria to pre-digest minerals Symbiotic relationship exists between plant/bacteria/minerals in soil
Which substance has the biggest role in the development of atherosclerosis? HDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol Hemoglobin Calcium Sodium
LDL cholesterol
What factor in breast milk inhibits inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier? Colostrum Lactoferrin TGF-β Bifidus factor Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Which of the following is not a monosaccharide?
Lactose
Briefly describe lactose intolerance, including its symptoms and causes and any recommended dietary changes.
Lactose intolerance is a condition that results from the inability to digest the milk sugar lactose. The symptoms of lactose intolerance are abdominal discomfort, bloating, and diarrhea. The causes of lactose intolerance are damaged intestinal villi caused by disease, medicines, prolonged diarrhea, or malnutrition. The recommended dietary changes are to gradually increase intake of milk products, consume them with other foods, and spread their intake throughout the day.
An eating pattern that includes milk and milk products, but excludes meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs from the diet, is known as:
Lactovegetarian diet
Which of the following is true of niacin?
Large doses of the nicotinic acid form can raise HDL cholesterol.
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ Filters/stores blood and produces white blood cells
Dybiosis (imbalances) microbiome
Leads to leaky gut, CVD, AD, skin disorders, changes in brain function
Which of the following is T concerning the safe storage of leftovers?
Leftovers should only be refrigerated for up to four days.
Which plants of the bean and pea family have seeds that are rich in protein when compared with other plant-derived foods?
Legumes
Which protein provides about 20 grams of carbohydrate in a ½-cup serving?
Legumes
Which of the following statements accurately describes naturally occurring food toxicants? Lima beans contain deadly cyanide compounds. Solanine poisoning is common in people who eat raw potatoes. The toxic laetrile in certain fruit seeds is a moderately effective cancer treatment. People with thyroid problems should eat mustard greens and radishes raw. Even small amounts of goitrogen-containing vegetables can cause thyroid problems.
Lima beans contain deadly cyanide compounds.
Which recommendation is part of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Limit kcalories from added sugars and saturated fats.
Which of the following is a fat-digesting enzyme secreted from the mouth?
Lingual lipase
Bfidobacterium
Linked to better health and less risk of chronic diseases
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
Linoleic
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
Linolenic acid
Which of the following nutrients can directly supply energy for human use?
Lipids and oils
Ectoparasites
Live on host such as skin and hair EX= fleas, lice, scabies, bedbugs
What organ contains special LDL receptors that play a crucial role in controlling blood cholesterol?
Liver
Which food is a rich source of retinoids? Liver Broccoli Cantaloupe Sweet potato Spinach
Liver
Microbiome
Living dynamic environment where the abundance of a particular species can fluctuate daily/weekly/monthly depending on diet, medications, exercise, or environmental exposures
Which of the following is not true about an incomplete protein source?
Lower quantities of this source could be eaten to get adequate quantities of essential amino acids.
To which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
Lungs
Which of the following is not considered part of the GI tract?
Lungs
After digestion and absorption, which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins?
Lymphatic
Lymph
Lymphatic fluid
Blockages, diseases, or infections can affect the function/ability of the
Lymphatic system
Collecting ducts
Lymphatic vessels that empty the lymph into the right lymphatic duct and left lymphatic duct
Michael and his friends dined at a hibachi chain restaurant where Japanese dishes were grilled tableside by theatrical chefs. Afterward, Michael experienced facial flushing, chest pain, and throbbing headaches. His symptoms most likely were caused by which food additive? BHA Sulfites Nitrites BHT MSG
MSG
Which of the following is not true about the events during and after absorption of protein digestive breakdown products?
Many whole proteins are absorbed and enter the blood.
Peyer's patches
Masses of lymphatic tissue in the mucous membrane that lines your small intestine
Thymus
Matures a specific type of white blood cell that fights off foreign organisms
Despite the economic downturn of 2008
McDonalds, Coke, and Pepsi revenues and stock prices continues to rise
Octreotide
Medication that helps obese people who have hypothalamus damage lose weight
What is a difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease between men and women? Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60. Men are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than women. After age 60, women are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than men Women have a higher risk for developing coronary heart disease but men have a higher risk of dying from it. Women's overall risk for coronary heart disease may be higher because they have higher homocysteine levels.
Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60.
High fructose diets cause
Metabolic dysregulation in animals
Which of the following characterizes iron-deficiency anemia? Macrocytic red blood cells Microcytic red blood cells Purplish tongue Reddened cheeks Hyperchromic red blood cells
Microcytic red blood cells
Which of the following accurately describes how hunger affects behavior in children? Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch. Children who skip breakfast typically make up the nutrient deficits at later meals. Midmorning snacks improve classroom performance all the way to lunchtime. Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, they tend to perform well on tasks requiring concentration. Hunger's short-term effects on behavior are well researched, but there is little evidence regarding its long-term effects.
Midmorning snacks improve classroom performance all the way to lunchtime.
Of these foods, which has the greatest vitamin B12 bioavailability?
Milk
Which of the following is a food that provides all of the essential amino acids?
Milk
Chromium
Mimics insulin and binds to cell receptors if there is not enough insulin available
ORAC and excessive free radical exposure can damage
Mitochondria
Dietary protein needs of an athlete can best be met by consuming _________. Moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day 1 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight supplements in addition to a healthy diet meat, poultry, or fish at every meal over 2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight
Moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day
Olive oil contains abundant amounts of which type of fatty acid?
Monounsaturated
Which compound is missing two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons?
Monounsaturated fatty acid
Dupont and GE soybean have
More complete protein for animal feed so took gene from Brazil nut and inserted into soybean to give extra nutrition for diets of cows and hogs
Which statement accurately describes carbohydrate in milk and milk products?
Most cheeses contain little, if any, carbohydrate.
Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?
Most consume more than is needed.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of protein?
Most significant energy source for humans
Akkermansia muciniphila
Mucus loving bacteria that compromises 1-5% of gut microbiome Key to restoring gut function (linked to gut health, weight loss, decreased insulin resistance, decreased inflammation, etc)
Where are the highest concentrations of zinc in the body? Liver and pancreas Brain Small intestine Blood Muscle and bone
Muscle and bone
________ refers to an increase to the size and strength of muscles in response to use. Muscle hypertrophy Muscle overload Muscle atrophy Muscle conditioning Muscle fitness
Muscle hypertrophy
Common muscle/joint symptoms of parasites
Muscle/joint pain Muscle cramping Numbness in hand/feet Pain in navel, back, thigh, shoulders Arthritic pains Fast heartbeat Autoimmune issues
Foods high in chromium
Mussels, shellfish, oysters, shrimp, broccoli, green beans, lean cut meats, wine, Brazil nuts
From what you've learned in chapters 8 and 9, what can you do to change your pattern of eating and/or physical activity to lose weight and help ensure maintenance of any loss? Or if you already have a desirable BMI, what can you do to maintain that BMI. (You do not have to post your BMI).
My BMI is not where I want it to be, so the first thing I could do is set a SMART goal for myself. My past goals have been way too broad and unrealistic, which always ended in myself giving up or giving in, depending on what the goal was. A SMART goal would give me something realistic to achieve. I have a pretty good diet, but don't have a good amount of exercise to back it up, so I could also increase my daily exercise.
Yogurt
NOT healthy Contains a lot of sugar
Homeopathy
Natural/alternative medicine
Trypsin inhibitor (TI)
Naturally found in soy Major allergen
__ physicians have a lot more clinical nutrition training
Naturopathic
What organ system is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its critical period? Cardiovascular Circulatory Digestive Nervous Endocrine
Nervous
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries and tubes that transport lymph away from tissues
Which of the following is known to be toxic in large doses?
Niacin
Which of the following is not an essential trace mineral? Selenium Copper Nickel Chromium Molybdenum
Nickel
In 2010 the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee suggested
No more than 25% of total energy should come from added sugars
According to the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, how often should one eat meat?
No more than a few times a month
During parasite treatment
No sugar No pork No dairy No alcohol No preservative foods Try to avoid wheat
EPA
Not a food but a pesticide and therefore falls under EPA and not same standards as FDA but gives tolerances for each chemical and don't require testing for food safety
Which term refers to the study of how genes influence the activities of nutrients?
Nutrigenetics
Which term refers to the study of how nutrients influence the activities of genes?
Nutrigenomics
What is the leading cause of pediatric hypertension? Obesity High sodium intake Insufficient calcium intake Potassium deficiency High HDL cholesterol7
Obesity
Akkermansia helps prevent
Obesity Diabetes Brain function Metabolic syndrome Cancer Alzheimers disease Autoimmune disorders Gut disorders (IBD, Chron's, Colitis, etc) Skin disorders (Eczema, Psoriasis, Rosacea)
Which of the following is a recommended strategy for honoring children's mealtime preferences? Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods. Serve varied, spicy flavors to entice a child's taste buds. Cook food until very hot to keep a child from eating too quickly. Allow children to eat at the "grown-up" table using china and silverware. Try a series of gourmet foods with fancy names to build the child's cultural awareness.
Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods.
Which group is more prone to vitamin B12 deficiency?
Older adults
Which statement about fat replacers is FALSE?
Olestra is an artificial fat that delivers a small amount of energy.
Which of the following is a potentially healthful source of monounsaturated fats?
Olives
Strict vegans are normally deficient in
Omega-3s (which is a huge problem)
Tina is consuming 12 mg of iron per day. Her RDA is 15 mg. She has no condition warranting a greater-than-normal need for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient?
Only if her intake is consistently less than 70% of the RDA would she be at great risk of nutritional deficiency.
Which term refers to a relatively new food practice that uses restrictive diets, ritualized eating patterns, and rigid food avoidance?
Orthorexia nervosa
What is the term for the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane? Hypotension Hypertension Osmotic pressure Solute pressure Centripetal pressure
Osmotic pressure
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? 21-34 years 35-49 years 50-64 years 65-84 years Over 85 years
Over 85 years
A diet that restricts phenylalanine and supplies tyrosine is the only current treatment for people born with the single-gene disorder ________.
PKU
When blood glucose falls, which organ responds first?
Pancreas
Insects do not have a
Pancreas (so they do not want to eat sugar)
Where are most digestive enzymes produced?
Pancreas and small intestine
What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?
Pancreatic amylase
Of these foods, which is the best source of iron? Parsley Peanut butter Pinto beans Tuna Tofu
Parsley
Due to the Pusztai corruption
People didn't believe their government would provide "honest and balanced informant about biological developments and their regulations"
What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?
Pepsin
Which digestive enzyme hydrolyzes protein in the stomach?
Pepsin
Which of the following is not true about pepsin?
Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.
What substances, present in fruits and vegetables, provide significant health benefits such as reducing the risk of cancer?
Phytochemicals
Round up was originally used as a
Pipe descaler (to reduce mineral buildup)
What is the main cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Poor absorption
Which of the following is symptom of scurvy?
Poor wound healing
Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients, transporting them to the liver?
Portal vein
Some diuretics can lead to a deficiency of what nutrient? Sodium Calcium Potassium Phosphate Manganese
Potassium
Mitochondria
Powerhouse important for energy Brain and heart are rich in mitochondria Toxins (pesticides, herbicides, starch/sugar, pharmaceuticals, chemical) hurt mitochondria function
Which of the following accurately describes vitamin D from the sun? Sunscreens with an SPF of 8 or higher increase vitamin D synthesis. Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition. Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity. For someone living in Chicago, vitamin D stores from the summer months are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter. Pigments in dark skins increase vitamin D synthesis.
Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity.
Want to buy digestive enzymes containing
Protease Amylase Lipase Cellulase Bromeliad Papain Lactase Maltase Sucrase
What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
Protects stomach cells from gastric juices
Lymphatic system
Protects your body from foreign invaders Maintain body fluid levels Absorption of fats Removing cellular waste
In the USDA Food Patterns, in which food group are legumes found?
Protein
Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating?
Protein
Which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur? Fats Protein Fat-soluble vitamins Carbohydrates Water
Protein
If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?
Protein synthesis will be limited.
How do proteins regulate fluid balance?
Proteins attract water.
You are on a diet and eating less than 50 grams of carbohydrate per day. The claim made in the diet educational materials is that carbohydrate is the main culprit in being overweight, so it must be restricted. Which of the following will happen as a result of this low carbohydrate diet?
Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs.
3 major categories of parasites
Protozoa Helminths Ectoparasites
What do cellulose and lignin fibers do in the body?
Provide bulk and feelings of fullness.
Which of the following is not true about water?
Provides energy
What term is defined as the period of life in which a person becomes physically capable of reproduction? Tweenager Adolescence Puberty Juvenescence Immaturity
Puberty
Which title is bestowed on an individual who specializes in providing nutrition services through organized community efforts?
Public health nutritionist
The acronym RDA stands for
Recommended Dietary Allowance.
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:
Refined-grain products contain germ and bran as well as endosperm.
GM foods in the US
Regular part of US diet Huge amounts in processed foods or fast foods
What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years? Iron consumption Tobacco use Chronological age Regular physical activity Genetics
Regular physical activity
4 R's with microbiome environment
Remove Replace Reinoculate Repair
Common reproductive symptoms of parasites
Reproductive issues Hypoglycemia Anemia Painful PMS issues Candida (yeast infections) UTIs Cysts/fibroids Menstrual problems (endometriosis) Water retention
Which adipokine promotes inflammation and causes insulin resistance?
Resistin
Which part of the eye contains billions of molecules of vitamin A? Cornea Sclera Retina Macula Choroid
Retina
What is the alcohol form of vitamin A? Retinal Beta-carotene Retinol Retinoic Alpha-carotene
Retinol
Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? All vitamin A comes from protein-rich foods. Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter. Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin. Retinol-binding protein serves as the vitamin's transport carrier inside the body. Protein frees vitamin A from its lipid bonds.
Retinol-binding protein serves as the vitamin's transport carrier inside the body.
Which of the following is a light-sensitive pigment of the retina? Rhodopsin Opsin Melanin Chlorophyll Xanthophylls
Rhodopsin
Of the following cereals, which is least likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? Oat Rice Corn Wheat Barley
Rice
Which of the following terms is defined as a measure of the probability and severity of harm? Risk Safety Hazard Toxicity Danger
Risk
Phillip James
Rowett Institute Director Originally gave Dr. Pusztai stack documents (700 pages) submitted by biotech companies seeking approval of their GM soy/corn/tomatoes British ministry of agriculture was about to vote Pusztai knew James nor any of the others on panel ACNFP "Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes" would read it so they asked Dr Pusztai opinion
Which of the following contains a rich supply of omega-3 fatty acids?
Salmon
Which microorganism was responsible for the contamination of peanut products in 2008?
Salmonella
What is a feature of the of the updated Nutrition Facts panel?
Saturated fat content must be listed.
Which of the following should be limited in the diet because of their effect on blood cholesterol?
Saturated fats
What are the differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, have all of their hydrogen atoms, most resistant to oxidation and contains only single bonds. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, are missing some hydrogen bonds, spoil easily and have double bonds.
Which of the following meals would leave the stomach last?
Sausage, egg, cheese, biscuit, and coffee
Which of the following is the only significant source of human methylmercury exposure? Seafood Legumes Unfiltered water Undercooked poultry Rice oil
Seafood
Of the following, which is the best advice for lowering energy intake for weight loss?
Select fewer energy-dense foods
Of the following nutrients, which one has a known specific role in immunity? Selenium Vitamin K Thiamin Copper Molybdenum
Selenium
________ is used to describe the age-related processes that increase risk of disability, disease, and death.
Senescence
Which of the following is a nonessential amino acid?
Serine
What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage? Hematocrit Serum iron level Red blood cell count Serum ferritin Transferrin saturation
Serum ferritin
How long can it take for the symptoms of vitamin B12 symptoms to develop, if a person, say, a new vegetarian, was to suddenly stop eating animal products?
Several years
Gag order did not prevent Dr Pusztai from
Sharing unpublished research with other scientists (but the major hurdle was getting back his confiscated data)
Cornell university study 1994-1997
Showed farms that used rbGH did not actually achieve higher profits than farms that did not use hormone injections (and nations milk supply soon became highly contaminated)
Common symptoms of parasites
Sick often Tired/low energy Brain fog Diarrhea Chronic constipation Gas/bloating Digestive problems Abdominal pain/discomfort Mucous in stool Leaky gut Bloody stools
Which disease is caused by a sequencing error in the structure of hemoglobin, which changes its shape and characteristics?
Sickle-cell anemia
Dan Quayle
Sidestepping "unnecessary regulation" meant that governments would not require any safety rests or labelling to identify foods as GE "hands off policy"
Protozoa
Single celled organisms called plasmodium EX= malaria
Colloid mechanism of action
Size gives ionic charge in solution and the smaller the particles the better/stronger the charge collectively Do not want colloidal silver product to aggregate in solution or it ruins their activity
Which of the following is a major source of lactose?
Skim milk
Common skin symptoms of parasites
Skin disorders (dry skin/hair, brittle hair, hair loss) Allergies Itchy nose/anus/skin, or crawling sensation under skin Allergic reactions to food (that has not occurred before) Rashes that show up for no reason Eczema
Binders
Soak up byproducts that parasites release as they are killed (to decrease side effects of the cleanse)
What is the principal extracellular cation? Sodium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Phosphorus
Sodium
2nd most effective colloidal silver product was
Sovereign silver
Which of the following formulas should be used first when an infant is found to be lactose intolerant? Egg Soy Barley Hydrolyzed protein Goat's milk
Soy
Which of the following is not a cruciferous vegetable? Broccoli Cauliflower Cabbage Spinach Brussels sprouts
Spinach
Of these body organs and glands, which one is involved in immunity? Liver Pancreas Parathyroid gland Kidneys Spleen
Spleen
World in Action
Spoke to James in a broadcast that was a few minutes long When asked if he would eat GM foods himself "If I had the choice I would certainly not eat it till I see at least comparable experimental evidence which we are producing for our generically modified potatoes"
________ is considered a temporary, adaptive response to strenuous activity that is noticeable in blood hemoglobin values but does not impair physical performance. Iron-deficiency anemia Amennorhea Vitamin E deficiency Pernicious anemia Sports anemia
Sports anemia
Which of the following describes the process of starch digestion?
Starch to maltose to glucose
What is the simplest of the 18-carbon fatty acids?
Stearic acid
Which nonnutritive artificial sweetener is herb-derived and generally recognized as safe?
Stevia
In what part of the GI tract is pepsin active?
Stomach
Proteins are digested in which areas of the body?
Stomach and small intestine
Which of the following is the most pesticide-contaminated food? Grapefruit Cherry tomatoes Grapes Strawberries Peaches
Strawberries
Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose?
Sugar cane
Which of the following is characteristic of lipids?
Supply a concentrated form of fuel for the body
What is an easy way to quickly estimate water loss and fluid needs following physical activity? Multiply body weight (kg) by 1 percent to determine liters of water loss Multiply duration of activity (min) by body weight (kg) to determine mL of water loss Subtract air temperature (°F) from body weight (lbs) and then multiply by 5 to determine mL of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and divide by the relative humidity.
Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss
What is an easy way to quickly estimate water loss and fluid needs following physical activity? Multiply body weight (kg) by 1 percent to determine liters of water loss Multiply duration of activity (min) by body weight (kg) to determine mL of water loss Subtract air temperature (°F) from body weight (lbs) and then multiply by 5 to determine mL of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and divide by the relative humidity.
Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss
Food grown in mineral deficient soil
Tastes bad because it it usually low in sugar (so sometimes these products have added processed/refined sugars)
To get his work published Dr Pusztai
Teamed up with others who did further research on his studies and then co-authored his own work and studies
Leptin
Tells the hypothalamus that you have extra energy to burn Causes people to have bursts of increased energy
"Frankenstein foods"
Term to describe GM foods in UK and across Europe during Dr Pusztais time
Insulin sensitivity is tested by
Testing fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin
Which of the following is a correct statement about calcium during pregnancy? Calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations. The RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy. Calcium absorption efficiency is the same as before pregnancy. Adequate intake prevents the calcium from being taken from the mother's bones. The body priorities the mother's bone calcium needs over that of the fetus.
The RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy.
Which of the following is true of carbohydrate cravings and addictions?
The addiction shares some psychological systems involved in rewards and self-control.
Which of the following is not required on a nutrition label?
The amount of all vitamins and minerals for which there is an RDA
Soil nutrition is related to
The amount of sugar in plants
Dr. Kimber Standhope from UC-Davis studied
The association between sugar consumption and metabolic disorders -Obesity -Visceral obesity -Fatty liver -Dyslipidemia -Insulin resistance -Type 2 diabetes -Cardiovascular disease -Metabolic syndrome
What is alpha-lactalbumin? The main carbohydrate in human breast milk The main carbohydrate in cow's milk A fatty acid in human breast milk The chief protein in human breast milk The chief protein in cow's milk
The chief protein in human breast milk
Gut microbiome
The collective genome of microbiomes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Which statement about trans-fatty acids is FALSE?
The conversion of cis-fatty acids to trans-fatty acids is inhibited by the presence of antioxidants.
Mineral levels in soil have been decreasing exponentially since
The early 1900s in the US
Fasting and postprandial postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity
The enzyme that clears triglycerides out of the blood
Which statement best explains the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?
The fewer risk factors for a disease, the better the chances for good health.
Leaky gut causes
The immune system to become hypersensitive
_________ are the two components that make up approximately 15 pounds of the recommended weight gain during pregnancy. The placenta and the mother's fat stores The amniotic sac fluid and the infant at birth The maternal fat stores and the additional blood volume The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores The increased size of the uterus and increases in the mother's fluid volume
The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores
If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?
The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.
Which of the following is a correct statement in regards to the mother's weight and weight loss after pregnancy? Most women return to their pre-pregnancy weight. Women who do lose all their pregnancy weight are more likely to gain additional weight during adult years. A combination of diet and breastfeeding is the most effective method to use to support weight loss. Retaining some pregnancy weight has little effect on the mother's future health and chronic disease risk. The more weight a woman gains beyond needed pregnancy weight, the more weight she will likely retain.
The more weight a woman gains beyond needed pregnancy weight, the more weight she will likely retain.
Which of the following is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes? The mother being 33 years old The mother being 24 years old BMI of 29 at conception The mother's sister having type 2 diabetes The mother being African-American or Native American
The mother being 24 years old
De novo lipogenesis (DNL)
The process by which the liver turns sugar into triglycerides
What element of their chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another?
The side group
Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake?
The size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease.
Which of the following is true of food assistance programs of the Older Americans Act? Eligibility begins at 50. There are no income limits for eligibility. Meals on Wheels is generally preferred to congregate meals. Currently, only luncheon meals are offered. Meals for people with special dietary needs are offered, but less frequently that regular meals.
There are no income limits for eligibility.
What is the UL for vitamin K? 200 μg/day 400 μg/day 600 μg/day 800 μg/day There is no UL.
There is no UL.
Which of the following is not true of dietary fibers?
They are absorbed in the large intestine.
Which of the following is correct about a woman's energy needs during the first trimester? Only a very small additional amount of energy (150 to 250 kcal) is typically needed. They are approximately the same as those for a nonpregnant woman. The energy needs are the same as what is needed in the second trimester. No additional energy is needed if a vitamin and mineral supplement is being taken. Energy needs are the same across all three trimesters.
They are approximately the same as those for a nonpregnant woman.
When famers buy and plant Monsanto GE seeds
They are forced to sign a contract requiring them to ONLY use their brand of seeds
Which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy? Labor is typically shorter due to the baby being smaller. Maternal death is highest for those younger than age 20. Socioeconomic status has little effect on pregnancy health and complications. Young mothers are less likely to smoke. They are more likely to deliver a baby that weighs 5 ½ pounds or less.
They are more likely to deliver a baby that weighs 5 ½ pounds or less.
Which of the following is not true about body proteins?
They are static and change little after achievement of adult status.
Which of the following is a correct statement about taking vitamin and mineral supplements directly before competition? Performance is usually enhanced. Absorption of vitamins and minerals occurs immediately so the body can use them during competition if needed. Supplements are only suggested for athletes who have nutrient deficiencies. They are useless for improving performance. Most athletes do not believe in the ability of them to enhance performance.
They are useless for improving performance.
Which of the following is a correct statement about taking vitamin and mineral supplements directly before competition? Performance is usually enhanced. Absorption of vitamins and minerals occurs immediately so the body can use them during competition if needed. Supplements are only suggested for athletes who have nutrient deficiencies. They are useless for improving performance. Most athletes do not believe in the ability of them to enhance performance.
They are useless for improving performance.
Which of the following accurately describes free radicals? They are destroyed by air pollution. They arise from normal metabolic reactions. They promote cell repair and act as an anti-inflammatory agent. They are immune to the presence of antioxidant nutrients. They are more common in infants and children than adults and the elderly.
They arise from normal metabolic reactions.
Which of the following statements is true of essential trace minerals in general? They are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams a day. They can be found in a wide variety of foods. Toxicities are rare. They function independently in the body. They are found in a few select foods.
They can be found in a wide variety of foods.
What is a characteristic of structure-function claims on food labels?
They can be made without any FDA approval.
Which statement about sugar alcohols is FALSE?
They cannot be metabolized by bacteria in the GI tract.
Which statement is true of precursors?
They describe vitamins that are inactive in food but become active once inside the body.
Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways?
They do not dissolve in water.
Which of the following is true of vitamins in general?
They help enzymes participate in release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine?
They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria.
Which of the following is true of iron supplements? They should be taken only when prescribed by a physician who has assessed an iron deficiency. Iron in supplements is absorbed better than iron in food. Diarrhea is a common side effect. Absorption improves when the iron supplement is taken with meals. They are standard for vegetarians.
They should be taken only when prescribed by a physician who has assessed an iron deficiency.
What are chylomicrons?
Tiny spheres of emulsified fat
IUPAC colloid
To be a colloid the dissolved particle must be atleast 1 nanometer (1 billionth of a meter) in diameter Most silver colloids are nm but some are picometer (1 trillionth of a meter)
Why is folate supplementation recommended for women one month before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy?
To prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which may occur during the early weeks of pregnancy.
What is a possible health benefit of anthocyanins? To promote weight loss To prevent some cancers To reduce complications of diabetes To protect against the effects of aging To lower blood cholesterol levels
To protect against the effects of aging
Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue?
To regulate blood glucose levels
What term is used to describe the maximum amount of a residue that is allowed in a food when the pesticide is used according to label directions? Toxicity level Tolerance level Residue maximization Risk concentration Adverse concentration
Tolerance level
12 healthy foods high in prebiotics
Tomatoes Artichokes Onions Garlic Chicory Dandelion greens Asparagus Leeks Berries Bananas Flax seed Legumes
The NHANES studied energy nutrient data over the past 35 years. What were their findings?
Total daily energy intakes increased significantly.
Tonsils/Adenoid
Trap pathogens
Sources of parasites
Travel Sushi Contaminated water Contaminated meats Insect bites Gardening Pets Swimming in lakes, ponds, creeks Kissing/sharing drinks with people with parasites Vegetables and fruits Walking barefoot Playing around dirt/soil
In which form are most dietary lipids found?
Triglycerides
Which lipid is most abundant, in foods and in the body?
Triglycerides
Which of the following statements accurately defines the U.S. intake of saturated fats?
Tropical oils are commonly found in commercially prepared foods.
A high-fat meal is likely to also be a high-calorie meal.
True
An inadequate intake of dietary protein can stunt a child's growth.
True
Animal fat is the major dietary component that raises blood cholesterol.
True
Animal protein foods often contain large amounts of saturated fat
True
Bile is required if the fats within the digestive tract are to be fully digested
True
Both excessive and insufficient intakes of zinc can impair immune function.
True
Fiber is defined as both the fiber found naturally in foods and the fiber added to foods.
True
Hydrogenation makes vegetable oils more solid at room temperature.
True
Insufficient carbohydrates may lead to ketosis.
True
Lipids containing mostly polyunsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.
True
Many stomach enzymes work less efficiently in the small intestine
True
Marasmus is a disease caused by starvation and can be seen in children who live in large cities of impoverished countries
True
Mitochondria supply most of the energy for cell use
True
Most people in the United States consume too much sodium.
True
Protein can be converted to glucose in the body.
True
The effect of moderate amounts of dietary cholesterol on heart disease is less of a concern than dietary saturated fat's influence on heart disease.
True
The small intestine absorbs some vitamins better when dietary fat is present.
True
Which amino acid is the precursor to niacin?
Tryptophan
With which of these factors is high blood triglycerides known to be associated? High alcohol intake Smoking Type 2 diabetes Underweight Postmenopausal estrogen therapy
Type 2 diabetes
Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are
Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke.
What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter epinephrine and the pigment melanin?
Tyrosine
US white house stated
US leadership in biotechnology research and development would be enhanced by proceeding with BST and any new governmental obstacles to biotech products would impede progress
Which of the following government agencies monitors and regulates food production and preservation?
USDA
Which term describes failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that does not meet nutritional needs?
Undernutrition
Common mood/anxiety symptoms of parasites
Unexplained fear for no reason Weakness Mood swings Nervousness Depression Forgetfulness Unclear thinking Restlessness Anxiety Slow reflexes
Which government agency regulates organic farming standards in the United States?
United States Department of Agriculture
The maximum rate of oxygen consumption by an individual at sea level is known as VO2 max. one-half VO2 max. cardiac output. cardiac conditioned index. cardiac volume.
VO2 max.
Which of the following is an essential amino acid?
Valine
Which of the following is true about the use of the USDA MyPyramid?
Variety is the key to the plan.
Which statement describes a feature of iron nutrition in vegetarians?
Vegetarians adapt to absorbing iron more efficiently.
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
Very $$$ equipment Used to calculate size, concentration, and charge/conductivity Clumping means larger sized molecules (lower ionic charge and higher conductivity -> lower effectiveness)
What term refers to fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs?
Visceral fat
Which B vitamin is stored extensively in muscle tissue?
Vitamin B6
Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied by solid foods in a baby's diet? Vitamin C and iron Vitamin A and zinc Vitamin B12 and fluoride Vitamin E and magnesium Sodium and iron
Vitamin C and iron
Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied by solid foods in a baby's diet? Vitamin C and iron Vitamin A and zinc Vitamin B12 and fluoride Vitamin E and magnesium Sodium and iron
Vitamin C and iron
Which of the following statements describes a connection between nutrition and cataract formation? Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts. Adequate intakes of vitamin K and folate seem to delay the onset of cataract formation. Nutrition seems to play little, if any, role in the onset of cataracts. Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts. Antioxidant supplements appear to prevent cataracts.
Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts.
Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Your friend is careful about her health and only purchases organic and all natural foods. Based on this information alone, which of the following foods would you recommend your friend regularly buy at the grocery store? Whole-grain bread Vitamin D-fortified milk Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice Wheat germ Vitamin K-rich whole grain cereals
Vitamin D-fortified milk
Which of the following vitamins is not water soluble?
Vitamin K
Which of the following yield no calories?
Vitamins
What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit group
Vitamins A and C
Which of the following accurately describes minerals? When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash. The body absorbs each mineral from foods in much the same way. Minerals in food can be destroyed by acid. The body needs about 200 milligrams of each trace mineral each day. Major minerals are more important than trace minerals.
When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.
Good regulation of sugar allows cells to know
When energy is full so glucose transporters close and any remaining blood sugar goes to liver where it is either used or stored
Fatty liver disease
When protective mucous lining of get gets destroyed then bad bacteria can get into body circulation in liver and cause systemic inflammation and FLD
Which of the following is not a rich source of viscous (soluble) fibers?
Whole wheat bread
Slim research on safety of GM foods due to
Wide-spread corruption in academia, institutes, scientific panels, research journals, government officials, etc
Dr. Arpad Pusztai
Worked for 35 years at Rowett Institute, Aberdeen Scotland (world leading nutritional science institute) Famous for GMO research
Dr Margaret Miller
Worked for Monsanto before coming to FDA to change the regulations to get their approval
Helminths
Worm parasites such as trematodes (flukes, flatworms), cestodes (tapeworms), or nematodes (roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, whipworms)
Which of the following is an example of a flexibility activity? Yoga Swimming Power walking Lifting free weights Pilates
Yoga
__ are important in helping the body optimize metabolism of sugar
Zinc, selenium, and magnesium
A Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program would address which element of food service? a. cleaning and disinfecting of utensils b. developing healthy menus c. controlling patient kcalorie intake d. prescribing diets for patients with swallowing problems e. estimating appropriate energy needs of patients
a
A characteristic of unsaturated fats is that they can _____. a. become rancid more easily than saturated fats b. contribute greatly to elevated cholesterol levels c. usually remain solid at room temperature d. be obtained only from animal products e. not be hydrogenated
a
A glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 indicates which stage of chronic kidney disease? a. Stage 5: Kidney failure b. Stage 4: Severely decreased c. Stage 2: Mildly decreased d. Stage 3a: Mild to moderately decreased e. Stage 3b: Moderate to severely decreased
a
A hospitalized patient is on a progressive diet following surgery. One day, the patient experiences nausea and vomiting after consuming lunch. The nurse recognizes that it is his responsibility to: a. track the patient's tolerance and readiness to advance the diet. b. contact the kitchen immediately to report a case of foodborne illness. c. withhold all foods from the patient until the patient's physician has been contacted. d. ask the patient if he wants medication that would prevent vomiting. e. contact the dietitian and request that the diet order be changed.
a
A nurse is caring for a patient who takes warfarin daily. In terms of this patient's nutrition, the nurse recognizes that this patient will most likely need: a. to consume green leafy vegetables in consistent amounts. b. daily injections of vitamin K. c. to avoid drinking grapefruit juice. d. education regarding increasing iron intake. e. a high-kcalorie diet.
a
A patient at risk of mild malnutrition would demonstrate a weight that is what percent of usual body weight (%UBW)? a. 85-95% b. 75-84% c. 70-79% d. 68-72% e. less than 68%
a
A patient has begun taking furosemide to manage heart failure. What food should the nurse recommend that the patient consume frequently while taking this drug? a. bananas b. milk c. legumes d. cabbage e. peanut butter
a
A patient is discouraged by the dietary restrictions for her low-sodium diet. The most appropriate response from the nurse is to: a. emphasize foods the patient can eat. b. explain why the diet is necessary. c. allow the family to bring food to the patient. d. tell the patient the she will contact the dietitian. e. agree that the diet is unpalatable.
a
A patient who is suffering from increased intestinal gas should be advised to avoid which food? a. raisins b. lettuce c. ham d. bananas e. Greek yogurt
a
A patient's diet order is most often prescribed by the: a. physician. b. registered nurse. c. registered dietetic technician. d. registered dietitian. e. occupational therapist.
a
All blood that flows through the gastrointestinal tract travels to the _____ before returning to the heart. a. liver b. spleen c. pancreas d. appendix e. gallbladder
a
Along with environmental factors, genetic variation also determines susceptibilities to disease. a. True b. False
a
An NPO order would most likely be ordered for which situation? a. An upper GI tract study b. A chest x-ray c. Placement of a central venous catheter d. A head CT e. An echocardiogram
a
Antisecretory drugs such as proton pump inhibitors are associated with which gastrointestinal side effects? a. nausea and vomiting b. gastroparesis c. dumping syndrome d. flatulence e. abdominal bloating
a
Callie has a BMI of 29 and a waist circumference of 38 inches. Based on these factors, she is most likely to experience _____. a. heart disease b. lung cancer c. infertility d. bone fractures e. anorexia nervosa
a
Early clinical effects of chronic kidney disease include _____. a. headache and fatigue b. anemia and bleeding tendencies c. electrolyte imbalances d. itching and edema e. nausea and vomiting
a
Foods high in purines, such as _____, should be avoided by patients with gout. a. roast beef b. bananas c. white rice d. cucumbers e. avocados
a
Health practitioners may be able to motivate patients to improve intake of oral supplements by _____. a. serving supplements in smaller amounts at a time and serving them more frequently during the day b. offering a supplement in a clean glass on a plate when the smell bothers the patient c. warming the supplement before giving it to the patient d. wrapping the supplement in plastic wrap and serving it with a straw to make it more attractive in appearance e. changing the flavor of the supplements available on a weekly basis
a
Hepcidin is secreted by the liver in response to elevated blood _____. a. iron b. magnesium c. manganese d. selenium e. zinc
a
Intestinal wounds associated with Crohn's disease that develop in different areas in the intestine, with normal tissue separating affected regions, are known as _____. a. skip lesions b. fistulas c. fissures d. loop ulcerations e. intestinal adaptations
a
Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL. Four months after his initial exam, Mr. Joiner returns to his physician for a follow-up appointment. He has lost 10 pounds, but his fasting blood glucose level is now 131 mg/dL. Mr. Joiner's prediabetes has progressed to: a. type 2 diabetes. b. hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. c. gestational diabetes. d. impaired glucose tolerance. e. type 1 diabetes.
a
John Wilson is a 74-year-old retired schoolteacher. He is 5'8" tall and weighs 136 pounds. His wife died nine months ago. During a routine visit to the doctor, it was noted that his weight had decreased 21 pounds since his visit a year ago. Mr. Wilson does not have any medical problems, though he does report feeling depressed and lonely. The physician ordered a panel of lab tests including hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin, which all were low. Mr. Wilson's low hemoglobin and hematocrit may be indicative of a deficiency of dietary: a. iron. b. calcium. c. sodium. d. magnesium. e. potassium.
a
John Wilson is a 74-year-old retired schoolteacher. He is 5'8" tall and weighs 136 pounds. His wife died nine months ago. During a routine visit to the doctor, it was noted that his weight had decreased 21 pounds since his visit a year ago. Mr. Wilson does not have any medical problems, though he does report feeling depressed and lonely. The physician ordered a panel of lab tests including hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin, which all were low. The most likely cause of Mr. Wilson's weight loss is: a. depression due to loss of his spouse. b. inadequate income to purchase food. c. a low hemoglobin level. d. a high level of physical activity. e. lack of knowledge about nutrition.
a
Jose Salazar has been hospitalized following a motor vehicle accident. He has several broken bones, including his left jaw, two ribs on the left side, and a compound fracture of his left leg. According to his medical record, he is 47 years old, his height is 5'9", and his weight is 171 pounds. His current medications include lovastatin to lower his cholesterol and an MAO inhibitor to treat depression. Mr. Salazar will need a higher _____ intake to meet his nutritional needs for recovery. a. kcalorie b. iron c. potassium d. fiber e. vegetable
a
Kidney disease is classified according to: a. glomerular filtration rate. b. the degree of proteinuria. c. the amount of urine output in a 24-hour period. d. BUN levels. e. the ratio of albumin to creatinine in a urine sample.
a
Lipid infusions must be restricted in patients with: a. hypertriglyceridemia. b. hypercalcemia. c. hyperglycemia. d. hyperkalemia. e. hypernatremia.
a
M.L. is a 34-year-old male computer programmer with a BMI of 26 who is seeking dietary counseling. His dose of Prilosec was recently increased, and although he now suffers less often from heartburn symptoms, he is also leery of medical side effects and would like any and all suggestions to manage his GERD "naturally." Having had GERD for the past eight years and been on some form of antacid or antisecretory medication continuously during that time, M.L. knows what foods or factors cause symptoms, and is able to generally avoid them; hence, he has not had reflux esophagitis in over a year. A 24-hour diet history reveals M.L. ate these foods yesterday: Breakfast: Skipped Snack: Fresh pear; instant oatmeal made with water, eaten with brown sugar and two non-dairy creamers; skim milk Lunch: Lean turkey lunch meat on whole-grain bread with lettuce, tomato, and mustard; 100% grape juice diluted with water; snack pack of carrots, no dressing Snack: Sugar cookies; skim milk Dinner: Tempura (deep-fried, breaded) salmon; buttered rice; salad with lettuce and tomato; vinegar and oil dressing; water Snack, at bedtime: Ginger ale and ginger snap cookies The medication M.L. takes is a proton-pump inhibitor medication that works by: a. decreasing gastric acid production. b. coating the esophagus. c. preventing tissue inflammation. d. inhibiting the lower esophageal sphincter. e. neutralizing gastric acid.
a
Mallory is a 43-year-old female with celiac disease who has just undergone a nutritional assessment where it was determined that she is suffering from moderate malnutrition. What data would most likely classify a patient as being moderately malnourished? a. five to ten percent weight loss b. muscle wasting c. multiple gastrointestinal symptoms that affect food intake d. recent weight gain e. functional impairment causing immobility
a
Mr. Avery is a 77-year-old retired engineer. He is 5'10" tall and weighs 171 pounds. He suffered a stroke, which left him with left-sided paralysis, and he is having difficulty swallowing so he is unable to meet his nutritional needs via oral intake at this time. After two weeks, Mr. Avery is moved to a rehab facility. It would be appropriate at this time to change his feeding method to: a. an intermittent feeding. b. an oral supplement. c. a clear liquid diet. d. total parenteral nutrition. e. peripheral parenteral nutrition.
a
Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products. Since this is Mr. Bradley's first visit to the center, his primary care nurse spends hours speaking to him while his dialysis progresses. The nurse explains that within the next week he will be seen by _____, who will counsel him about his nutrition therapy. a. a dietitian who specializes in chronic kidney disease b. another client who has been following the diet for years c. a pharmacist who will address the nutrients administered via the dialysate d. a physician who oversees all aspects of clients' medical care e. a phlebotomy nurse who draws blood for and interprets laboratory values
a
Post Test 14: Which of the following describes a component of a diet order? a. recommendations regarding feeding methods b. nutritional counseling to motivate the patient c. goals derived from nursing diagnoses d. suggestions for making changes in food intake e. a discussion of a patient's readiness to change his diet
a
Post Test 3: hich pair of monosaccharides makes up the disaccharide lactose? a. glucose and galactose b. glucose and glucose c. glucose and fructose d. fructose and galactose e. fructose and fructose
a
Post Test 5: The part of an amino acid's structure that varies from one amino acid to the next is its_____. a. side group b. "backbone" c. acid group d. electrical charge e. amino group
a
Post test 2: When eating, a person is protected from food entering the airway primarily by _____. a. the closing of the epiglottis b. the relaxing of the muscles in the pharynx c. extending the neck when swallowing d. forming food into a bolus using the cheek muscles e. salivary amylase breaking down the food
a
Rapid changes in infusion rates of a parenteral solution can cause: a. fluctuations in blood glucose levels. b. diarrhea. c. obstructions. d. a clogged IV tube. e. infection.
a
The act of performing assistive services rather than harmful ones is known as _____. a. beneficence b. disclosure c. maleficence d. justice e. autonomy
a
The body's ability to store fat is _____ due to the fat-storing capability of the adipose tissue. a. unlimited b. limited to 3500 kcal c. set at 35,000 kcal d. equivalent to 10,000 kcal e. equivalent to 2 hours of activity
a
The four steps of the nutrition care process include nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring and evaluation. a. True b. False
a
The primary symptom seen in patients with vitamin E deficiency is _____. a. erythrocyte hemolysis b. beriberi c. pellagra d. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome e. rickets
a
Type 1 diabetes accounts for ____ percent of diabetes cases. a. 5 to 10 b. 25 to 30 c. 1 to 5 d. 18 to 20 e. 12 to 15
a
Weight gain due to fluid retention in a patient with liver cirrhosis can mask symptoms of: a. PEM. b. gallbladder disease. c. obesity. d. liver failure. e. heart failure.
a
What condition is an example of a potential cause of gastritis? a. bile reflux b. low salt intake c. hypophosphatasia d. gallstones e. hypermagnesemia
a
What condition would be classified as a single-gene disorder? a. phenylketonuria b. heart disease c. inflammatory bowel disease d. obesity e. diabetes
a
What factor is most likely a cause of xerostomia? a. radiation therapy to the head and neck b. poorly controlled cardiovascular disease c. excessive nose breathing d. high cholesterol levels e. poor taste sensation
a
What is a chief function of selenium? a. assists a group of enzymes that break down reactive chemicals that harm cells b. makes genetic material and proteins as part of the hormone insulin and other enzymes c. is essential to the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin d. facilitates the formation of bones and teeth e. regulates growth, development, and metabolic rate as a hormone
a
What key quality makes a fatty acid unsaturated? a. It has at least one pair of carbon atoms joined by a double bond. b. Its carbon atoms are each bonded to two hydrogen atoms. c. It is less than 12 carbons in length. d. It has only one pair of carbon atoms joined by a single bond. e. It is attached to a glycerol backbone.
a
When a person eats protein, ______________ break(s) down peptides into amino acids. a. enzymes b. pancreatic and intestinal secretions c. lipoproteins d. saliva e. transporters
a
When there is a lack of protein in the interstitial spaces, fluid in the interstitial space remains there, resulting in _____. a. edema b. osmosis c. acidosis d. alkalosis e. kidney failure
a
Which best describes an appropriate recommendation for sugar consumption for adults with diabetes? a. Minimize food and beverages that contain added sugars. b. Avoid using artificial sweeteners instead of sugar. c. Increase intake of fructose while decreasing intake of sorbitol. d. Include table sugar but avoid sugar found in fruit. e. Avoid all forms of sugar completely.
a
Which chronic disease has been associated with increased risks of dental problems? a. diabetes mellitus b. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease c. Addison's disease d. asthma e. hypothyroidism
a
Which condition is an example of an intrarenal cause of acute kidney injury? a. kidney stones b. shock c. anti-hypertensive medications d. heart failure e. blood clots
a
Which condition is most closely associated with a high rate of gastroesophageal reflux disease? a. pregnancy b. anorexia c. hypertension d. diabetes mellitus e. Sjögren's syndrome
a
Which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides in the blood into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption into the cells? a. lipoprotein lipase b. lipoprotein hydrolase c. lipoprotein ligase d. ghrelin e. leptin
a
Which factor has been shown to increase the risk of development of atherosclerosis? a. menopause b. age greater than 35 c. increased levels of arachidonic acid d. elevated HDL cholesterol e. increased activity levels
a
Which factor is LEAST likely to influence the glycemic index value of a food? a. individual cholesterol levels b. fiber content c. protein content d. cooking the food e. individual glucose tolerance
a
Which food would the nurse include in a diet plan for a patient with celiac disease? a. scrambled eggs b. pancakes c. scalloped potatoes d. rye bread e. whole-wheat toast
a
Which is a cellular response to overeating? a. Fat cells enlarge. b. Skeletal cells atrophy. c. Muscle cells increase in size. d. Less energy is required to move the body. e. More ketone bodies are produced.
a
Which mechanism does Xenical, an FDA-approved drug for weight loss, utilize to decrease weight in patients? a. It inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the GI tract to block digestion of fats. b. It enhances the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which suppresses appetite. c. It interacts with brain serotonin receptors to increase satiety. d. It increases norepinephrine receptor binding to increase the feeling of fullness. e. It decreases the release of serotonin to increase satiety.
a
Which person would be the most appropriate candidate when considering home nutrition support? a. a patient with a severe swallowing disorder b. a patient who has hearing loss c. a person with delayed cognitive functioning d. a patient who requires a mechanical ventilator e. a person with a severe head injury
a
Which phytochemical, found in chives, garlic, leeks and onions, acts as an antimicrobial to reduce ulcers? a. allicin b. capsaicin c. genistein d. lignans e. saponins
a
Which role does vitamin A perform for the body? a. It acts as a hormone, regulating embryonic development. b. It functions as a transcription factor, directly regulating gene transcription. c. It protects against cognitive decline. d. It protects the lungs against air pollutants. e. It activates genes involved in blood clotting.
a
Which structure facilitates maximum absorption of nutrients? a. microvilli b. lipoproteins c. chylomicrons d. lymphatic system e. hepatic portal vein
a
Which substances are fatty acid derivatives that can serve as fuel for some brain cells during fasting? a. ketone bodies b. proteins c. thyroid hormones d. adipokines e. insulin receptors
a
Which symptoms would most likely be associated with a transient ischemic attack? a. confusion and difficulty speaking b. headache and blurred vision c. chest pain and pressure d. claudication and peripheral edema e. dizziness and hearing loss
a
Which term refers to the dietary characteristic of providing foods in proportion to one another and in proportion to the body's needs? a. balance b. eating pattern c. adequacy d. nutrient density e. overnutrition
a
Which value is most likely associated with metabolic syndrome? a. waist circumference over 35 inches in women b. fasting plasma glucose over 60 mg/dL c. HDL levels less than 90 mg/dL d. blood pressure under 120/80 mmHg e. VLDL levels over 80 mg/dL
a
Your client, Larry, is attempting to limit added sugar. Which breakfast food should he eat less of? a. frozen pancakes b. whole-wheat toast c. oatmeal with raisins d. low fat milk e. egg-white omelets
a
Which individual does not have any of the coronary risk factors that may indicate the need for a medical examination before starting a fitness program? a 52-year-old woman who has a high fasting blood glucose a 30-year-old male with hypertension a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28 a 25-year-old sedentary female with a family history of heart disease a 50-year-old male with a 42-inch waist circumference
a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28
For which of the following children should a multivitamin/mineral supplement be considered?
a child who is a picky eater.
Aging may be linked to a progressive accumulation of free radicals. This theory is categorized as:
a error theory of aging.
Glycogen is
a highly branched polysaccharide.
Amylose is
a long, straight glucose chain.
What is the main role of vitamin K in the body? a) Blood clotting b) Antioxidant c) Calcium utilization d) Epithelial tissue renewal e) Synthesis of reproductive hormones
a) blood clotting
In the first step of alcohol oxidation, the action of ADH converts ethanol into ________.
acetaldehyde
Which molecule is common to catabolism of fat and glucose?
acetyl CoA
When oxygen is plentiful, pyruvate from glucose is converted to:
acetyl CoA.
Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by
acting as buffers.
Yellow dye #6, corn syrup, and calcium added to orange juice are all examples of:
additives.
Fat storage primarily takes place in
adipose cells.
About 90% of vitamin E is stored in:
adipose tissue.
Low-carbohydrate diets ________.
affect weight loss about the same as low-fat diets
The number of servings to consume from each MyPyramid food group depends on a person's
age, gender, and physical activity level.
A majority of zinc is carried by ________ in the blood.
albumin...
Ibuprofen and acetaminophen should not be taken along with ________ due to increased risk for liver damage.
alcohol
Which of the following is a teratogen?
alcohol
In which of the following environments does Clostridium botulinum flourish?
alkaline
An essential omega-3 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds is called
alpha-linoleic acid.
The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is:
alpha-tocopherol.
The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)
amino acid.
Vitamin E functions primarily as ________. a peroxide a coenzyme an antioxidant a free radical an immune stimulant
an antioxidant
Excessive acid production in the stomach or upper small intestine could result in
an ulcer.
The process of making large molecules from smaller ones is termed:
anabolism.
Selenium is found most reliably in _____ foods.
animal
Ions that carry a negative charge are called ________. anions cations mineralytes valence ions prions
anions
One source of magnesium toxicity is:
antacids.
Proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are
antibodies.
Taking vitamin E supplements along with ________ can cause uncontrollable bleeding.
anticoagulants
Viruses, bacteria, and toxins are examples of ________.
antigens
Sports drinks erode tooth enamel because they contain sugar and ________.
are acidic
Food proteins are used most efficiently when we
are consuming enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kcalorie needs.
Adequate Intakes (AI)
are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs.
Nonessential amino acids
are not needed in the diet.
A deficiency of riboflavin is referred to as:
ariboflavinosis.
Iron absorption is enhanced by:
ascorbic acid....
The type of disease that is characterized by arterial plaque and that is the major cause of cardiovascular disease is _____. thrombosis hypertension atherosclerosis cholesterolemia metabolic syndrome
atherosclerosis
A client is admitted to the emergency room and is found to have proteinuria, a low serum albumin, edema, and elevated blood lipids. The nurse recognizes these symptoms as those associated with: a. rejection of a kidney transplant. b. nephrotic syndrome. c. kidney stones. d. renal colic. e. acute kidney injury.
b
A client is making selections from the menu and asks you which item contains the most cholesterol per portion. Which food would you point out as the most likely culprit? a. vitamin D-fortified low-fat milk b. spinach and cheese quiche (egg pie) c. green beans with vegetable oil d. spaghetti with tomato sauce e. plain baked potato
b
A condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm is known as: a. Barrett's esophagus. b. hiatal hernia. c. gastroesophageal reflux. d. gastritis. e. gastric ulcer.
b
A condition that is conducive to the development of dental caries is said to be _____. a. periodontal b. cariogenic c. gingival d. bacteriophilic e. calculogenic
b
A measurement of head circumference in a child helps to _____. a. assess for specific nutrient deficiencies b. track brain growth c. track movement of the skull bones d. compare the measurement with the child's height e. supplement the weight measurement in a child who cannot stand
b
A normal hemoglobin result for an adult male would be _____ g/dL. a. 11.0-13.0 b. 13.5-17.5 c. 18.5-23.0 d. 35.0-39.5 e. 41.0-44.0
b
A nurse is caring for a patient who was brought to the hospital after suffering a stroke. Ideally, thrombolytic drugs should be used within _____ hours following an ischemic stroke to restore blood flow and prevent further brain damage. a.1 b.4.5 c.8 d.12 e. 2.5
b
A patient with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 62 would be classified as which stage of chronic kidney disease? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3a d. 3b e. 4
b
A patient's lab results reveal hypoalbuminemia. The nurse realizes that this is likely to cause _____ in the patient. a. infection b. edema c. hypertension d. altered blood lipids e. rickets
b
A person trying to lower her heart disease risk should be encouraged to eat which foods? a. more ground turkey and less fatty fish b. more steamed vegetables and less cheddar cheese c. more pasta with cream sauce and less fruit salad d. more whole-milk yogurt and less whole-grain bread e. more red meat and less tuna
b
AIDS enteropathy is most commonly manifested as _____. a. abdominal pain and rectal bleeding b. diarrhea and weight loss c. abdominal bloating and flatulence d. rectal fissures and constipation e. ascites and splenomegaly
b
An estimated _____ percent of persons in the United States who have HIV infection are unaware that they are infected. a. 4 b. 21 c. 34 d. 49 e. 67
b
Approximately 70 to 80 percent of acute pancreatitis cases are caused by gallstones or _____. a. infection b. alcohol abuse c. diabetes d. obesity e. hernia
b
Asbestos exposure is associated with which type of cancer? a. liver cancer b. peritoneal cancer c. skin cancer d. esophageal cancer e. bladder cancer
b
Based on the AMDR, an 1800-kcalorie diet should provide approximately how many grams of carbohydrates? a. 45-158 b. 203-293 c. 364-639 d. 1265-1448 e. 2000
b
Cardiac cachexia would most likely be demonstrated as _____. a. decreased physical activity b. weight loss and tissue wasting c. poor urine output and tissue edema d. cardiac arrhythmia and wet lung sounds e. increased blood pressure and tachycardia
b
Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Protein intake for Mr. Wilson should: a. be limited to animal protein foods. b. be restricted due to slow disease progression. c. be limited to plant protein foods. d. be increased due to PEM. e. remain the same until he begins to lose weight.
b
Dietary changes may be able to improve outcomes of some inborn errors by _____. a. preventing the breakdown of metabolites b. providing nutrients that support normal growth and development c. eliminating excess nutrients that appear as a metabolic abnormality d. screening for inborn errors of metabolism before damage occurs e. introducing DNA sequences into the chromosomes of affected cells
b
Enzymes from the intestine and pancreas work best in which type of bowel environment? a. acidic b. neutral or slightly alkaline c. motile d. microorganism-free e. protein-rich
b
Fluid retention can cause lab values to be deceptively high, whereas dehydration may cause the values to be deceptively low. a. True b. False
b
Foods useful for increasing dietary fiber include: a. bran, milk, and mashed potatoes. b. whole-grain bread, dried beans, and nuts. c. ground beef, sweet potatoes, and ice cream. d. saltine crackers, watermelon, and eggs. e. peanut butter, oranges, and strawberry jam.
b
For a protein to be of high quality, it must _____. a. contain all of the essential and nonessential amino acids b. contain enough of all the essential amino acids c. come from an animal-derived food d. come from a plant-derived food e. have both plant and animal-derived sources
b
Giant protein molecules called antibodies act to _____. a. promote antigen production b. destroy specific antigens c. maintain the integrity of the blood clotting system d. keep enzymes from attacking cells of the body e. restore acid-base balance
b
If food energy is restricted too severely, where does the body acquire the energy required for basal metabolic functions? a. liver b. lean tissue c. heart d. kidney e. nervous tissue
b
Live microbes that change the conditions in the GI tract in ways that seem to benefit health are known as: a. prebiotics b. probiotics c. gastrin d. hormones e. toxins
b
M.L. is a 34-year-old male computer programmer with a BMI of 26 who is seeking dietary counseling. His dose of Prilosec was recently increased, and although he now suffers less often from heartburn symptoms, he is also leery of medical side effects and would like any and all suggestions to manage his GERD "naturally." Having had GERD for the past eight years and been on some form of antacid or antisecretory medication continuously during that time, M.L. knows what foods or factors cause symptoms, and is able to generally avoid them; hence, he has not had reflux esophagitis in over a year. A 24-hour diet history reveals M.L. ate these foods yesterday: Breakfast: Skipped Snack: Fresh pear; instant oatmeal made with water, eaten with brown sugar and two non-dairy creamers; skim milk Lunch: Lean turkey lunch meat on whole-grain bread with lettuce, tomato, and mustard; 100% grape juice diluted with water; snack pack of carrots, no dressing Snack: Sugar cookies; skim milk Dinner: Tempura (deep-fried, breaded) salmon; buttered rice; salad with lettuce and tomato; vinegar and oil dressing; water Snack, at bedtime: Ginger ale and ginger snap cookies The practitioner gives M.L. a checklist of lifestyle changes that can help minimize GERD symptoms. Based on the diet recall above, M.L. would benefit from education about which topic? a. Try eating bedtime snacks and lying down after meals. b. Elevate the foot of the bed by placing blocks under the mattress. c. During periods of esophagitis, avoid foods and beverages that may irritate the esophagus. d. Include foods that destroy gastric acid. e. Consume meals and liquids at the same time so that the stomach does not become overly distended.
b
Medications that reduce stomach acidity can impair the absorption of _____. a. calcium b. iron c. vitamin D d. vitamin C e. vitamin K
b
Most kidney stones are made up primarily of _____. a. uric acid b. calcium oxalate c. cystine d. calcium phosphate e. magnesium ammonium phosphate
b
Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products. Mr. Bradley's comprehension of the need for a lower-phosphorus diet is reflected by which statement? a. "I will need to avoid legumes." b. "I will need to limit dairy products." c. "I can eat all the bread I want." d. "Becoming a vegetarian would best meet my protein needs." e. "I will need to eat fewer fatty meats."
b
Mr. Stanley Edward, a 58-year-old African American male, was admitted to the emergency room of the medical center and resuscitated after being found unconscious in his car in a parking lot. His history was obtained by contacting his daughter. The patient presents with: end-stage adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal juncture. chronic malnutrition and significant weight loss × 1 year. Low BMI, loss of muscle, loss of subcutaneous fat, bitemporal wasting. acute pancreatitis with intractable vomiting. Medical Hx: Hypertension; S/P stroke @ age 56; cataract surgery. Meds: antilipemic medication, antihypertensive medication. Hx: Lifelong chain smoker (2 packs per day); alcohol abuse since his late 20s. Ht: 5'8". Admission Wt: 107 lbs. Usual Wt, 1 year ago: 170 lbs. Social Hx: Lives alone; cooks and shops for himself despite illness. Dietary Hx: Previously followed a low-cholesterol, low-sodium, high-potassium diet. Mr. Edward is not being actively treated for cancer at his request. Plan is to keep Mr. Edward NPO and place a peripheral line for hydration and nutrition support. Which parenteral infusion complication is Mr. Edward at risk of developing? a. hypovolemia b. refeeding syndrome c. metabolic bone disease d. hypernatremia e. hypoglycemia
b
One way to increase your basal metabolic rate is to _____. a. increase your body mass to increase the total energy expended b. engage in regular aerobic and resistance exercises to increase lean muscle mass c. maximize the thermic effect of food d. sleep 8 to 9 hours each night e. focus on reducing stress in your life
b
Patients with kidney disease who take calcium and vitamin D supplements are at risk of _____ because of the use of phosphate binders. a. vitamin K deficiency b. hypercalcemia c. iron deficiency anemia d. hyperphosphatemia e. hypophosphatemia
b
Post Test 15: An example of a medical condition or treatment that would most likely indicate the need for tube feedings is _____. a. an intestinal obstruction b. a severe swallowing disorder c. intractable vomiting d. a paralytic ileus e. severe gastrointestinal bleeding
b
Post Test 22: A condition caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 3½ grams daily) as a result of severe glomerular damage is called _____. a. hyperkalemia b. nephrotic syndrome c. hypoalbuminemia d. uremia e. plasma protein nephropathy
b
Red wine has been touted as having beneficial health effects due to the disease-fighting compound _____. a. phytoestrogen b. resveratrol c. genistein d. allicin e. indoles
b
Removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane is known as _____. a. osmosis b. ultrafiltration c. urea kinetic modeling d. diffusion e. oncotic pressure
b
Sam attends a potluck lunch and eats some homemade potato salad that contains mayonnaise prepared with uncooked eggs. The next day he develops a fever and suffers from vomiting and diarrhea. Which foodborne illness did Sam most likely contract? a. Staphylococcus aureus intoxication b. Salmonella infection c. Toxoplasma gondii infection d. Listeria infection e. Clostridium perfringens infection
b
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are most likely associated with disturbed defecation, bloating, and _____. a. rectal bleeding b. abdominal pain c. rectal fissures d. esophageal paralysis e. hematemesis
b
The BMI, taken by itself, is most useful in _____. a. assessing risk for disease b. assessing degrees of obesity c. determining the location of fat distribution d. evaluating body fatness in the nonobese e. determining how much of the body weight is fat
b
The lower esophageal sphincter is responsible for _____. a. allowing chyme to enter the stomach b. preventing gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus c. adding digestive juices to the bolus of food as it descends the esophagus d. allowing intermittent amounts of stomach contents to enter the duodenum e. controlling movement of bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
b
The micronutrient _____ is often excluded from parenteral solutions because it can destabilize solutions that contain lipid emulsions. a. manganese b. iron c. copper d. selenium e. zinc
b
The most common cause of chronic kidney disease is: a. infection. b. diabetes. c. inflammation. d. a genetic disorder. e. peripheral vascular disease.
b
The obesity gene codes for _____. a. lipoprotein lipase b. leptin c. ghrelin d. adiponectin e. insulin
b
The potassium content of vegetables can be reduced through which process? a. boiling b. leaching c. sautéing d. spraying e. steaming
b
Use of antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection would most likely cause which type of gastrointestinal complication? a. hemoptysis b. altered taste sensation c. flatulence d. bloody stools e. abdominal pain
b
What describes the basic principles of carbohydrate counting to plan a diabetic diet? a. The patient can have most carbohydrates but must avoid artificial sweeteners. b. The patient has freedom to choose foods based on preference. c. The patient must count carbohydrates but typically has few limits on fat and protein intake. d. The patient follows a set schedule of when to eat. e. The patient can eat when he wants but must only eat certain foods.
b
What is the main function of vitamin K? a. to serve as an antioxidant to protect the body from free radical damage b. to activate blood-clotting proteins c. to maintain the cornea d. to provide immunity e. to facilitate reproduction
b
What laboratory value would be considered a high-risk measure for coronary heart disease assessment? a. triglycerides >150 mg/dL b. BMI >31 c. LDL cholesterol <128 mg/dL d. blood pressure of 128/82 mmHg e. total cholesterol >210 mg/dL
b
What menu selections would be appropriate for a patient placed on a clear liquid diet? a. yogurt, cranberry juice, beef broth b. chicken broth, apple juice, popsicle c. scrambled egg, coffee, orange juice d. milk, applesauce, and cottage cheese e. Jell-O, ice cream, coffee
b
What process do manufacturers use on a fat to extend its shelf life and alter the fat so it is more solid? a. oxidation b. hydrogenation c. dehydration d. enrichment e. fortification
b
What technique would most likely be used to assess brain development in an infant? a. skinfold measurement b. head circumference c. BMI d. measure of abdominal girth e. height and weight
b
What type of drug would most likely be given to a patient following a myocardial infarction? a. antiemetic b. anticoagulant c. anticonvulsant d. antibiotic e. antiviral
b
When assessing criteria for a patient's nutritional risk, which information would be included as part of admission data? a. height and weight b. medical diagnosis c. loss of muscle tone d. generalized edema e. serum protein levels
b
When deciding on a vitamin-mineral supplement, patients should avoid _____, because they are more expensive but not any better than standard brands. a. store brands b. organic products c. products with nutrition labels d. products containing vitamin D e. USP-labeled products
b
When evaluating the credibility of a nutrition website, which characteristic might indicate the site's legitimacy? a. links to multiple commercial and educational sites b. three-letter tags of ".edu" or ".gov" in the site's address c. permanent sources and infrequent updates d. clear listings of all products and services e. monthly fees with options to "opt out" at any time
b
When long-term nutrition changes are necessary, a care plan must take into account a person's current food practices, lifestyle, and _____. a. access to dietary supplements b. degree of motivation c. problems with the nutrition care plan d. knowledge of the role of the dietitian e. ability to list energy densities of foods
b
Which approach is a type of traditional Chinese medicine? a. magnet therapy b. acupuncture c. faith healing d. biofeedback e. reflexology
b
Which before-meal glucose level is an example of appropriate glycemic control for an adult with diabetes? a. 55 to 80 mg/dL b. 80 to 130 mg/dL c. 135 to 150 mg/dL d. 150 to 160 mg/dL e. 160 to 190 mg/dL
b
Which characteristic describe the "female athlete triad"? a. binge eating, amenorrhea, and stress fractures b. disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis c. disordered eating, infertility, and laxative abuse d. steroid use, amenorrhea, and stress fractures e. disordered eating, anorexia nervosa, and osteoporosis
b
Which condition has been shown to be associated with esophageal dysphagia? a. myasthenia gravis b. achalasia c. Alzheimer's disease d. cerebral palsy e. stroke
b
Which criterion would be used to diagnose diabetes? a. a plasma glucose concentration of 100 mg/dL or higher after a fast of at least 12 hours b. a casual blood sample of 200 mg/dL or higher in a person with classic symptoms c. a plasma glucose concentration measured two hours after a 200-gram glucose load of 400 mg/dL or higher d. a HbA1C higher than 5 percent e. a plasma glucose concentration of less than 65 mg/dL after consuming 15 g of carbohydrates
b
Which disorder is characterized by elevated blood glucose resulting from insufficient insulin, ineffective insulin, or both? a. hyperlipidemia b. diabetes c. Addison's disease d. lactose intolerance e. Crohn's disease
b
Which drug is FDA approved for weight loss? a. ma huang b. Alli c. OTC weight-loss products d. ephedra e. ephedrine
b
Which food would most likely be included as part of a low-fiber diet? a. broccoli b. ripe bananas c. onions d. whole-grain bread e. dried apricots
b
Which information should be included in teaching a patient who will use parenteral nutrition at home? a. Formula can be prepared at home with proper instructions. b. Solutions need to be sterile and aseptically prepared. c. Nutrition can be delivered with or without a pump. d. The patient may learn to place the feeding catheter himself. e. Infusions must be delivered slowly to avoid obstructing the tubing.
b
Which medical problem is not generally associated with malnutrition? a. dementia b. incontinence c. major surgery d. pressure sores e. Celiac disease
b
Which nursing diagnosis would be most appropriate for a patient with heart failure? a. risk for infection b. fluid volume excess c. impaired body temperature d. ineffective airway clearance e. disturbed body image
b
Which organ plays the primary role in maintaining acid-base balance in body fluids? a. liver b. kidney c. lungs d. skin e. intestines
b
Which outcome is most commonly associated with uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy? a. infant hyperglycemia b. miscarriage c. microsomia d. hypercalcemia e. placenta previa
b
Which person would be at greatest risk for negative nitrogen balance? a. a young woman consuming 25% of total kcalories as protein b. a young man in the hospital for a severe burn injury c. a women who is breastfeeding her newborn infant d. a normal-weight lacto-vegetarian child e. a body-builder who is preparing for a competition
b
Which set of standards defines the amounts of energy, nutrients, other dietary components, and physical activity that best support health? a. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) b. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) c. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) d. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) e. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
b
Which statement should be included when teaching a healthy client about fat intake? a. Fat intake should not exceed 40% of total kcalories. b. Saturated fat intake should be less than 10% of total kcalories. c. Dietary intake of cholesterol should be at least 300 milligrams a day. d. An intake of fat and oils representing less than 10% of total kcalories can still supply needed fatty acids. e. Linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acids) should provide at least 25% of daily energy intake.
b
Which substance is considered a non-B vitamin? a. folate b. inositol c. niacin d. biotin e. pantothenic acid
b
Which symptom can be observed in patients with a potassium deficiency? a. stunted growth b. irregular heartbeats c. constipation d. hallucinations e. normally undetected
b
Which toxicity symptom might present when a patient consumes too much manganese? a. liver injury b. loss of appetite c. nervous system disorders d. nausea e. vomiting
b
Which type of insulin is considered a long-acting preparation? a. Lispro b. Glargine c. Aspart d. Regular e. NPH
b
You would be more likely to find trans fat in which food item? a. avocado b. nondairy creamer c. tuna d. corn oil e. coconut oil
b
Muscle weakness due to wasting would most likely be evaluated by which test? a. red blood cell levels b. handgrip strength c. recall of food intake d. serum sodium e. skinfold thickness
b
Carbohydrate intake for people with diabetes should _____. be higher in the evening than in the morning be consistently spaced throughout the day exclude added sugars include limited amounts of fruits and fruit juices represent 60 percent of the day's kcalorie intake
be consistently spaced throughout the day
A hormone responds to food entering the small intestine and stimulates the pancreas to release
bicarbonate.
Improvements in nutrient composition, such as when soybeans are genetically modified to upgrade its protein to a quality approaching that of milk, is a strategy known as ________. biofortification reverse DNA enrichment USDA-approved enrichment nutritional trans-biodevelopment artificial fortification
biofortification
Smoking cigarettes increases one's ________ age.
biologic
Which of the following is NOT one of the most common forms of pesticides?
biopesticides
In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining:
blood calcium levels.
Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because
blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.
More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ______. bones teeth extracellular fluid cells of soft tissue muscle
bones
A barrier that prevents the normal emptying of stomach contents into the duodenum is known as _____. a. dumping syndrome b. gastritis c. gastric outlet obstruction d. hypochlorhydria e. dyspepsia
c
A biguanide medication such as metformin, when used as an antidiabetic drug, may have what metabolic side effect? a. decreased blood concentration of calcium b. weight loss c. decreased folate absorption d. fluid retention e. anemia
c
A detailed log of food eaten during a specified time period is known as a _____. a. food-frequency questionnaire b. 24-hour recall c. food record d. kcalorie count register e. food observation study
c
A female client with too little body fat will be most likely to experience _____. a. increased fertility b. only 35% of her mass as body fat c. irregular menstruation d. reduced bone fracture risk e. increased ability to fight a wasting disease, such as cancer
c
A gluten-free food choice that would be most appropriate for a patient with celiac disease would be _____. a. scalloped potatoes b. oatmeal c. eggs d. flour tortillas e. chicken nuggets
c
A high-protein diet can result in _____. a. development of SAM b. bone disease c. worsening of existing kidney disease d. wasting and edema e. stunting
c
A patient in the later stage of chronic kidney disease has been advised to increase his intake of potassium-rich foods. What food is an example of an item that is high in potassium? a. watermelon b. carrots c. potatoes d. strawberries e. cabbage
c
A patient is completing a food frequency questionnaire that is designed to evaluate calcium intake. This questionnaire would most likely include which foods? a. raspberries and kiwi b. ham and bacon c. yogurt and cheese d. summer squash e. lima or kidney beans
c
A patient who is being prepared to undergo a colonoscopy should be given which kind of diet? a. low-sodium diet b. blenderized diet c. clear liquid diet d. low-fiber diet e. high-kcalorie, high-protein diet
c
A patient with an ileostomy is suffering from frequent diarrhea. The clinician should advise the patient to increase his intake of which food to thicken stool output? a. celery b. salad greens c. potatoes d. dried beans and peas e. eggs
c
A patient with heart failure has developed cardiac cachexia as a result of the disease. The nurse understands that which medication would most likely be effective to reverse cardiac cachexia? a. Spironolactone b. Furosemide c. There is no treatment for cardiac cachexia. d. Digoxin e. Nicotinic acid
c
A patient with stomach cancer has been encouraged to increase his kcalorie intake to avoid weight loss and wasting. Which suggestion is most appropriate to increase kcalorie intake? a. Replace whole fat milk with skim milk or water. b. Avoid peanut butter and other nuts. c. Choose high-fat meat instead of lean meat. d. Limit alcohol intake to two drinks per day. e. Avoid caffeine in the morning or the late evening.
c
A patient with type 1 diabetes calls her physician's office complaining of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The nurse should advise the patient to: a. cease her insulin injections and eat tolerated foods that provide the prescribed amount of carbohydrate. b. avoid consuming carbohydrates, but continue her insulin injections. c. continue her insulin injections and eat tolerated foods that provide the prescribed amount of carbohydrate. d. increase her carbohydrate intake but decrease her insulin injections. e. cease her insulin injections until she can tolerate food.
c
Adipose cells contain droplets of: a. muscle tissue b. blood c. lipid d. hormones e. vitamins
c
After packaging, chylomicrons are initially transported through the _____. a. arterial system b. venous system c. lymphatic system d. hepatic portal vein e. heart
c
An advance directive known as a durable power of attorney involves appointing another person called a(n) _____ to act as decision maker in the event of the patient's incapacitation. a. witness b. primary caregiver c. health care agent d. state proxy e. alternate representative
c
An example of complementary proteins would be _____. a. apples and walnuts b. milk and meat c. beans and rice d. bacon and eggs e. oatmeal and milk
c
Clinical judgments about actual or potential health problems that provide the basis for selecting appropriate nursing interventions are known as _____. a. nutrition assessments b. program evaluations c. nursing diagnoses d. nursing care plans e. nutrition screenings
c
Dextrose monohydrate found in parenteral nutrition provides _____ kcal per gram as/than pure glucose. a. half as many b. twice as many c. slightly fewer d. the same e. four times as many
c
During the nutrition diagnosis portion of the nutrition care process, the PES statement should include what data? a. the problem, patient education, and treatments b. patient identification, evaluation of needs, and successful interventions c. the patient's issue, its cause, and associated symptoms d. goals, interventions, and evaluation of tasks e. assessment data, lifestyle changes and interventions, and setbacks to treatments
c
Energy intake for a patient with nephrotic syndrome should be about _____ kcal/kg/body weight per day. a. 15 b. 25 c. 35 d. 45 e. 60
c
Following bariatric surgery, a patient would initially be given which type of diet? a. regular diet b. pureed diet c. clear liquid diet d. soft diet e. NPO
c
Health care personnel can best help hospitalized patients improve their food intakes by: a. choosing the most appropriate foods for the patient. b. confirming that the patient received the correct tray after the meal. c. helping a patient to open containers and set up the food tray. d. making sure that there are plenty of activities going on in the room during mealtimes. e. assisting patients to sit up in bed after their meal tray has arrived.
c
High-protein foods are omitted in the diets of individuals with _____. a. hemophilia b. galactosemia c. phenylketonuria d. hemochromatosis e. cystic fibrosis
c
If the body has synthesized more protein than it degrades, which statement is accurate? a. Nitrogen status is negative. b. Nitrogen status is in equilibrium. c. Nitrogen status is positive. d. An injury or infection has been sustained. e. Muscle is being broken down.
c
In addition to decreasing food intake by decreasing stomach volume, gastric bypass also directly aids in weight loss by _____. a. increasing pancreatic function b. increasing physical activity c. altering gastrointestinal hormones d. decreasing digestion time e. increasing basal metabolic rate
c
In the large intestine, bacteria digest many of the soluble fibers to produce _____. a. glucose b. protein c. fatty acids d. fructose e. starch
c
In treated diabetes, hypoglycemia is a possible complication of: a. overeating. b. insulin deficiency. c. inappropriate disease management. d. fluid overload. e. eating too many carbohydrates.
c
In which ethnic group is lactose intolerance most prevalent? a. Australians b. Arab Americans c. Asians d. Caucasians e. Pacific Islanders
c
Individuals who use antiretroviral drugs frequently develop insulin resistance and _____. a. hypertension b. hypothyroidism c. hyperlipidemia d. fluid retention e. hypocalcemia
c
Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL. Mr. Joiner's blood glucose level meets the criteria for a diagnosis of: a. ketoacidosis. b. type 2 diabetes. c. prediabetes. d. type 1 diabetes. e. impaired glycemic control.
c
Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL. The simplest and most flexible approach to teaching Mr. Joiner the principles of the diet for optimal management of his blood glucose level is: a. the exchange lists. b. portion control. c. carbohydrate counting. d. a high-protein diet plan. e. MyPlate.
c
Jose Salazar has been hospitalized following a motor vehicle accident. He has several broken bones, including his left jaw, two ribs on the left side, and a compound fracture of his left leg. According to his medical record, he is 47 years old, his height is 5'9", and his weight is 171 pounds. His current medications include lovastatin to lower his cholesterol and an MAO inhibitor to treat depression. The most appropriate diet order for Mr. Salazar is a: a. mechanical soft diet. b. soft diet. c. blenderized diet. d. low-fiber diet. e. regular diet.
c
Lamivudine is an example of which type of drug used for management of HIV infection? a. CCR5 antagonist b. fusion inhibitor c. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor d. protease inhibitor e. integrase inhibitor
c
Long-term TPN administration may result in complications such as: a. heart disease. b. bone cancer. c. gallbladder disease. d. hearing loss. e. diabetes.
c
Mr. Avery is a 77-year-old retired engineer. He is 5'10" tall and weighs 171 pounds. He suffered a stroke, which left him with left-sided paralysis, and he is having difficulty swallowing so he is unable to meet his nutritional needs via oral intake at this time. Mr. Avery's feeding is being delivered continuously by an infusion pump. What best describes an advantage of using a continuous feeding? a. There is less risk of diarrhea. b. It is similar to usual patterns of eating for the patient. c. It provides an accurate and steady flow rate. d. It is a less expensive method. e. It provides more freedom of movement for the patient.
c
Overweight and obesity often accompany conditions such as _____ that limit mobility or result in short stature, which can lead to feeding difficulties. a. Parkinson's disease b. muscular dystrophy c. Down syndrome d. multiple sclerosis e. Huntington's chorea
c
Parenteral nutrition can be discontinued when _____ of estimated energy needs are being met by oral intake, tube feeding, or a combination of the two. a. 35-75% b. 35-50% c. 60-75% d. 80-90% e. 25-35%
c
People with which health condition might benefit from limiting high glycemic index foods? a. heart disease b. constipation c. diabetes d. diverticulitis e. cancer
c
Post Test 13: Which type of treatment is associated with reduced food intake and can itself contribute to malnutrition? a. use of diuretics b. radiation therapy c. bowel rest d. limb prosthesis e. surgical immobilization
c
Post Test 18: The action of osmotic laxatives can best be described as that of _____. a. increasing stool weight b. acting as an irritant to colonic tissue c. attracting water and increasing liquidity of stools d. stimulating peristalsis e. increasing mucosal secretions
c
Post Test 23: Cancers that arise from epithelial tissues are known as _____. a. leukemias b. myelomas c. carcinomas d. sarcomas e. lymphomas
c
Post Test 6: During fasting, which of the following is a primary concern? a. liver glycogen surplus b. increased metabolic rate c. breakdown of muscle cells d. inability of protein to provide glucose for brain cells e. breakdown of nerve cells
c
Prednisone, a corticosteroid used following a kidney transplant, works to _____. a. reduce blood clots b. increase proteinuria c. reduce inflammation d. reduce blood lipids e. alleviate edema
c
Protein deficiency would most likely have which effect on dental tissues? a. decreased resistance to dental caries b. increased tooth size c. delayed tooth development d. increased enamel mineralization e. reduced protection against decay-causing bacteria
c
The "master switch" of a gene is known as the _____. a. transcriptor b. nucleotide c. promoter d. coding sequence e. methylator
c
The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends _____ to support a heart-healthy eating pattern. a. decreasing the amount of fat consumed that is solid at room temperature to 5% of total kilocalories b. increasing the use of corn and cottonseed oils in cooking c. eating at least 7 ounces of fatty fish each week d. taking moderate doses of fish oil supplements e. increasing red meat consumption
c
The calculated protein RDA for a healthy adult weighing 160 pounds would be _____. a. 16 grams b. 56 grams c. 58 grams d. 72 grams e. 80 grams
c
The energy density of most enteral formulas ranges from _____ kcal/mL of fluid. a. 0.5 to 1.0 b. 0.8 to 1.6 c. 1.0 to 2.0 d. 1.8 to 2.5 e. 2.0 to 3.0
c
The main focus of dietary treatment for a patient with galactosemia is the exclusion of _____. a. meat and poultry b. fiber c. dairy products d. legumes and nuts e. soft fruits
c
The normal intestinal flora (bacteria) that live in the intestines _____. a. break down protein into amino acids b. are a frequent cause of dangerous infections c. synthesize vitamin K d. interfere with the GI tract's immune defenses e. block the absorption of fats
c
The number of fat cells in a human increases most rapidly during which age period? a. birth b. toddler c. late childhood and early puberty d. late puberty e. adulthood
c
The nurse is working with a client who recently suffered from a stroke. The client complains of painful swallowing, nasal regurgitation during swallowing, and coughing during meals. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of: a. peptic ulcer disease. b. GERD c. dysphagia. d. reflux esophagitis. e. hiatal hernia.
c
The nurse realizes that malnutrition is a common problem among people who are hospitalized and that it is associated with: a. lower mortality rates. b. high blood pressure. c. a weakened immune system. d. fewer complications. e. reduced health care costs.
c
The type of medicine that proposes that a person's inherent "life force" can foster self-healing is known as _____ medicine. a. homeopathic b. integrative c. naturopathic d. Ayurvedic e. osteopathic
c
Vitamin D precursors are manufactured in the _____, then travel to the _____, where they are converted into a second precursor before final conversion into the active vitamin. a. skin; liver b. liver; kidney c. liver; skin d. kidney; skin e. kidney; liver
c
What action would most likely prevent refeeding syndrome in a malnourished patient? a. Include stomach acid-reducing medications in the TPN solution. b. Avoid adding dextrose to the TPN infusion. c. Start the patient's feedings at a slow rate. d. Provide extra vitamin supplements. e. Do not allow the patient to eat.
c
What describes an advantage of peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis? a. It is less likely to cause blood clots. b. It is less likely to cause infection. c. It requires fewer dietary restrictions. d. It can be used for longer periods. e. Its dialyzer is typically more effective.
c
What food is most likely a source of trans fats in the diet? a. red meat b. peanut oil c. corn chips d. salmon e. walnuts
c
What systolic blood pressure measurement would be classified as prehypertension? a. 106 mmHg b. 119 mmHg c. 130 mmHg d. 141 mmHg e. 148 mmHg
c
When direct observations are used to generate an estimate of a client's current food intake, the procedure is called a: a. 24-hour recall. b. food diary. c. kcalorie count. d. food record. e. nutrient surveillance record.
c
When reading food labels, which ingredient does NOT indicate the presence of added sugars? a. concentrated fruit juice sweetener b. corn syrup c. sucralose d. honey e. raw cane sugar
c
Which dietary strategy would most likely be used as part of lifestyle management to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease? a. Avoid foods that contain polyunsaturated fat. b. Limit saturated fat to less than 10 percent of total calories. c. Limit alcohol intake to one drink daily for women and two drinks daily for men. d. Choose foods that are low in soluble fibers. e. Avoid consumption of fish and shellfish.
c
Which food contains lycopene? a. orange b. banana c. papaya d. asparagus e. squash
c
Which hormone stimulates appetite and food intake? a. adiponectin b. gastrin c. ghrelin d. insulin e. leptin
c
Which individuals are more likely to need vitamin-mineral supplements? a. people with high stress b. people who work out a lot c. people with lactose intolerance d. people who are sick e. people who are picky eaters
c
Which level of sodium restriction would be included as part of nutrition therapy for heart failure? a. <500 mg per day b. 1000 mg to 1500 mg per day c. 1500 mg to 3000 mg per day d. 3000 to 3500 mg per day e. 3500 to 4000 mg per day
c
Which mechanism does Belviq, an FDA-approved drug for weight loss, utilize to decrease weight in patients? a. It inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the GI tract to block digestion of fats. b. It enhances the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which suppresses appetite. c. It interacts with brain serotonin receptors to increase satiety. d. It increases norepinephrine receptor binding to increase the feeling of fullness. e. It decreases the release of serotonin to increase satiety.
c
Which mineral is considered a major mineral? a. iron b. copper c. magnesium d. iodine e. zinc
c
Which of the following best describes prevention measures for type 2 diabetes? a. blood pressure control b. monitoring urine output c. weight management d. increased sleep e. decreased protein intake
c
Which of the following is an example of a 15 g serving of carbohydrate? a. 1 cup of frozen corn b. 1 ounce of plain yogurt c. 1 slice of bread d. 1 cup of cooked pasta e. 1 large peach
c
Which patient would be the most likely candidate to receive peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN)? a. a patient who has fluid restrictions b. a patient with high nutrient needs c. a patient who needs parenteral nutrition for one week d. a patient who needs lipid emulsions e. a patient with hyperglycemia
c
Which statement by your client indicates that he needs further education regarding how to improve his fat choices? a. "I should choose more nutrient-dense snacks, such as dry-roasted almonds or apple slices with peanut butter, rather than potato chips." b. "I should have ice cream for dessert less often, and only one cup with a banana instead of two cups." c. "I should avoid products that contain sunflower, safflower, or corn oil." d. "I should check the saturated and trans fat information on food labels while grocery shopping." e. "I should only eat a very small amount of chicken wings at a meal and accompany them with lots of fresh vegetables."
c
Which statement by your client indicates that the client needs further instruction? a. "Even though there is sugar in milk and fruits, they are still good for me because they have other nutrients in them." b. "When choosing my foods, I should try to limit my intake of added sugars, which can come from condiments like ketchup or processed foods like breakfast cereal as well as dessert foods." c. "Choosing foods containing sugar alcohols instead of real sugar is the best way to lose weight quickly." d. "Drinking plain water instead of sweetened beverages such as soft drinks can reduce my kcalorie intake, and therefore, help me lose weight." e. "I should limit my intake of sugar-sweetened beverages to help prevent elevated blood triglyceride levels."
c
Which symptom is most closely associated with peripheral vascular disease as a consequence of diabetes? a. gastroparesis b. vision loss c. claudication d. hypertriglyceridemia e. abnormal ventricle function
c
Which term refers to a characteristic of a nutritious diet that contributes to adequacy, balance, and kcalorie control? a. variety b. nutrient density c. moderation d. eating pattern e. nutrient profiling
c
Which type of bread, cereal, or pasta would most likely be recommended for a patient on a fat-restricted diet? a. popcorn b. fried rice c. English muffins d. granola e. biscuits
c
Which type of drug is most likely to cause unintentional weight gain? a. antiemetics b. sedatives c. corticosteroids d. antibiotics e. analgesics
c
The most abundant mineral in the human body is _____.
calcium
Which micronutrient is a high priority for older adults?
calcium
Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________. the secretion of calciol the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol the synthesis of carotenoids calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone converting magnesium and fluoride to more readily absorbable compounds
calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone
Mary is 60 years old and at risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following dietary supplements would be the MOST helpful to minimize bone loss?
calcium and vitamin D
Potassium toxicity ________. can be caused by supplement overconsumption can be caused by diuretics is signaled by acute hypertension results from overeating foods high in potassium leads to kidney stones
can be caused by supplement overconsumption
Viscous (soluble) fibers
can lower blood cholesterol.
The essential nutrients
cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health.
Intake of ________ enhances protein synthesis following physical activity. carbohydrate protein fat and water carbohydrate and protein protein and water
carbohydrate and protein
The glycemic load takes into account the glycemic index of the food and the amount of
carbohydrate consumed.
Fibers belong to the class of nutrients known as
carbohydrate.
The end products of deamination are:
carbon skeleton and ATP.
Regular aerobic workouts gradually improve heart and lung function that causes ________ for more efficient oxygen delivery. resting heart rate to increase cardiac output to increase blood pressure to increase stroke volume to decrease anaerobic capacity to increase
cardiac output to increase
Though some may experience unpleasant side effects, all of the following supplements have some demonstrated research findings that they may perform to some extent as claimed except carnitine. dietary nitrate. sodium bicarbonate. creatine. beta-alanine.
carnitine.
What are dental caries?
cavities
Phospholipids are the main components of _____________________________.
cell membranes.
Which of the following best describes the organization of the human body?
cells, tissues, organ systems
The main reason for hydrogenating fats is to
change a liquid fat to a solid fat.
In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to
changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.
Pesticides are:
chemicals used in the field and in storage areas to decrease destruction caused by insects and fungus.
Sucralose (Splenda®) is made by adding
chlorines to sucrose.
With the help of sunlight, the body can synthesize vitamin D from a precursor made from ________. cholesterol tryptophan beta-carotene eicosapentanoic acid histamine
cholesterol
Eating too much of this vitamin-like compound may lead to a fishy body odor.
choline
Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ________ before entering the bloodstream. albumin cholesterol chylomicrons liposoluble binding proteins osteocalcin
chylomicrons
Immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as
chylomicrons.
Partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is called
chyme.
The reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate yields ________, the starting molecule in the Krebs cycle.
citrate
The primary role of the B vitamins is to act as _____ in a number of metabolic processes.
coenzymes
The current recommendation to avoid fetal alcohol syndrome is:
complete abstinence.
The Dietary Guidelines were issued in response to
concerns regarding disease patterns in the United States.
A chemical reaction wherein two molecules combine to form one larger product is called _______.
condensation
Disaccharides are formed by what classification of reaction?
condensation
Phagocytes are a white blood cells that _____. are the last resort for fighting off foreign substances in the body initiate the release of lymphocytes when foreign substances enter the body secrete cytokines consist of neutrophils and macrophages are involved with production of lymphocytes
consist of neutrophils and macrophages
Fluorosis is associated with:
consuming too much fluoride.
The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is
converted to urea.
Cholesterol is found in all of the following except
corn oil.
Eighty percent of bone is made up of:
cortical.
Supplementation of _______ may enhance performance of weight lifters and sprinters, but the safety of large doses and long-term use has not been confirmed. caffeine carnitine creatine steroids human growth hormone
creatine
The ________ is the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins. period of maximal sensitivity critical period fertility period conceptual period teratogenic period
critical period
Periods of time during development in which events can occur that will have irreversible effects on later development are called ________. anencephaly gestation fetal programming critical periods genetic mutations
critical periods
A 52-year-old male patient recently required surgery for the removal of a large calcium oxalate stone. To prevent further stone formation, the nurse instructs him to consume plenty of fluids, but advises against drinking: a. apple juice. b. orange juice. c. coffee. d. tea. e. draft beer.
d
A diet manual would most likely contain which element? a. procedures for disinfection of cooking surfaces b. staff sanitation issues c. a particular patient's resting metabolic rates d. specific food preparation methods e. information regarding staff food handling permits
d
A patient experiences nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and lightheadedness after meals following gastric bypass surgery. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of: a. high blood sugar. b. Sjögren's syndrome. c. gastroesophageal reflux. d. dumping syndrome. e. malabsorption.
d
A patient presents with elevated BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure. He complains of fatigue, confusion, easy bruising, and pruritus. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of: a. renal osteodystrophy. b. gout. c. diuresis. d. uremia. e. cystinuria.
d
A patient with _____ is an appropriate candidate for home enteral nutrition support. a. short bowel syndrome b. radiation enteropathy c. gastrointestinal bleeding d. dysphagia e. a motility disorder
d
A patient with cystic fibrosis would most likely benefit from which type of diet? a. low-sodium b. low-fat c. clear liquid d. high-kcalorie, high-protein e. pureed
d
A test conducted to determine glycemic control over the preceding two- to three-week period is the _____ test. a. glycosylated hemoglobin b. fasting glucose tolerance c. hemoglobin A1C d. fructosamine e. albuminuria
d
Adequate intake of which two minerals poses the greatest concern for all vegetarians, and not just vegans? a. iron and calcium b. zinc and calcium c. vitamin D and iron d. iron and zinc e. vitamin D and calcium
d
Among people who are ill, significant weight loss may be masked by: a. dehydration. b. drug therapy. c. hypotension. d. fluid retention. e. a large tumor.
d
An Hispanic pregnant woman is visiting the community clinic for her first prenatal visit. She has a family history of diabetes, she is obese, and her last baby weighed 9 pounds, 8 ounces. The nurse realizes that she is at risk for: a. malnutrition. b. anemia. c. preeclampsia. d. gestational diabetes. e. poor weight gain.
d
An example of a food that is high in oxalate is: a. apples. b. carrots. c. milk. d. spinach. e. grapes.
d
An example of a nutrition intervention that involves coordination of nutrition care might be _____. a. determining the need for feeding assistance b. providing basic nutrition-related instruction c. helping an individual to set priorities d. arranging transfer of nutrition care to another location e. solving problems that interfere with the nutrition care plan
d
Bile is released from the gallbladder when _____. a. the gallbladder relaxes b. emulsification of fat is completed c. protein is to be broken down for absorption d. fats from the diet are present in the duodenum e. salivary amylase did not adequately break down ingested carbohydrates
d
Blindness due to a deficiency of vitamin A is called _____. a. xerosis b. osteomalacia c. keratomalacia d. xerophthalmia e. beriberi
d
Calcium oxalate stones are most often accompanied by what metabolic condition? a. hyperkalemia b. hypernatremia c. hyperphosphatemia d. hypercalciuria e. hypercholesterolemia
d
Cretinism, a disease characterized by mental and physical retardation, is caused by a deficiency of _____ during pregnancy a. fluoride b. zinc c. manganese d. iodine e. copper
d
Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Mr. Wilson's laboratory reports indicate hyperkalemia. His intake of _____ should be restricted. a. vitamin D b. sodium c. phosphorus d. potassium e. protein
d
Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The likely cause of Mr. Wilson's chronic kidney disease is: a. his history of smoking. b. unknown. c. male gender and age. d. his history of type 1 diabetes. e. exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
d
Elevated _____ levels are of particular concern with acute kidney injury because imbalances can alter heart rhythm and lead to heart failure. a. sodium b. magnesium c. chloride d. potassium e. iron
d
Fad diets that promote low protein consumption are difficult to follow and achieve results, because when protein levels become too low, _____. a. total caloric intake is decreased below acceptable levels b. sugar levels also decrease c. ketone body production increases d. a person may not feel satiated e. the low levels of proteins produce anxiety
d
Health practitioners evaluate disease progression in HIV-infected patients by measuring the concentrations of helper T cells and circulating virus, called _____. a. cross-resistance b. the immune response c. acquired resistance d. the viral load e. active immunity
d
How do some natural remedies cause toxicity? a. They are expensive, so they are not always used as prescribed. b. They are unfairly marketed at people with eating disorders, who are intolerant of many herbs. c. They are used in place of healthy foods, decreasing intake of other important nutrients. d. They are not subject to regulation, and can therefore contain unknown toxins. e. They are not entirely organic, and can be hard to digest.
d
Inorganic nutrients include _____. a. carbohydrates b. fats c. vitamins d. minerals e. protein
d
Low levels of physical activity are most commonly associated with which type of cancer? a. esophageal cancer b. pancreatic cancer c. lung cancer d. colon cancer e. prostate cancer
d
Malabsorption of some minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and zinc, often occurs because the minerals form _____ with the unabsorbed fatty acids. a. oxalates b. gallstones c. ketones d. soaps e. bile acids
d
Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products. What principle regarding fluid is correctly conveyed to Mr. Bradley? a. "Your average fluid gain between dialysis treatments should ideally be 10 pounds." b. "Solid foods do not contribute to your fluid intake." c. "Most of your fluid intake should come when you take your medications." d. "Gelatin, soups, fruit ices, and frozen fruit juice bars contribute to your fluid intake." e. "Water losses from the skin and lungs are deducted from your fluid allowance."
d
Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products. You explain to Mr. Bradley that the diet for end-stage renal disease: a. will not prevent the development of complications. b. contributes to elevated serum levels of nitrogenous wastes. c. has little influence on disease progression. d. can help to control electrolytes and avoid a life-threatening imbalance. e. will prevent him from developing further vision loss.
d
Much of the research investigating probiotics and intestinal illness has focused on the prevention and treatment of _____. a. irritable bowel syndrome b. Crohn's disease c. diverticulitis d. infectious diarrhea e. constipation
d
One benefit of the fat in foods is that it _____. a. suppresses the appetite without affecting hunger b. does not change the food's texture but improves flavor c. will cause weight gain even when energy intake balances expenditure d. facilitates the absorption of some vitamins and phytochemicals e. is always visible
d
One example of a catheter-related complication associated with administration of parenteral nutrition is _____. a. an electrolyte imbalance b. gallbladder disease c. refeeding syndrome d. infection e. liver disease
d
Post Test 4: The most important function of lipids in the body is _____. a. to provide a radiant skin complexion b. to insulate against extreme temperature fluctuations c. to cushion the body d. to provide energy e. to nourish hair and nails
d
Signs of zinc deficiency would most likely be demonstrated as what symptoms seen in the mouth during the nutritional assessment? a. dry, cracked lips b. swollen tongue c. bleeding gums d. decreased sensation of taste e. sore throat
d
The "Mediterranean-style" diet provides heart healthy benefits due to what characteristic? a. low olive oil consumption b. high saturated fat intake c. high fiber intake d. consumption of phytochemicals from olives e. low fat intake
d
The equal sharing of resources is known as _____. a. autonomy b. ethics c. disclosure d. distributive justice e. surrogacy
d
The nurse is instructing a client on a diet for the treatment of his hypertension. The nurse recognizes that the client understands his diet when he says: a. "I can eat what I want as long as I exercise." b. "I don't need to be concerned about the amount of alcohol I drink." c. "I can eat any foods I want in moderate amounts." d. "I need to increase my intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and milk products." e. "I can freely use salt substitutes and low-sodium products."
d
The nurse is working with a patient who recently had a stroke. The patient frequently chokes and coughs when eating and is having difficulty feeding herself. The nurse understands that the best way to ensure adequate nutrition for the patient may be: a. to have an aid feed her each meal. b. to ask a family member to be present at each meal. c. to place the patient on TPN. d. to provide tube feedings for the patient. e. to change the patient's status to NPO until another solution can be found.
d
Tim is trying to eat an adequate amount of fiber. Which lunch menu will best help him achieve this goal? a. baked salmon, lettuce salad, enriched wheat roll, orange juice b. turkey hot dog, enriched wheat bun, popcorn, diet cola c. cheese and mushroom omelet, cheese grits, cranberry juice cocktail, water d. black bean soup, baked sweet potato, large apple, iced tea e. soy burger, baked French fries, chocolate pudding, coffee
d
Type 2 diabetes is most closely associated with: a. destruction of pancreatic beta cells. b. environmental toxins. c. viral infection. d. insulin resistance. e. autoimmune diseases.
d
Tyrosine is a nonessential amino acid. What does this mean? a. Tyrosine is not needed or used by the body's cells. b. Tyrosine must be regularly consumed or a deficiency will develop. c. Consuming tyrosine is hazardous to health. d. The body can synthesize tyrosine from another amino acid. e. Tyrosine is indispensable.
d
Uric acid kidney stones are most commonly associated with what condition? a. atherosclerosis b. hypercalcemia c. diabetes d. gout e. diarrhea
d
What food intake method is most often used to monitor a client's response to and compliance with medical nutrition therapy? a. food frequency checklist b. usual intake record c. nutrition data assessment d. food record e. 24-hour recall
d
What intervention would be most appropriate for a patient who has difficulty eating because of chewing problems? a. Use squeeze bottles to pour liquids into the mouth. b. Provide utensils that have modified handles. c. Offer plates with food guards. d. Provide soft foods. e. Apply slow strokes to the tongue after eating.
d
What is an advantage of using peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis? a. less risk of infection b. more comfortable c. less likely for catheter to develop clots d. no requirement of vascular access e. no dietary restrictions
d
What is an example of a symptom or effect of an illness that would likely lead to impaired digestion and absorption? a. depression b. restrictive diets c. use of diuretics d. insufficient secretion of bile salts e. chemotherapy
d
What laboratory test would most likely aid in the diagnosis of anemia? a. C-reactive protein b. blood urea nitrogen c. white blood cell count d. red blood cell count e. total protein
d
What situation best describes a potential cause of constipation? a. lactase deficiency b. a viral infection c. foodborne illness d. inadequate fluid intake e. a high-fiber diet
d
What symptom would most likely be associated with late dumping syndrome? a. abdominal cramps b. nausea c. diarrhea d. confusion e. flushing
d
What systematic plan was developed to identify and correct potential microbial hazards in the manufacturing, distribution, and commercial use of food products? a. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) b. Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) c. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) d. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) e. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
d
When a patient is expected to be tube fed for less than four weeks, the feeding tube that is generally used is a(n) _____. a. duodenostomy tube b. orogastric tube c. jejunostomy tube d. nasogastric tube e. percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube
d
When performing a nutrition assessment, what information would be gathered as part of the patient's personal and social history? a. ongoing medical treatments b. recent weight changes c. dietary restrictions d. cognitive abilities e. nutrition and health knowledge
d
Which B vitamin helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth? a. thiamin b. biotin c. riboflavin d. vitamin B12 e. niacin
d
Which behavior is most likely be observed in a male athlete with an eating disorder? a. self-starvation b. self-induced vomiting c. fear of fatness d. steroid drug abuse e. laxative abuse
d
Which factor is NOT part of an obesogenic environment? a. food deserts b. fast food c. screen time d. physical activity e. modern technology
d
Which factor may predispose an individual to kidney stone formation? a. decreased tissue perfusion b. increased volume of urine output c. intake of foods that contain tyrosine d. changes in urinary acidity e. recent gastrointestinal infection
d
Which feature is more likely associated with type 1 diabetes than with type 2 diabetes? a. onset at age over 40 years b. prevalent in up to 95 percent of cases of diabetes c. does not require insulin therapy d. caused by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells e. associated with obesity and inactivity
d
Which food is appropriate for a person on a low-sodium diet? a. olives b. biscuits c. cottage cheese d. yogurt e. pancakes
d
Which food is most appropriate to include in a diet plan for an individual who is limiting their consumption of solid fats and/or added sugars? a. frozen yogurt b. granola c. luncheon meats d. salmon e. baked beans
d
Which food would most likely be included in Level 1 of the National Dysphagia Diet? a. peanut butter b. oatmeal c. fruit preserves d. plain yogurt e. cottage cheese
d
Which health care professionals would most likely be involved with prescribing diet orders and making referrals for nutrition assessments? a. registered nurses b. social workers c. registered dietitians d. physicians e. registered dietetic technicians
d
Which individual is at highest risk for chronic illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, and increased low-density lipoprotein? a. "pear-shaped" male b. tall person with large surface area c. person who consumes little alcohol d. female with a waist circumference of 40 inches e. male with a waist circumference of 38 inches
d
Which mineral is most likely to be lost with the prolonged use of diuretics? a. calcium b. chloride c. phosphorus d. potassium e. sodium
d
Which of the following is required to be on the updated Nutrition Facts panel but was NOT required on the original label? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin C c. Calcium d. Vitamin D
d
Which practice could increase your risk of contracting a foodborne illness? a. washing hands with hot, soapy water before meals b. refrigerating leftovers promptly c. cooking meat to the recommended internal temperature d. dicing vegetables on the same board that was used to cut up raw chicken e. using an alcohol-based sanitizing gel if soap and water are not available
d
Which risk factor is most closely associated with development of gestational diabetes? a. Caucasian ethnicity b. previous history of anorexia c. previous preterm birth d. family history of diabetes e. previous birth of twins
d
Your client, Sandy, wants to increase her energy expenditure. What is the most effective, practical way for her to do this? a. Consume more protein and less fat. b. Attempt to raise her basal metabolic rate. c. Focus on her arms instead of her legs when weight training. d. Participate in aerobics classes more frequently. e. Consume only very cold foods.
d
An elderly male is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of malnutrition three months after his wife died. This situation describes which criteria that identify malnutrition risk? a. age b. history of chronic illness c. impaired mobility d. depression or social isolation e. recent unintentional weight change
d
Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K? a) Pumpkin seeds b) Bananas c) Corn d) Brussel sprouts e) Egg yolks
d) Brussel sprouts
Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________. a) the secretion of calciol b) the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol c) the synthesis of carotenoids d) calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone e) converting magnesium and fluoride to more readily absorbable compounds
d) calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone
Some of the effects of caloric restriction in animals include all of the following EXCEPT:
decreased insulin sensitivity.
All of the following are benefits associated with resistance training except decreased risk of back injury enhanced psychological well-being decreased muscle endurance increased bone density Improved performance in other activities
decreased muscle endurance
Aging is often associated with xerostomia, which is:
decreased salivary production.
Iodine _____ during pregnancy increases the risk of the infant being born with a form of mental retardation known as _____.
deficiency ; cretinism
Cooking an egg alters its appearance due to
denaturation.
The RDAs for nutrients generally are
designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.
Glucose also is known as
dextrose.
The primary symptom of Giardia infection is:
diarrhea.
Which of the "nine Ds" promote geriatric weight loss by increasing energy expenditure?
diseases such as cancer
All of the following describe kwashiorkor and marasmus except
diseases that are troublesome but not life threatening.
Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract?
duodenum
The RDA for protein is increased
during pregnancy and lactation.
At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate the MOST important?
during the first four weeks...
A person who has difficulty swallowing has ________. edentulous sarcopenia dysphagia pressure ulcers gout
dysphagia
A function of protein is to help maintain fluid distribution within the body by _____. a. diffusing through the membranes that separate compartments b. raising arterial pressure c. transporting water to cells that require it d. secreting hormones in response to the altered conditions e. attracting water into compartments where it is needed
e
A major challenge of developing an effective drug for obesity is to _____. a. provide benefits to both males and females b. generate long term effects with short-term treatments c. avoid drug interactions with other common over-the-counter drugs, such as ibuprofen d. encourage patient compliance e. decrease risks associated with long-term use
e
A nurse is working with a patient who is suffering from dysphagia. The most appropriate foods the nurse can suggest might be: a. sticky foods, such as peanut butter. b. foods with mixed textures, such as casseroles. c. dry foods, such as crackers. d. thin liquids, such as fruit juice. e. soft foods, such as mashed potatoes.
e
A patient suffering from nausea and vomiting should be counseled to do which activity to help alleviate his symptoms? a. Drink beverages during meals. b. Avoid dry, starchy foods. c. Avoid lying down for 30 minutes after meals. d. Drink citrus juice before meals. e. Avoid greasy or spicy foods.
e
A patient who takes methotrexate must be aware of which type of dietary interaction associated with this medication? a. It potentiates the effects of alcohol. b. It can cause liver toxicity when taken with high-fat foods. c. It leads to hypermagnesemia. d. It causes bone loss if calcium supplements are not added. e. It decreases folate absorption.
e
A patient with Crohn's disease who is suffering from malabsorption would most likely benefit from which nutrition intervention? a. a low-fat diet b. fluid and electrolyte replacement c. tube feedings d. avoidance of lactose-containing foods e. nutrient supplements
e
A patient with diabetes asks the nurse for ice cream. The nurse is aware that this will count as a carbohydrate portion, and the amount that equals one portion is: a. 1/3 cup. b. 1/4 cup. c. 2 cups. d. 1 cup. e. 1/2 cup.
e
A patient with fat malabsorption wants to use MCT oil with food preparation. Which suggestion is most appropriate when using MCT oil? a. MCT oil should only be used when frying foods. b. MCT oil has an unpleasant taste unless it is used on its own. c. MCT oil should replace all forms of oils and fats in the diet. d. MCT oil is cost effective and often cheaper than vegetable oil. e. MCT oil can be used when baking some foods.
e
An obese patient with type 2 diabetes wants to begin an exercise program. The nurse recommends that the patient: a. join a gym. b. start by walking 30 minutes a day. c. set a goal, such as training for a marathon. d. hire a personal trainer. e. seek a medical evaluation.
e
Assuming the GI tract is functioning normally, what is the most appropriate method for feeding patients who are unable to meet their nutritional needs orally? a. high-kcalorie, high-protein diet b. clear liquid diet c. intravenous feeding d. commercial supplement e. tube feeding
e
Beth is a 15-year-old, middle-class female who is extremely preoccupied with weight loss. She is dangerously thin, but still restricts food intake and considers herself to be too fat. Beth is most likely suffering from _____. a. bulimia nervosa b. relative energy deficit in sport (RED-S) c. binge eating disorder d. weight cycling e. anorexia nervosa
e
Cells actively maintain water amounts inside and outside the cell by pumping _____ into the cell and _____ out of the cell. a. sodium; calcium b. sodium; magnesium c. sodium; potassium d. potassium; magnesium e. potassium; sodium
e
Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The primary goal(s) of medical nutrition therapy for Mr. Wilson at this time should be to: a. prevent osteoporosis. b. eliminate excess potassium from his diet. c. treat him for iron-deficiency anemia. d. lower his blood cholesterol levels. e. prevent PEM and weight loss.
e
Digestion of dietary fats _____. a. occurs primarily in the large intestine b. occurs primarily in the stomach c. involves the small intestine but not the pancreas d. results in triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols as end products e. requires bile and lipase
e
Enteral formulas that contain mostly intact proteins and polysaccharides are called _____. a. specialized formulas b. protein isolates c. elemental formulas d. blenderized formulas e. standard formulas
e
Excessive urine production is known as: a. polyphagia. b. ketonuria. c. polydipsia. d. glycosuria. e. polyuria.
e
Following gastric resection, the nurse understands the need to limit _____ in the patient's diet. a. dairy b. meat c. vegetables d. fiber e. sugar
e
Foods made from substances that are typically used in food preparation, but not consumed as foods themselves, are referred to as_______________. a. functional b. phytochemicals c. whole foods d. processed foods e. ultra-processed foods
e
Functions of the Healthy People Initiative include _____. a. coordinating nutrition-related activities of various federal agencies b. collecting data on the kinds and amounts of foods people eat c. examining individuals using nutrition assessment methods d. diagnosing and treating individuals' nutritional deficiencies e. guiding policies for health promotion and disease prevention
e
Grant is a 44-year-old patient who has been having difficulty eating his food while in the hospital. Which method should the clinician use that is most appropriate to encourage Grant to improve his food intake? a. Fill out the menu with foods the patient may like. b. Keep the patient's room dim and quiet during mealtimes. c. Encourage the patient to save the most appetizing foods for last. d. Help the patient to call a local restaurant to order take out. e. Suggest foods that require little effort to eat.
e
If a patient needs to gain weight, which strategy would you suggest? a. Increase lean meat consumption instead of peanut butter for protein. b. Eat the soup course before your main course. c. Decrease snacking in order to increase food consumption at meals. d. Drink water instead of juice. e. Consider weight lifting instead of running
e
In many bedridden, hospitalized individuals, the value obtained from _____ may be an accurate indicator of total energy needs without need for further adjustment. a. the resting metabolic rate b. the patient's height or length c. a growth chart d. the body mass index e. indirect calorimetry
e
Increased intake of vitamin C-rich foods may decrease the risk of which type of cancer? a. stomach cancer b. lung cancer c. liver cancer d. breast cancer e. esophageal cancer
e
Increased secretion of _____ in patients with chronic kidney disease helps to prevent elevations in serum phosphate but contributes to bone loss and renal osteodystrophy. a. erythropoietin b. renin c. vitamin D d. aldosterone e. parathyroid hormone
e
John Wilson is a 74-year-old retired schoolteacher. He is 5'8" tall and weighs 136 pounds. His wife died nine months ago. During a routine visit to the doctor, it was noted that his weight had decreased 21 pounds since his visit a year ago. Mr. Wilson does not have any medical problems, though he does report feeling depressed and lonely. The physician ordered a panel of lab tests including hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin, which all were low. Mr. Wilson's low albumin level may indicate a depletion of: a. body fat. b. calcium. c. vitamin D. d. iron. e. body proteins.
e
Legumes include _____. a. winter squash b. artichokes c. Brussels sprouts d. mushrooms e. kidney beans
e
Most nutrients are absorbed in which compartment of the gastrointestinal tract? a. colon b. mouth c. stomach d. liver e. small intestine
e
Mr. Avery is a 77-year-old retired engineer. He is 5'10" tall and weighs 171 pounds. He suffered a stroke, which left him with left-sided paralysis, and he is having difficulty swallowing so he is unable to meet his nutritional needs via oral intake at this time. In the absence of any pre-existing medical problems or problems with digestion and absorption, the type of enteral formula that would be most appropriate for Mr. Avery is a(n): a. specialized formula. b. elemental formula. c. 3-in-1 solution. d. low-fiber formula. e. standard formula.
e
Mr. Avery is a 77-year-old retired engineer. He is 5'10" tall and weighs 171 pounds. He suffered a stroke, which left him with left-sided paralysis, and he is having difficulty swallowing so he is unable to meet his nutritional needs via oral intake at this time. Mr. Avery's swallowing ability and oral intake are improving. He is now consuming about 2/3 of his estimated nutrient needs from oral intake. It would be appropriate at this time to: a. include a vitamin-mineral supplement with the tube feeding. b. discontinue the parenteral feeding. c. decrease the rate of the parenteral feeding. d. increase the rate of the tube feeding. e. discontinue the tube feeding.
e
Mr. Avery is a 77-year-old retired engineer. He is 5'10" tall and weighs 171 pounds. He suffered a stroke, which left him with left-sided paralysis, and he is having difficulty swallowing so he is unable to meet his nutritional needs via oral intake at this time. Which form of nutrition support is appropriate for Mr. Avery at this time? a. peripheral parenteral nutrition b. continuous parenteral nutrition c. cyclic parenteral nutrition d. oral enteral supplements e. tube feedings
e
Mrs. Harris suffers from hypertension and routinely has blood pressure levels greater than 150/90 mmHg. What lifestyle recommendation would be most appropriate to give to Mrs. Harris? a. Reduce body weight to maintain BMI <30. b. Adopt a diet that emphasizes protein intake through red meat. c. Consume no more than 3500 mg of sodium per day. d. Limit alcohol consumption to two drinks per day. e. Engage in moderate physical activity four days per week.
e
Nuts are significant sources of _____. a. fluoride b. iron c. selenium d. chromium e. manganese
e
Post Test 17: A patient who suffers from xerostomia should be given which suggestion to help manage dry mouth? a. Take frequent sips of coffee, tea, or soda. b. Consume foods with low fluid content. c. Increase the use of flavorings and salt with foods. d. Avoid bland or soft foods for meals. e. Chew sugarless gum to stimulate saliva.
e
Post Test 20: A lowering of blood pH that results from the excessive production of ketone bodies is known as _____. a. glycosuria b. gastroparesis c. ketonuria d. hyperglycemia e. ketoacidosis
e
Post Test 21: Most complications of atherosclerosis result from the deficiency of blood and oxygen within the tissue served by an obstructed artery, called _____. a. vasculitis b. aneurysm c. thrombocytopenia d. hyperlipidemia e. ischemia
e
Post Test 8: Which method of food handling will help minimize the loss of vitamins in foods? a. Wash raw fruits and vegetables after cutting. b. Cook vegetables in water rather than steaming them. c. Use high temperatures to cook your vegetables completely. d. Store fruits and vegetables at room temperature. e. Protect milk from light.
e
Prebiotics include some of the carbohydrates found in which foods? a. shellfish and tuna b. ice cream and milk c. oranges and lemons d. red meat and poultry e. leeks and onions
e
The best way to prevent the formation of kidney stones is to: a. minimize calcium intake. b. eat less meat. c. eat fewer oxalate-containing vegetables. d. add iron supplements to the diet. e. drink 12 to 16 cups of fluids per day.
e
The consumption of too much calcium will lead to an increased risk of _____. a. diarrhea b. hypertension c. vomiting d. diabetes e. constipation
e
The delivery of about 250 to 400 milliliters of formula over 30 to 45 minutes is an example of _____ feeding. a. cyclic b. continuous c. bolus d. routine e. intermittent
e
The drug warfarin is structurally similar to: a. vitamin D. b. vitamin C. c. vitamin E. d. vitamin A. e. vitamin K.
e
The function of low-density lipoprotein is to _____. a. increase the amount of low-density lipoproteins in the blood b. transport intact protein more easily through the blood c. carry lipids absorbed from foods to the liver d. move cholesterol from other body cells to the liver cells for breakdown e. carry cholesterol and triglycerides from the cells in the liver to other cells in the body
e
The liquefying process of digestion begins in the _____. a. small intestine b. large intestine c. gallbladder d. stomach e. mouth
e
The mode of action of antidiabetic drugs that are meglitinides is best described as _____. a. inhibiting liver glucose production b. increasing urinary glucose excretion c. suppressing glucagon secretion d. delaying stomach emptying e. stimulating insulin secretion by the pancreas
e
The nurse is reinforcing the dietitian's instructions for a post-gastrectomy diet. The nurse realizes the client understands his diet when he states that he should: a. eliminate meat and eggs. b. exclude decaffeinated coffee, tea, and artificially sweetened drinks. c. eliminate all dairy products. d. emphasize grains, fruits, and vegetables in his diet. e. limit the amount of sweets, such as colas, honey, and jam.
e
The nurse recognizes that a patient with peptic ulcer disease should avoid foods that may irritate the gastrointestinal lining, such as: a. yogurt, ice cream, and margarine. b. apples, broccoli, and sweet potatoes. c. eggs, spareribs, and cheese. d. tea, orange juice, and potato chips. e. alcohol, coffee, and spicy foods.
e
The physiological need to eat is referred to as _____, while _____ is the psychological desire to eat. a. appetite; hunger b. hunger; satiation c. satiation; appetite d. appetite; satiation e. hunger; appetite
e
The shape of a hemoglobin molecule can best be described as _____. a. a hollow ball b. stiff, sturdy, and rod-like c. ribbon-like d. circular e. globular
e
To best prevent gastric outlet syndrome following bariatric surgery, the patient would avoid which food? a. ice cream b. cottage cheese c. tuna d. bananas e. asparagus
e
To use the DRI equations to estimate a client's total energy expenditure, you will need your client's _____. a. height, weight, gender, and age b. gender, body temperature, age, weight, and height c. typical energy (kcal) intake, height, weight, age, and gender d. height, resting heart rate, age, and added sugar consumption e. age, gender, weight, height, and overall physical activity level
e
Unintentional weight gain can result from the use of: a. anticonvulsant medications. b. antihypertensive medications. c. antinausea medications. d. sedative medications. e. antidepressant medications.
e
Unripe bananas are considered what type of fiber? a. whole grain b. fermented fiber c. insoluble fiber d. viscous fiber e. resistant starch
e
Vitamin C toxicity symptoms include _____. a. liver damage b. calcium imbalance c. impaired glucose tolerance d. nerve degeneration e. diarrhea
e
What clinical sign is an indicator of good nutritional status? a. smooth tongue b. spoon-shaped nails c. rough skin d. lack of fat under the skin e. shiny hair
e
What is an advantage of using the 24-hour dietary recall as part of the nutrition assessment? a. The process does not rely on memory. b. The assessment represents the patient's usual intake. c. Seasonal variability does not affect results. d. The questionnaire is easy to follow. e. Results are obtained quickly.
e
What is an example of a food that has high tyramine content? a. cottage cheese b. green beans c. venison d. tuna e. beer
e
Which diet is most likely to prevent or delay onset of type 2 diabetes? a. high-glycemic and high-fiber b. high-fat and low-carbohydrate c. low-fat and high-carbohydrate d. high-protein and high-glycemic e. low-glycemic and high-fiber
e
Which drug would most likely be prescribed for a patient following an ischemic stroke? a. nicotinic acid b. digoxin c. furosemide d. lisinopril e. warfarin
e
Which factor is LEAST likely to affect an individual's BMR? a. age b. fever c. pregnancy d. stress e. heart rate
e
Which food has the highest glycemic index? a. chickpeas b. apples c. sweet corn d. ice cream e. baked potato
e
Which food is an example of a source of high potassium per serving? a. cauliflower b. green pepper c. watermelon d. eggplant e. beets
e
Which food would most likely be included as part of a post-gastrectomy diet? a. hot dogs b. chocolate milk c. corn d. fruit juice e. beverages sweetened with artificial sweeteners
e
Which is a symptom of diabetes mellitus? a. mouth sores b. blurred vision c. high blood pressure d. hair loss e. frequent urination
e
Which nutrition recommendation should be given to a patient suffering from calcium oxalate kidney stones? a. Decrease intake of calcium-rich foods. b. Increase intake of fruits such as grapefruit, oranges, and pineapple. c. Follow a low-protein diet of less than 0.8 g/kg/body weight daily. d. Increase intake of foods that contain vitamin C. e. Limit sodium intake to no more than 2300 mg per day.
e
Which of the following does not provide energy? a. carbohydrates b. fats c. protein d. vegetables e. minerals
e
Which phrase is an example of a structure-function claim on a food label? a. "good source of fiber" b. "decreased sodium intake reduces the risk for hypertension" c. "cheese is rich in calcium" d. "adequate folate intake reduces the risk of neural tube defects" e. "promotes a healthy heart"
e
Which popular herb has commonly been used for relief of menopausal symptoms? a. echinacea b. ginger c. saw palmetto d. garlic e. black cohosh
e
Which set of values establishes an evidence-based goal for dietary intake that will meet the needs of almost all healthy people? a. Adequate Intakes (AI) b. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) c. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) d. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) e. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
e
Which statement about obesity is most accurate? a. All obese persons experience premature deaths. b. Obesity rates rose between 1998 and 2010 but then leveled off thanks to public health measures. c. Those who are obese are protected against social and economic discrimination. d. Those who are obese typically pay lower health insurance premiums. e. Obesity is second only to tobacco use as the most significant cause of preventable death in the United States.
e
Your client, Annie, follows a diet that includes eggs, but excludes meat, poultry, seafood, and milk products. Which term would best describe Annie? a. lacto-ovo vegetarian b. lacto-vegetarian c. macrobiotic vegetarian d. vegan e. ovo-vegetarian
e
The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to ________. rely on supplements to meet RDA combine dietary intake and supplementation add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in vitamin E eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily create a diet rich in low-carb, high-protein foods
eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily
The safest way to get measurable heart disease risk-reducing benefits from consuming omega-3 fatty acids, would be to
eat oily fish, such as salmon, 2 times a week.
Constipation can best be prevented by
eating dietary fiber.
Some elderly with dysgeusia will respond with compensatory eating. What is one of the negative effects that often occurs with compensatory eating?
eating is not enjoyable, so amount of food intake is reduced and nutritional status declines
Timothy wants to avoid eating too much hydrogenated fat. All of the following are appropriate ways except
eating packaged cookies and desserts made with vegetable shortening.
Which of the following is an example of a natural food barrier?
egg shells
Electrolytes are_____.
electrically charged minerals
The ___________________________ system is made up of several glands that act in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, and many other functions.
endocrine
Cholesterol made within the body is referred to as ________.
endogenous
Energy drinks are not recommended to be used as fluid replacement because they contain _______. carbonation excessive amount of vitamins alcohol enhanced water caffeine
enhanced water
Plates of cartilage located toward the end of the long bones are called_____ plates.
epiphyseal
EER refers to
estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender, and physical activity pattern.
The motive for people who prefer foods they grew up eating is most likely related to their ____.
ethnic heritage
Individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of ________ are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency.
fat
"Hidden" fat includes
fat in crackers and other grain products.
Activities lasting longer than 20 minutes will gradually start using more ______ for fuel and less ______. lactate; glucose lactate; fat glycogen; fat fat; glucose fat; creatine phosphate
fat; glucose
An athlete's first sign of dehydration is typically ______ fatigue. dizziness. intense thirst. intense sweating. mental confusion.
fatigue.
By definition, lipids that are solid at room temperature (77°F or 25°C) are called ________.
fats
Pancreatic lipase digests
fats.
Most cases of food-borne illness caused by Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni are the result of contamination from:
feces.
Due to its close relationship with iron, ceruloplasmin is also called ________.
ferroxidase
The influence of how a mother's nutrient intake may change gene expression to increase the infant's development of obesity or chronic diseases later in life is referred to as ________. fetal programming overnutrition malnutrition fertilization critical periods
fetal programming
For most people in the United States, the best source of fluoride is _____. fluoridated drinking water bottled water fresh fruits and vegetables fluoride supplements meat
fluoridated drinking water
Inadequate intakes of ________ during pregnancy are associated with neural tube defects in the fetus.
folate
Which of the B-vitamins primarily functions in cell regeneration and the synthesis of red blood cells?
folate...
For food products to be certified organic, farmers, and ________ must first be certified organic.
food handling companies
Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and soft cheeses can lead to ________. mercury contamination intake of heavy metals like lead low-birthweights foodborne illness from listeriosis. phenylketonuria (PKU)
foodborne illness from listeriosis.
The most reliable source of vitamin B12 for the vegan would be
fortified soybean milk.
An infant born at 39 weeks would be described as _____. pre-term complete full-term post-term after due date
full-term
The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are
gas, abdominal pain, and distention.
A recurrent and more serious form of heartburn, also known as acid reflux, is called
gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Antibodies are ________.
giant protein molecules
Which hormone produced by pancreas is a counter regulatory to insulin?
glucagon
The process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called ________.
gluconeogenesis
After absorption, galactose is converted to ________ in the liver.
glucose
Chromium assists in ________ uptake.
glucose
The phenomenon known as "hitting the wall" occurs in athletes when _____ is depleted water protein glucose fatty acids lactate
glucose
The phenomenon known as "hitting the wall" occurs in athletes when _____ is depleted. water protein glucose fatty acids lactate
glucose
Riboflavin assists with antioxidant function through its role as a coenzyme for which enzyme?
glutathione peroxidase
The body's primary source of glucose during physical activity is _______. ATP NAD glycogen creatine phosphate lactate
glycogen
Glucose is stored in the body as:
glycogen.
Which of the following metabolic pathways occurs in the cytosol of the cell?
glycolysis
Which of the following BEST describes the Delaney Clause?
government action that prevents the intentional addition of compounds that have been shown to cause cancer in animals or humans
Which of the following foods is most likely to contain sulfites?
grapes (fresh)
Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?
green leafy vegetables
The iodization of salt _____. began in the United States in the 1880s has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States is mandatory in the United States is available to only about 10 percent of households in developing countries has no benefit except for children
has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States
The iodization of salt _____. began in the United States in the 1880s has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States is mandatory in the United States is available to only about 10 percent of households in developing countries has no benefit except for children
has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States
Diets high in sodium are associated with:
high blood pressure.
All of the following are features of an ideal pregame meal except high-protein, providing 30 kcal per kg body weight. vegetable and fruit juices, providing 100-200 kcal. high-carbohydrate, low-fiber, and low-fat providing 300-800 kcal. high-fiber, providing 200-300 kcal and liberal amounts of fluid. bulky, fiber-rich foods providing at least 800 kcal.
high-carbohydrate, low-fiber, and low-fat providing 300-800 kcal.
Milk that is high in fat and produced late in a nursing session is termed:
hindmilk.
One of the most serious risk factors associated with osteoporosis is:
hip fractures.
Which of the following enzymes facilitates the release of fatty acids into the blood?
hormone-sensitive lipase
When eating a high-fiber diet one should
increase fluid intake.
Diuretics lower blood pressure by decreasing fluid loss. increasing fluid loss. removing calcium ions. promoting blood homeostasis. reducing bile salts.
increasing fluid loss.
At which stage of life must a diet contain the highest percentage of protein as essential amino acids?
infancy
At which stage of the life cycle is calcium absorption the most efficient?
infancy
Sustained milk production depends entirely on _____.
infant suckling
The stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is:
infant suckling.
The combination of an inefficient and overactive immune response in the aged is called ________. inflammaging dysphagic cell mass sarcopenic undermining endentulous-induced wasting cachexia of aging
inflammaging
A protein that acts as a hormone is
insulin.
The primary anabolic hormone is:
insulin.
Stage I of iron deficiency is also called:
iron depletion.
A low-FODMAP diet typically is used to improve the symptoms of _______.
irritable bowel syndrome
The liver is the first stop for most absorbed nutrients because it
is the end point for the portal vein.
The RDA for iodine _____. can be met only by consuming iodized salt can be met in 1 tablespoon of iodized salt is the same for men and women is higher in men is higher in women
is the same for men and women
The RDA for iodine _____. can be met only by consuming iodized salt can be met in 1 tablespoon of iodized salt is the same for men and women is higher in men is higher in women
is the same for men and women
All of the following reasons that alcohol should not be used to rehydrate the body except it has a diuretic effect. it inhibits glycogen breakdown. it slows reaction time. it impairs the body's ability to regulate temperature. it can lead to sports-related injuries.
it inhibits glycogen breakdown.
All of the following are characteristic of cholesterol except
it is an essential nutrient.
All of the following are true of high quality protein except
it provides 7 kcal/g of energy.
For women, soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis because ________. it prevents the kidneys from excreting calcium of the bioavailable calcium of its stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation its phytochemicals mimic the actions of estrogen in the body calcium alginate is used to process the soy bean
its phytochemicals mimic the actions of estrogen in the body
Diseases affecting the liver or the ________ can interfere with the activation of vitamin D and produce symptoms of deficiency. skin pancreas intestines kidneys stomach
kidneys
The most common cause of food insecurity and hunger among older adults is:
lack of income.
Lactose intolerance is caused by
lactase deficiency.
In the absence of oxygen, glucose is catabolized to:
lactic acid.
A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes such products as milk and eggs is referred to as a(n)
lacto-ovo-vegetarian.
Pica, a craving for nonfood items like dirt and old paint, can lead to ________ in children. lead poisoning hyperactivity food allergies obesity type 2 diabetes
lead poisoning
The combination of plant foods that most often is used to provide complete protein is
legumes and grains.
Research shows that ________ of women have suffered from anorexia nervosa at some point in their lives.
less than 1%
A low-birth-weight infant will weigh:
less than 5.5 pounds.
Achlorhydria may lead to which of the following?
limited absorption of calcium..
If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a
limiting amino acid.
The catabolism of triglycerides is called:
lipolysis.
To be transported throughout the body, fats are packaged in structures called
lipoproteins.
Damage to which organ may contribute to the accumulation of pesticides in the body?
liver
Hepatitis A is a food-borne virus that can result in ________ damage.
liver
Retinol-binding protein picks up vitamin A from the ________ and carries it to the blood. intestines kidneys liver pancreas gallbladder
liver
Blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein to the
liver.
The oxidation of alcohol occurs primarily in the:
liver.
The most important dietary approach for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus is to
lose body fat.
Which of the following will impair iron absorption?
low amounts of stomach acid
Which of the following situations will result in a buildup of ketones in the blood?
low carbohydrate availability
Iron deficiency during toddlerhood can be avoided by eating foods high in iron. Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of iron?
low fat yogurt
Hypokalemia is:
low levels of potassium in the blood.
A vegetarian who plans a meal involving rice can consume all the essential amino acids by adding another a plant protein rich in ________.
lysine
Pernicious anemia is classified as a type of ________ anemia.
macrocytic
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a food-borne illness also known as:
mad cow disease.
To build a bone or tooth, cells first lay down a ________ and then fill it with crystals of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, and other minerals.
matrix
Glycogen is found to only a limited extent in ________.
meats
In which phase of the life cycle is bone loss the greatest?
menopause..
Pregnant women and young children should avoid consuming tilefish, swordfish, king mackerel, marlin, or shark because they are sources of ________, an environmental contaminant.
mercury
Which of the following is an example of a persistent organic pollutant?
mercury
Approximately 1/3 of riboflavin is supplied in the American diet by:
milk.
Excess vitamin D may result in ________. increased bone density increased bone calcification deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull mineral deposits in soft tissues like the kidney osteoporosis
mineral deposits in soft tissues like the kidney
Which cellular organelle is the primary site of ATP production?
mitochondrion
The two types of fungi are:
molds and yeasts.
When triglycerides are digested, before being absorbed, they are converted to a mixture of
monoglycerides and fatty acids.
The term "simple carbohydrates" refers to
monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth with salivary amylase.
When insulin is released, it causes
muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake.
Glycogen is defined as a storage form of glucose, manufactured and stored in the body's ________.
muscles and liver
The major storage sites for glycogen are
muscles and liver.
Peristalsis refers to
muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.
Which human organ system is most affected by toxic levels of mercury?
nervous
The development of the ________ is particularly dependent on adequate consumption of fat during the toddler years.
nervous system
Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid are two forms of ________.
niacin
Pellagra is the deficiency disease associated with:
niacin.
Which of the following two coenzymes are capable of oxidation-reduction reactions?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide
Of all the amino acids, how many must be supplied by the diet?
nine
Which of the following additives gives ham, hot dogs, and bologna their pink color?
nitrates/nitrites
The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is
nitrogen.
Which food should be avoided in galactosemia?
non-fat milk
The study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression is called
nutrigenomics.
The study of how genes determine our nutritional requirements is called
nutrigenomics.
The Seven Countries Study found that Mediterranean countries have low rates of heart disease because they consume more _________ in their diet.
olive oil
The developing brain depends heavily on ______, and the mother's intake of during pregnancy may improve an infant's brain function and cognition. essential amino acids omega-3 fatty acids iron saturated fats vitamins B6 and B12
omega-3 fatty acids
The liver can store enough glycogen to meet the body's energy needs for ________.
one day
A monounsaturated fatty acid contains
one double bond.
A saturated fatty acid contains
one double bond.
An estimated ________ of all chicken eggs in the U.S. are contaminated with Salmonella.
one-third
A food product containing 95% organically produced ingredients would be labeled ________.
organic
Bone cells that are responsible for resorption of bone tissue are called:
osteoblasts.
Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of prothrombin and ________. osteocalcin adipose tissue calbindin calciferol teratogen
osteocalcin
An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience a softening of the bones, which is called ________. rickets osteomalacia keratomalacia hyperkeratosis osteopenia
osteomalacia
Being slightly overweight is associated with a reduced risk of ________.
osteoporosis
Dowager's hump is one characteristic of:
osteoporosis.
Maximizing bone density in adolescence will reduce the risk of developing:
osteoporosis.
Kate consumes 1,900 kcalories each day. She requires 1,750 kcalories to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's kcalorie consumption could lead to
overnutrition.
Which metabolic pathway will predominate after eating a balanced meal?
oxidative glycolysis
Antioxidants work in all the following ways EXCEPT:
oxidizing fatty acids in cell membranes
Providing ice chips to alleviate a dry mouth of a terminally ill patient is an example of ________ medical care.
palliative
The major fat-digesting enzyme is
pancreatic lipase.
The main symptom associated with Clostridium botulinum intoxication is:
paralysis.
All of the following are sources of cholesterol except
peanut butter.
The chemical bond joining adjacent amino acids is called a(n) _____________ bond.
peptide
Inadequate intrinsic factor is associated with:
pernicious anemia.
The extent to which an environmental contaminant lingers in the environment or body is referred to as ________. persistence the degradation rate its binding capacity food chain constancy perseverance
persistence
Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and:
phosphorus.
The first step of glycolysis is:
phosphorylation of glucose
The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called
photosynthesis.
An individual is described as ________ when they have the endurance to engage in daily activities, as well enough reserve energy to handle added challenges. conditioned moderately fit moderately active physically fit sedentary
physically fit
Nora says her grandfather acts like a 25-year-old man. Nora is referring to her grandfather's ________ age. chronological physiological ephemeral transient historical
physiological
Phosphorus in plants is primarily found in the form of ________.
phytic acid
Cravings for nonfood substances such as dirt and chalk is called:
pica.
The _______ is the organ from which the infant receives nourishment. placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac blastocyte The sac in which the developing infant is contained prior to birth
placenta
When comparing plant sources of protein to animal sources, we could say
plant sources tend to contain more dietary fiber.
Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of
positive protein balance.
People who take diuretic medications may need to take a ________ supplement. vitamin K vitamin D iron potassium sodium
potassium
A sudden increase in maternal blood pressure with the presence of swelling, rapid weight gain, and protein in the urine is characteristic of a condition called:
preeclampsia.
A reference protein is determined by comparing its amino acid composition with the essential amino acid requirements of ________.
preschool-age children
An important function of selenium is to _____. help blood clot prevent free-radical formation stimulate the taste buds help in metabolism of cholesterol work with vitamin E in formation of hemoglobin
prevent free-radical formation
A diet history provides clues to ________ deficiencies.
primary
Mad cow disease is caused by:
prions.
The greatest source of sodium in the diet is ________. processed foods unprocessed foods natural salt content of foods salt added during cooking salt added at the table
processed foods
Healthy People 2010 was designed to
promote healthful lifestyles and reduce preventable death and disability in all Americans.
The chemical name for vitamin B6 is:
pyridoxine.
The chronic over consumption of ________ can result in a biotin deficiency.
raw egg whites
The most highly fortified foods on the market are ____.
ready-to-eat breakfast cereals
Researchers have spent many years studying diets and have determined the best approach to weight loss is to ________.
reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
All of the following are potential health benefits of lactation that benefit the mother except reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. lengthened birth intervals or time between pregnancies. increased energy expenditure may aid in weight loss. reduced risk of all types of cancer. cntraction of the uterus after birth.
reduced risk of all types of cancer.
All of the following are potential health benefits of lactation that benefit the mother except reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. lengthened birth intervals or time between pregnancies. increased energy expenditure may aid in weight loss. reduced risk of all types of cancer. contraction of the uterus after birth.
reduced risk of all types of cancer.
After absorption, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides inside intestinal cells are
reformed into triglycerides.
The primary cause of heartburn during pregnancy is:
relaxation of the smooth muscles in the lower esophageal sphincter.
Body image plays an increasingly important role in food choices in which age group?
school-aged children
The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is:
scurvy.
Average zinc intakes in the United States are ______. slightly lower than recommended slightly higher than recommended sufficient in men but too low in women too low in children calcium low in the very elderly
slightly higher than recommended
Heat stroke shares all of the following symptoms with hypothermia except _______. mental changes confusion loss of consciousness clumsiness slow heart rate
slow heart rate
Most digestion takes place in the
small intestine.
Most of the sodium consumed is absorbed from:
small intestine.
The most active area for the absorption of nutrients into the body is the
small intestine.
Copper is absorbed from the:
small intestine..
Which of the following food preservation methods limits spoilage by drawing water out of foods, making them inhospitable to bacterial growth?
smoking
Antibiotics and antacids often contain large amounts of ________. sugar sodium sorbitol lactose niacin
sodium
Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as hyponatremia water sodium glucose potassium calcium
sodium
Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as hyponatremia. water sodium glucose potassium calcium
sodium
Aldosterone and renin each promote ________. electrolyte balance sodium retention calcium excretion vasoconstriction potassium retention
sodium retention
Green potatoes are toxic due to the high concentrations of:
solanine.
If a fat contains mostly saturated fatty acids, it is likely to be ________ at room temperature.
solid
Pectin from fruit is an example of a ________ fiber.
soluble
Tempeh is made from ____.
soybeans
The ring-like muscles that retard or prevent backflow of partially digested food in the gastrointestinal tract are called
sphincters.
One would be likely to see positive protein balance in all of the following conditions except
starvation.
The major function of adipose tissue is to
store triglycerides.
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is
stored as glycogen and/or fat.
All of the following describe the fate of excess protein except
stored in the liver.
All of the following are primary functions of protein except to
supply more than 40 percent of the kcalories in the diet.
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all the following mechanisms except
sustained absorption.
Which type of exercise is the least beneficial in preventing bone mass loss?
swimming
The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:
table salt.
A substance that causes a birth defect is called a:
teratogen.
The tangled shape of a polypeptide is its ________ structure, which gives it maximum stability.
tertiary
Triglycerides in food are said to have satiety value primarily because
they are high in kcalories.
The recommendation for fiber intake for older adults is less because:
they consume fewer calories.
The first B vitamin to be discovered was _____ , and it plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy.
thiamin
High protein diets may be harmful for
those with kidney disease.
The bioavailability of calcium would be affected by all of the following EXCEPT:
time of day
Why is rBGH given to many U.S. dairy cows?
to increase milk production without increasing feed
The major dietary factor to be concerned about in relation to heart disease is
total fat.
The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA is ________.
transcription
The process whereby messenger RNA directs the sequence of amino acids and synthesis of proteins is ________.
translation
The body energy that can be stored in almost unlimited amounts is
triglyceride.
The body stores excess protein as
triglycerides.
Good suggestions for eating in a heart-healthy way would be to
trim fat off meat before and after cooking.
Intestinal tripeptidases cleave ________.
tripeptides
For which of the following nutrients does absorption increase with age?
vitamin A
The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend supplements of ________ for all measles-infected infants and children. iron vitamin A folic acid phylloquinone vitamin E
vitamin A
Strict vegetarians who eat no animal products or nutrient-fortified products should supplement their diets with
vitamin B-12.
Consuming which nutrient at the same meal will enhance the absorption of iron?
vitamin C
While athletes are encouraged to eat a diet high in antioxidant-rich foods, research findings are conflicting in regards to ________ as a way to prevent against exercise-induced oxidative stress. increased vitamin C intake from fruits vitamin E supplementation increased beta-carotene intake from foods incorporation of vitamin E-rich oils increased intake of fruits and vegetables
vitamin E supplementation
While athletes are encouraged to eat a diet high in antioxidant-rich foods, research findings are conflicting in regards to ________ as a way to prevent against exercise-induced oxidative stress. increased vitamin C intake from fruits vitamin E supplementation increased beta-carotene intake from foods incorporation of vitamin E-rich oils increased intake of fruits and vegetables
vitamin E supplementation
Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of:
vitamin E.
One of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, and also a good source of plant sterols is
walnuts.
To protect from contaminating foods, which is the best water to wash hands in?
warm
USDA regulations allow a food product to be labeled "organic" only if it ________. has been irradiated contains genetically engineered ingredients was made with at least 95% organic ingredients was grown with fertilizer made from sewer sludge was grown in the United States.
was made with at least 95% organic ingredients
The easiest and most effective way to prevent food-borne illnesses is to:
wash hands before handling food.
Condensation is a chemical reaction that releases ________.
water
The body needs more ________ each day than any other nutrient. fat water protein glucose sodium
water
The body needs more ________ each day than any other nutrient. fat water protein glucose sodium
water
The body's need for _____ surpasses the need for any other nutrient. iron water glucose glycogen sodium
water
A function of the large intestine is to absorb
water and minerals.
The food-borne illness caused by Campylobacter jejuni is associated with consuming:
water that has been contaminated with fecal material.