Nutrition STUDY NOTES

2) PROCESS OF LIPID TRANSPORT

A layer of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol molecules surrounds each chylomicron to facilitate transport.

4) SATURATED FAT EXAMPLES

STEAK, COCONUT OIL, CHEESE

6) POLYUNSATURATED FAT EXAMPLES

corn oil, sunflower seeds, tofu

8) What does tRNA do during translation?

tRNA collects and transports the amino acids to the ribosome.

7) TRANSCRIPTION

1. DNA in the cell nucleus unwinds. 2. The instructions contained in a gene are transcribed as an mRNA molecule. 3. mRNA detaches from the DNA 4. mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and arrives in the cytoplasm.

3) LIPID DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, and TRANSPORT

1. HYDROLYSIS: fatty acids are broken off from the glycerol using water 2. TRIGLYCERIDE: common lipid in foods, made up of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone 3. GASTRIC LIPASE: secreted from the chief cell in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides 4. BILE: fat enters the duodenum, and bile is released into the small intestine to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets 5. GLYCEROL: alcohol made up of three carbons, three hydroxyl groups, and five hydrogen ions. 6. PANCREATIC LIPASE: enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the two fatty acids from the glycerol backbone in the intestine. 7. MONOACYLGLYCERIDE: structure composed of a glycerol backbone and one fatty acid. 8. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: long-chain fatty acids are transported via chylomicrons from inside the enterocyte into the lymphatic system to be delivered to the rest of the body. 9. CHOLECYSTOKININ: hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum. 10. MICELLES: Products of lipid hydrolysis are transported to the enterocytes in micelles.

9) Ribosome functions

1. Reads the nucleotide sequence and helps build corresponding sequence of amino acids. 2. Releases the amino acid chain when the sequence is complete.

1) LIPID DIGESTION

1. Solid fats melt during mastication, and lingual lipase begins digestion of triglycerides 2. Fats are broken up into smaller droplets in the stomach and chief cells release gastric lipase, which hydrolyzes some triglycerides. 3. As chyme enters the duodenum, cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and secrete bile and stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. 4. Bile from the gallbladder emulsifies large fat globules into smaller ones. 5. Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into monoacylglycerides and fatty acids. 6. Fatty acids, monoacylglycerides, and other lipids form micelles. 7. Micelles transport products of lipid digestion to enterocytes. 8. Inside enterocytes, components of micelles re-form to create chylomicrons that enter the lymph; short-chain fatty acids enter bloodstream directly.

tRNA functions

1. Transports a specific amino acid to add to the growing polypeptide chain. 2. It collects and binds to individual amino acids that are needed for the protein.

mRNA

It contains a copy of the DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids.

5) MONOUNSATURATED FAT EXAMPLES

olive oil, almonds, canola oil