Nutrition: Unit 1: Chapter 1
List the six categories of nutrients found in foods and in the body.
1.Proteins 2. Carbs 3. Fats 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
Malnourished
A condition that results when the body does not receive the right amount of esential nutrients to maintain health; overnourished and undernourished are forms of malnutrition.
Nutriental genomics
A field of study of the relationship between genes, gene expression, and nutrition.
Registered Dietician (RD)
A health professional who is a good and nutrition expert; RDs obtain a college degree in nutrition form an Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics accredited program, and pass a national exam to become a Registered Dietician.
Peer reviewed journal
A journal in which scientists publish research findings, after the findings have gone through a rigorous review process by other scientists.
Body mass index (BMI)
A measurement calculated using the metric formula of weight in kg divided by height in centimeters squared; used to determine whether an individual is underweight, at a healthy height, or overweight or obese.
Malabsorption
A problem associated with the lack of absorption of mutrients through the intestinal tract.
Double-blind placebo- controlled study
An experimental study in which neither the researcher nor the subject in the study are aware of who is receiving the treatment or the placebo.
Pacebo
An inactive substance, such as a sugar pill, administered to a control group during an experiment.
Give examples of major minerals?
Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride.
How many kilocalories are provided in a gram of carbohydrate? Protein? Fats?
Carbohydrates = 4 Proteins = 4 Fats = 9
Nutrients
Compounds in foods that sustain body processes.
Give examples of trace minerals?
Copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, selenium, zinc
Micronutrients
Essential nutrients the body needs in smaller amounts: vitamins and minerals.
What is the primary role of fat in the body?
Fat supplies energy; insulates, supports, and cushions organs; provide medium for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Which nutrients provide energy?
Fat, Protein, and Carbs
Obesity
For adults, having a BMI greater than 30.
Overweight
For adults, having a BMI greater that 25.
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Make an observation Make a hypothesis Conduct an experiment Determine if the hypothesis is supported or not if not revise for new hypothesis
List some food sources for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
Milk, eggs, meat
Major minerals
Minerals found in the body in the amounts greater than 5 grams; also referred to as macronutrients.
What is the primary role of minerals in the body?
Minerals help regulate body functions; aid in growth and maintence of body tissues; act as catalysts for release of energy.
Nonessential nutrients
Nutrients that can be made in sufficient quantities in the body to meet the body's requirments and support health.
Essential nutrients
Nutrients that must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body in sufficient quantities to meet its needs and support health.
Macronutrient
Organic nutrients, including the energy- containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water that the body needs in large amounts.
what is the primary role of protein in the body?
Protein forms important parts of muscle, bone, blood, enzymes, some hormones, and cell membranes; repair tissue; regulates water and acid base balance; helps in growth; supply growth.
Observational research
Research that involves systematically observing subjects to see if there is a relationship to certain outcomes.
Kilocalories
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade; used to express that measurement of energy in foods; 1 kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories.
Medical nutrition therapy
The integration of nutrition counseling and dietary changes, based on individual medical nad health needs to treat a patient's medical condition.
Quackery
The promotion and selling of health products and services of questionable validity. A quack is a person who promotes these products and services in order to make money.
Nutrition
The science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish the body and affect body functions and overall health.
Energy yielding nutrients
The three nutrients that provide energy to the body to fuel physiological functions: carbohyrates, lipids, and proteins.
What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?
They supply energy to cells in the brain, nervous system; provide medium for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
What is the primary role of vitamins in the body?
Vitamins promote specific chemical reactions within the cells.
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins that dissolve in water; they generally cannot be stored in the body and must be consumed.
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitmains that dissolve in fat and can be stored in the body.
What is the primary role of water in the body?
Water makes up 50-60% of body weight; provides medium for chemical reactions; transports chemicals; regulates temperatures; removes waste products.
Classify the vitamins according to whether they are water soluble or fat soluble.
Water soluble: Biotin, Folate, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C. Fat- Soluble: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
When we use the term "calorie" to describe the energy contenet of food, are we actually refferring to the word "calorie" or are we referring to the word "kilocalorie"?
We use the word calorie because it is a much smaller unit. There is 1000 cal in 1 kilocalorie.
Experimental group
in experimental research, the group of participants given a specific treatment, such as a drug, as a part of the study.
control group
in experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment but may be given a placebo instead; used as a standard for comparison.
Trace minerals
minerals found in the body in amounts less than 5 grams; also referred to as micronutrients.