Nutrition Test 2

In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?

1 hour

What is the percent digestibility of most plant proteins?

70-90

How many acetyl CoA molecules may be obtained from oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid?

9

What is the percent digestibility of most animal proteins?

90-99

Approximately what percentage of the lipids in foods are triglycerides?

95

Approximately what percentage of the weight of triglycerides cannot be converted to glucose?

95

What percentage of stored body fat is in the form of triglycerides

99

Approximately what percentage of a person's genes are similar to that of an unrelated person?

99.9

Which of the following vegetable oils is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids? a. Corn b. Canola c. Sesame d. Coconut

Canola

Which of the following is(are) best suited for slowing alcohol absorption? a. Not eating b. Protein snacks c. Caffeine drinks d. Carbohydrate snacks

Carbohydrate snacks

After a meal, most of the fat that eventually empties into the blood is in the form of particles known as

Chylomicrons

What lipoprotein is largest in size?

Chylomicrons

How are ketones formed?

Condensation of acetyl CoA molecules

Which of the following is a common source of medium-chain fatty acids? a. Fish oils b. Beef products c. Vegetable oils d. Dairy products

Dairy products

Bile is known to assist in the absorption of

Fat only

Which of the following defines a moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized woman? a. Up to 1 drink b. Up to 2 drinks c. Up to 3 drinks d. Up to 5 drinks

Up to 1 drink

Which of the following defines a moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized man? a. Up to 1 drink b. Up to 2 drinks c. Up to 3 drinks d. Up to 5 drinks

Up to 2 drinks

A person wishing to increase consumption of polyunsaturated fats should choose

Vegetable oils

What are the products from the complete oxidation of fatty acids?

Water, carbon dioxide, and energy

Which of the following is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men? a. Women fast more often b. Women do not eat as much food with the alcohol c. Women consume more of their alcohol in sweetened drinks d. Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase

Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase

The disease phenylketonuria is related chiefly to abnormal metabolism of

a certain amino acid

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? a. Fatty acids b. Acetyl CoA c. Amino acids d. Carbon dioxide

amino acids

Which of the following products is not generated via the TCA cycle or electron transport chain a. Water b. Energy c. Ammonia d. Carbon dioxide

ammonia

All of the following are contained in an amino acid except a. an acid group. b. an amino group. c. an aldehyde group. d. a central carbon atom.

an aldehyde group

What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?

anabolic

The formation of glycogen by the liver cell is an example of

anabolism

At what point is oxygen used in the electron transport chain

at the end

Major sources of cholesterol include all of the following except a. Meat b. Shrimp c. Avocados d. Hamburger

avocados

What type of reaction is required to bind two molecules of glycine together and release a molecule of water?

condensation

Tissue swelling that results from water accumulating between cells is known as

edema

What primary factor governs the quality of a food protein?

essential amino acid content

The effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from

fasting

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?

fat, carbohydrate and protein

Which of the following cannot be used to make body proteins? a. Glucose b. Glycerol c. Fatty acids d. Amino acids

fatty acids

What is the chemical composition of fats?

fatty acids and glycerol

What is the storage site of bile?

gallbladder

All of the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol except a. bile. b. glucose. c. vitamin D. d. sex hormones

glucose

Which of the following compounds cannot be formed from fatty acids? a. Ketones b. Glucose c. Acetyl CoA d. Carbon dioxide

glucose

Glycolysis is the conversion of

glucose to pyruvate

After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body? a. Glycogen b. Fatty acids c. Amino acids d. Triglycerides

glycogen

The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as

glycolysis

In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as

heat

What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?

liver

Your mother, who has a high blood urea content, most likely has a poorly functioning

liver

What is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood ammonia levels?

liver dysfunction

What type of diet is associated with the development of ketosis?

low carbohydrate

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? a. Chylomicron b. Low-density lipoprotein c. High-density lipoprotein d. Very-low-density lipoprotein

low-density lipoprotein

Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells? a. Digestion b. Metabolism c. Absorption d. Catabolism

metabolism

A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for the

mitochondria

What is the name of the inactive form of the protein-splitting enzyme in the stomach?

pepsinogen

Protein-hydrolyzing enzymes are commonly known as

proteases

During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90% of the glucose needed to fuel the body?

protein

Which of the following describes the structure of pepsin? a. Lipid b. Protein c. Nucleic acid d. Carbohydrate

protein

Which of the following foods contains cholesterol? a. Corn b. Olives c. Roasted turkey d. Roasted peanuts

roasted turkey

A common genetic variation which causes a change in the amino acid sequence in the structure of hemoglobin leads to the disease

sickle-cell anemia

Your college dormitory roommate, James, told you that he's had anemia for quite some time and that it's from having abnormally-shaped hemoglobin. What type of anemia does James have?

sickle-cell anemia

After a hamburger is eaten, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its proteins initiated?

stomach

In what organ is pepsin active?

stomach

The metabolism of alcohol begins in the

stomach

What organ is first to absorb alcohol after a person takes a drink

stomach

What is the composition of a tripeptide?

three amino acids bonded together

In which form are most dietary lipids found?

triglycerides

The following amino acids are linked together: glycine-lysine-valine. This compound is a

tripeptide

Products from the electron transport chain pathway include all of the following except a. CO2. b. urea. c. water. d. energy

urea

Your middle-aged aunt says that she always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size husband, even though their alcohol intake is the same. You respond by saying to your aunt:

"Women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and consequently absorb more of the alcohol into the bloodstream."

What minimum concentration of blood alcohol leads to impaired judgment and increased heart rate?

0.05

What is the minimum blood alcohol percentage that defines legal drunkenness in most states?

0.10

One average-sized can of beer contains about the same amount of alcohol as

1 1/2 ounces of vodka.

Approximately what percentage of alcohol in the body is eliminated via the urine and breath?

10

If a person consumes 65 grams of protein and a total of 2700 kcalories per day, approximately what percentage of energy would be derived from protein?

10

What is the percentage of total energy derived from protein in a diet containing 50 grams of protein and 2000 kcalories?

10%

Approximately how many kcalories from ethanol are contained in one standard drink of vodka or rum?

100

How many hydrogen atoms are attached to each carbon adjacent to a double bond?

2

What fraction of all domestic violence incidents involve alcohol use?

2/3

How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?

20

Which of the following would be classified as a polypeptide a. 1 amino acid b. 3 amino acids bonded together c. 9 fatty acids bonded together d. 20 amino acids bonded together

20 amino acids bonded together

Approximately how many kcal are contained in 3 ounces of 80-proof rum?

200

In a triglyceride that contains 54 carbon atoms, how many can become part of glucose?

3

The health benefits of moderate alcohol intake occur in people with a starting age (years) of

35

What is the RDA for protein for a 48-kg woman

38 g

What percentage (by weight) of a triglyceride molecule can be converted to glucose?

5%

Of the total amount of carbohydrate energy consumed by the body, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?

50%

Approximately how many carbons are contained in a medium-chain fatty acid?

6-10

What is the percentage of ethanol in 120-proof scotch whiskey

60

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

ATP

Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy? a. ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP b. ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP c. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP d. ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP

ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP

Which of the following is a characteristic of hormones? a. Inactivate bacteria b. Act as messenger molecules c. Coordinate visual response d. Act as buffers in the bloodstream

Act as messenger molecules

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of alcohol metabolism? a. There are gender differences in the rate of breakdown b. The average person needs about two hours to metabolize two drinks c. Alcohol is metabolized by muscle and brain cells as well as by the liver d. The amount of alcohol in the breath is proportional to the amount in the blood

Alcohol is metabolized by muscle and brain cells as well as by the liver

Which of the following defines a coenzyme? a. A unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP b. An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme c. The small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants d. An inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors

An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme

Which of the following proteins inactivates foreign bacteria and viruses? a. Enzymes b. Collagen c. Hormones d. Antibodies

Antibodies

Which of the following is a feature of butter and margarine? a. Butter is a major source of trans fatty acids b. Butter contains more saturated fat and cholesterol than margarine does c. Margarine contains approximately half as much cholesterol as butter does d. Stick margarine contains half as much trans-fatty acids as soft margarine does

B utter contains more saturated fat and cholesterol than margarine does

A triglyceride always contains 3

Fatty acids

Which of the following is a characteristic of fish consumption? a. Fish is a good source of iron b. Fatty fish contain the highest amounts of omega-3 fatty acids c. The minimum intake to gain any benefit is 3 servings per week d. Even fried fish from fast-food restaurants provide a favorable balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fats

Fatty fish contain the highest amounts of omega-3 fatty acids

Lillie has been losing weight by following a very-low-carbohydrate diet for 2 months. Her primary care physician just diagnosed ketosis through a urine sample. Which of the following symptoms would be another way the physician might have suspected ketosis in Lillie? a. Thinning hair b. Irritable temper c. Fishy body odor d. Fruity odor on breath

Fruity odor on breath

Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose? a. Cori cycle, TCA cycle, glycolysis b. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain c. Electron transport chain, TCA cycle, Cori cycle d. TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain

What function does a buffer perform?

Helps maintain a constant pH

A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of

High-density lipoproteins

What is the function of lipoprotein lipase?

Hydrolysis blood triglycerides for uptake into cells

Which of the following is a characteristic of cholesterol? a. It is absorbed directly into the blood b. It is a precursor for bile and vitamin D synthesis c. It is not formed in the body when provided by the diet d. It is found in abundance in tropical fats such as palm oil

It is a precursor for bile and vitamin D synthesis

Which of the following is a feature of hemoglobin? a. It has no tertiary structure b. It holds the mineral calcium c. It is constructed of 4 polypeptide chains d. It has no primary or secondary structure

It is constructed of 4 polypeptide chains

Which of the following is characteristic of alcohol absorption? a. It is slowed when the stomach is full of food b. It is increased when high-fat snacks are eaten c. It is increased when carbohydrate snacks are eaten d. It is lower in women than in men of the same body weight

It is slowed when the stomach is full of food

Which of the following is a characteristic of ketosis? a. It may lead to a lowering of blood pH b. It leads to increased appetite in most individuals c. It may be alleviated quickly by ingestion of some dietary fat d. It is a necessary physiological adjustment for maximum weight loss

It may lead to a lowering of blood pH

Which of the following is a feature of an essential amino acid? a. It is not necessary in the diet b. It must be supplied by the diet c. It can be made from fat in the body d. It can be made from glucose in the bod

It must be supplied by the diet

Which of the following functions is(are) first to be affected when a person begins to drink alcohol? a. Speech and vision b. Judgment and reasoning c. Voluntary muscle control d. Respiration and heart function

Judgment and reasoning

Each of the following is known to be linked to excessive intake of fats except a. cancer. b. obesity. c. heart disease. d. lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance

Which of the following lipids is an essential nutrient? a. Lecithin b. Cholesterol c. Stearic acid d. Linoleic acid

Linoleic acid

Which of the following plays a major role in regulating the elimination of alcohol from the body? a. Lung respiratory rate b. Kidney antidiuretic hormone c. Liver alcohol dehydrogenase d. Brain acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Liver alcohol dehydrogenase

Which of the following substances cannot be absorbed directly into the blood? a. Glycerol b. Long-chain fatty acids c. Short-chain fatty acids d. Medium-chain fatty acids

Long-chain fatty acids

Your roommate Bob has just come back from the doctor where he was subjected to a blood lipid profile analysis. The doctor provided him with dietary changes because the cholesterol results put him at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following results is consistent with the diagnosis? a. Low LDL and high HDL b. Low HDL and high LDL c. Low DLD and high DHD d. Low LDH and low HDL

Low HDL and high LDL

Which of the following is a feature of polyunsaturated fats? a. Low melting point b. High melting point c. Solid at room temperature d. Solid at refrigerator temperature

Low melting point

A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of

Low-density lipoproteins

The composition of lecithin could include all of the following except

Magnesium

.What type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil?

Monounsaturated

Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond? a. Saturated b. Hydrogenated c. Monounsaturated d. Polyunsaturated

Monounsaturated

Which of the following is a property of dietary lipids a. Omega-3 fatty acids are always unsaturated b. Lipids that are solid at room temperature are classified as oils c. The fatty acids in triglycerides may be of chain length 2 to 25 carbons d. The most common fatty acid chain length in triglycerides is 10 carbon

Omega-3 fatty acids are always unsaturated

What type of compound is lecithin?

Phospholipid

Which one of the following compounds is missing 4 or more hydrogen atoms? a. Monounsaturated fatty acid b. Polyunsaturated fatty acid c. Long-chain saturated fatty acid d. Short-chain saturated fatty acid

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Which of the following illustrates a deamination reaction? a. Removal of the amino group from an amino acid b. Separation of an amino acid from a peptide chain c. Addition of an amino group to form a new amino acid d. Addition of an amino acid to form a larger peptide chain

Removal of the amino group from an amino acid

Which of the following is characteristic of sickle-cell anemia? a. The disorder can be serious but not fatal b. The disorder leads to depression of energy expenditure c. The abnormal structure of the hemoglobin alters the shape of the red blood cell d. The hemoglobin amino acid sequence is abnormal in all four of the polypeptide chains

The abnormal structure of the hemoglobin alters the shape of the red blood cell

Ronnie eats a fairly balanced diet, but wants to include a good source of omega-3 fats. Which of the following should be your recommendation? a. Eggs b. Salmon c. Low-fat cheeses d. Lean chicken breast

Salmon

Which of the following is a feature of phospholipids a. Resistant to digestion b. Soluble in both water and fat c. Highly susceptible to oxidation d. Found naturally only in animal foods

Soluble in both water and fat

Which of the following is the body's first response to the absorption of abundant amounts of carbohydrate? a. Catabolism of body fat b. Catabolism of glycogen c. Synthesis and storage of glycogen d. Synthesis and storage of triglycerides

Synthesis and storage of glycogen

Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis? a. The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA b. The final step in completing the protein is carried out in the mitochondria c. The function of transfer RNA is to assist in absorption of amino acids into the cell d. The DNA binds to ribosomes and directs uptake of specific amino acids to form the peptide chain

The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA

An omega-3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the

Third carbon from the methyl end

A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a

Triglyceride

What compound is composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol

Triglyceride

Which of the following is a feature of fat metabolism a. Cholesterol is stored primarily on the surface of veins b. High-density lipoproteins represent the major transport vehicle for delivering fat to the adipose cells c. Fat storage is highly efficient due to the rapid uptake of the intact triglyceride molecule by adipose cells d. Triglycerides in the blood must first be broken down to monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol prior to uptake by the adipose cells

Triglycerides in the blood must first be broken down to monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol prior to uptake by the adipose cells

Jason is 35 years old and was recently diagnosed with 2 failing kidneys. He was advised to decrease the amount protein he consumes. If Jason cheats by eating an 8-ounce steak for dinner tonight, shortly thereafter there would most likely be an increase in the urea levels of his

blood

The body's amino acid pool consists of

both essential and nonessential amino acids

Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person? a. Fat b. Protein c. Amino acids d. Carbohydrate

carbohydrates

In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize

carbohydrates only

In the process of fat hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms are added to which part of the molecule?

carbon

What is the major sterol in the diet?

cholesterol

Which of the following cannot be found in plants? a. Cholesterol b. Triglycerides c. Essential fatty acids d. Nonessential fatty acids

cholesterol

What is the chief function of pepsin?

cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides

Which of the following represents a chief source of short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids a. Fish b. Eggs c. Dairy d. Soybeans

dairy

The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as

denaturation

What is the process by which heat or acidity disrupts the normal shape of a protein chain?

denaturation

What process results in the hardening of an egg when it is exposed to heat?

denaturation

When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a

dipeptide

Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of

double bonds

Elizabeth has been fasting for 4 days in observance of her religious beliefs. You note that her breath smells "fruity." This is most likely due to

her body's shift to a state of ketosis

Adverse side effects of typical low-carbohydrate diets include all of the following except a. fatigue. b. nausea. c. constipation. d. high blood pressure.

high blood pressure

The function of a protease is to

hydrolyze proteins

A feature of catabolic reactions is that they

involve the release of energy

Ketonemia is defined as an elevation of

ketones in the blood

A person with fruity odor on the breath demonstrates evidence of metabolic

ketosis

What is the most likely reason for having an abnormally high blood urea level

kidney dysfunction

When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more

lactate

Your roommate Demetrius is participating in a weightlifting course and complains of a burning pain during workouts. You explain to Demetrius that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to

lactate

The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of

lactate and glucose

Which of the following can not be formed from pyruvate in human beings? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Lactic acid d. Linoleic acid

linoleic acid

All of the following are features of protein in nutrition except a. the study of the body's proteins in known as proteomics. b. protein synthesis requires messenger RNA and transfer RNA. c. most of the body's thousands of proteins have been studied and characterized. d. the synthesis of a protein by following the genetic code is known as gene expression.

most of the body's thousands of proteins have been studied and characterized

In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique?

nitrogen

The study of how food interacts with genes is known as

nutritional genomics

A feature of ketosis is that it

occurs when fats are partially oxidized

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as

oils

Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as

oils

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

order of amino acids in the peptide chain

An aerobic reaction is one that requires

oxygen

Which of the following processes is regulated primarily by the buffering action of proteins? a. pH balance b. Fluid balance c. Blood clotting d. Synthesis of visual pigments

pH balance

Each of the following may act as an emulsifier in the intestinal tract except a. lecithin. b. bile acids. c. pancreatic lipase. d. bile phospholipids

pancreatic lipase