OB EX2-beatstepprod
________ refers to bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.
A) Core self-evaluation
________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.
A) Escalation of commitment
Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Kate's chances of being selected?
A) Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.
Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations?
A) They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals.
Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________.
A) competence and positive connections
In ________, a co-worker or another observer does an independent assessment of personality, with or without the subject's knowledge.
A) observer-ratings surveys
When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.
A) perceivers
MBO provides individual employees with ________.
A) personal performance objectives
Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome?
A) rational decision-making model
What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of S versus N stand for?
A) sensing/intuitive
Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Josephine?
A) social
MBO emphasizes goals that are ________.
A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable
Individuals low in self-monitoring ________.
A) tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation
According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________.
A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes
What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality?
B) It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another.
Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means?
B) Machiavellianism
Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by distorting her perception of herself?
B) She believes that she is less capable than her colleague.
McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs?
B) achievement, power, and affiliation
Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others?
B) agreeableness
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people with an ENTP personality type are most likely to be ________.
B) innovative
Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. If Stintson made her decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past, her decision is most likely influenced by which of the following?
B) intuition
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need?
B) safety
If we consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong, then ________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy.
B) security
Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?
B) self-actualization
Who defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment?
C) Gordon Allport
Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?
C) It involves evaluation of a person's features based on comparison with another person.
Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior?
C) It shows consistency.
________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
C) Self-efficacy
Which of the following is true about narcissists?
C) They are more likely to emerge as leaders.
Which of the following is true regarding values?
C) They have content and intensity attributes.
Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this?
C) We don't look at targets in isolation.
The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
C) anchoring
According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. The referent comparison known as other-inside refers to ________.
C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization
When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon?
C) attribution theory
Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability?
C) conscientiousness
People with an ESTJ personality type are characterized as ________ according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification.
C) decisive
What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for?
C) extraverted/introverted
According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to preferable modes of behavior.
C) instrumental
According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?
C) motor reproduction process
Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.
C) participatively set goals
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type ________.
C) prefer their world to be ordered
Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations?
C) stereotyping
________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
D) Halo effect
Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?
D) It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.
________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.
D) Operant conditioning theory
Which of the following statements is true about personality?
D) Personality is influenced by hereditary factors.
Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by changing her inputs?
D) She takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities.
Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?
D) anchoring bias
As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________.
D) are less likely to emerge as leaders
The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
D) behaviorism
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias.
D) confirmation
According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________.
D) enactive mastery
Samantha is never late for work, but last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha's behavior on that day scores ________.
D) low on consistency
Which of the following is a terminal value according to the Rokeach Value Survey?
D) social recognition
Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts?
E) Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.
What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior?
E) It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables.
________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
E) Motivation
Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use?
E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.
Which of the following is a drawback of self-report surveys?
E) They may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.
According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.
E) hygiene factors
Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for project successes even when her team members' contributions play a big role in achieving milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team members and sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Allen's behavior is an example of a(n) ________ bias.
E) self-serving
Help Aid, a non-profit organization in Indonesia, works at providing education in underdeveloped countries. They are now looking to hire a teacher who can educate children in Namibia and prepare them for jobs which will enable them to sustain themselves. According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to which of the following personality types will best suit Help Aid's requirement?
E) social
A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can't learn new skills. This belief is an example of ________.
E) stereotyping
According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________.
E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent
According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to desirable end-states.
E) terminal
The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.
E) two-factor
Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?
E) verbal persuasion
T/F: Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and skills.
False
T/F:According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
False
T/F: Stereotyping helps individuals make quick decision through generalizations.
True
________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.
A) Attribution theory
Jeanne Edwards works as a campaign manager at Rainforest Alliance Trust, a forest protection organization in Indonesia. She is currently working on the Palm Oil Campaign, which aims to establish stringent laws against companies which aggravate deforestation by extracting palm oil for commercial use. Her role is to establish allies with other forest protection organizations and companies which use eco-friendly products that set good examples for other companies to follow. Jeanne allied with Griffin and Powell, a large multinational company, which, unknown to Jeanne, also has strong ties with local logging groups in Jakarta. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Jeanne had an availability bias while establishing an ally with the company?
A) Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized.
With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following is a difference between highly agreeable and less agreeable people?
A) Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people.
Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?
A) Interpersonal justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.
Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback?
A) Joe
Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the Ministry of Environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she prepared a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had an anchoring bias?
A) Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker.
The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questions where respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving.
A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause?
A) a behavior that scores high on consensus
Self-inside, one of the four referent comparisons in the equity theory, refers to ________.
A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization
Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model?
A) develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy
According to the attribution theory, ________ is one the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior.
A) distinctiveness
Which of the following dimensions of the Big Five model indicates a person's ability to withstand stress?
A) emotional stability
Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?
A) expertise
Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?
A) fundamental attribution error
Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), which consists of two sets of values, namely ________ values and ________ values.
A) instrumental; terminal
When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system.
A) intensity
Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception?
A) interest
Tracy Winter works at a publishing firm in London and recently received an e-mail from the human resource department of her company asking her to study the behavior of a colleague, Cindy Camp, including her attention toward her work, without Camp's knowledge. Winter now needs to scrutinize Camp's behavior and notice if she is free from distractions and pays sufficient attention to her tasks. Which of the following is Winter conducting?
A) observer-ratings survey
Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company's top sales representative and was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's friends was promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar's dissatisfaction with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
A) performance-reward
A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
A) problem
Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization's upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best characterizes Kirby's decision?
A) selective perception
Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli.
A) selective perception
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details.
A) sensing
According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
A) utilitarianism
Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"?
A) values
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, introverted-intuitive-thinking-judging type of people are ________.
A) visionaries
Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?
B) An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire.
Which of the following does the heredity approach state?
B) An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes.
________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible.
B) Availability
The ________ is a personality assessment model that taps basic dimensions which encompass most of the significant variation in human personality, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.
B) Big Five model
Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She recently worked on a campaign against global warming during which she worked extremely hard to achieve project milestones. However, the campaign failed as it could not achieve the desired objective. Due to this, her manager, Brenda Owens, gave her a poor performance appraisal. In the appraisal, Brenda said that Johanna was not motivated and failed to reach out to 25,000 people through Internet media to spread awareness about climate change. Which of the following, if true, weakens Brenda's statement?
B) Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy.
________ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
B) Contrast effect
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?
B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.
Naomi Fisher, a sales manager at Pure, a water purifier company, had a new member, Leah Marshall, join her team. Though during Leah's interview, Naomi felt she would be a productive sales executive, her performance has often been below the mark. Consistently in the past three months, Leah has been unable to reach her targets and is falling substantially behind on her annual targets. Naomi assumes that Leah is not determined and motivated enough to do what it takes. Which of the following, if true, weakens Naomi's assumption?
B) Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups.
Laura Simpson, a campaign manager at a child rights organization in Jakarta, planned a marathon for celebrities to raise money for underprivileged children. Though all arrangements for the event had been made, a few days before the event she realized that on the same day there was a political rally happening in the city which would block access to the route on which the marathon was supposed to be undertaken. In such a situation, what is Simpson, who suffers from a self-serving bias, most likely to say?
B) My colleagues did not inform me about the rally.
The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.
B) Pygmalion effect
________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
B) Self-serving
Alex was sent to Beijing to help local managers solve the problem of growing worker dissatisfaction at their manufacturing facility located in the city. As part of his visit, he decided to have a town hall meeting with the workers to understand the problems that they were facing and the reasons for their discontent. The turnout at the meeting was substantial; however, when asked for their opinions and suggestions, the crowd fell silent. As a result, Alex was unable to determine the reason for employee dissatisfaction. Which of the following, if true, best explains this situation?
B) There is an unequal distribution of power in the company.
Why is Maslow's theory criticized?
B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.
With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the investigating type prefer ________.
B) activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding
A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias.
B) availability
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?
B) consistency
Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica's interpretation of Carrie's personality is most likely to be affected by ________.
B) contrast effect
Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives?
B) decision
What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?
B) defining the problem
Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job?
B) enactive mastery
The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.
B) environmentally caused
Which of the following terms refers to factors such as one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup determined at conception?
B) heredity
David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers?
B) his expectations
The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.
B) intrinsic task motivation
Elaine Chamberlain works as a research executive at an environmental organization. Though her colleagues are helpful and friendly, because of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her desk and has limited interactions with them. She is glad that her nature of work does not require her to interact with her co-workers to a high extent. Which of the following types is Chamberlain most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?
B) introverted
The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.
B) persistence
Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?
B) physiological
Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.
B) proactive
According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?
B) quality of supervision
Which of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?
B) recognition
A(n) ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
B) reinforcer
Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisficing a large number of her decisions. Which of the following is Boyce most likely to do?
B) search for solutions that are reasonable
With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve?
B) seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient
Sarah Covington, a sales manager at Synergy Corporation Bank, often keeps low expectations of her team. She feels that they are underqualified for their job and do not have substantial experience to sell a large number of accounts. Covington's team does not feel motivated enough and invariably underperforms and misses targets on a regular basis. Which of the following concepts best explains Covington's team's poor performance?
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting expectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception?
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following is the most common means of measuring personality?
B) self-report surveys
Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation?
B) social
Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________.
B) stereotyping
Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case?
B) the need for achievement
Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior?
C) An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy.
Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers?
C) Characteristics of the target affect people's perception.
________ has been found to be more important than other traits in the success of CEOs of private equity companies.
C) Conscientiousness
The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect.
C) Galatea
Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online web sites. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues even though their jobs and levels of performance are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on his behavior and performance?
C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.
________ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.
C) Intuitive decision making
Megan graduated from college three years ago and has been working at Sterba Inc. ever since. A conscientious employee, she has consistently received good performance evaluations. She recently found out that a younger colleague, who was just recruited to her team, is drawing a higher salary than she is for doing the same type of work. Following this discovery, Megan starts coming to work late and her productivity begins to suffer. Which of the following is most similar to the scenario mentioned above based on the equity theory?
C) Lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co-workers earn less than she does for the same work.
Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?
C) Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality.
If Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit?
C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.
Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five model?
C) They do not adapt well to changing contexts.
Which of the following is true regarding the baby boomer generation?
C) They give high importance to achievement and material success.
With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________.
C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________.
C) bounded rationality
According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________.
C) consensus
If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________.
C) consistency
Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation?
C) equity
Ellen Athers works as a communication executive at a travel house. She is known to be friendly with her colleagues and interacts with them regularly to build strong work relationships. She knows that her rapport with her co-workers is a crucial part of her work and invests time in these relationships. In addition, she is assertive in making decisions, and colleagues take her decisions seriously. Which of the following types is Athers most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?
C) extraverted
Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid-back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n) ________.
C) fundamental attribution error
With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________.
C) high on power distance
The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called ________.
C) job engagement
According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________.
C) learn to accept responsibility
According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.
C) low on consistency
According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes.
C) low on distinctiveness
With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the realistic type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________.
C) mechanic
According to the Big Five model, the ________ dimension addresses a range of interests and fascination with novelty.
C) openness to experience
Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by his supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently processes his forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However, Logan's supervisor has not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or monetary benefits. This leads Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him. According to the expectancy theory, in this situation, there is a problem in the ________ relationship.
C) performance-reward
Which of the following is an instrumental value according to the Rokeach Value Survey?
C) personal discipline
According to Gordon Allport, ________ is defined as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment.
C) personality
Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Joanna?
C) physiological
Which of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?
C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture
George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like "good job!" The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory is failing?
C) retention processes
Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects are of superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend more time with his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable to comply with his request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy theory, Mark's disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
C) rewards-personal goals
The concept of ________ considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.
C) self-concordance
Valerie Sinclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invariably uses rationale to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can be made only through scrutiny and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is a characteristic of Sinclair's personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?
C) thinking
Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?
C) two-factor theory
Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a 3-week diversity training program to help him/her learn about his/her new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would reduce the likelihood that Bryan will be selected?
D) Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations.
John Hardley recently joined as marketing director of H2O, a water sports gear company. Though in the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since Hardley has joined he has turned the figures around. In addition to revamping the look of the brand, he has initiated several marketing campaigns through broadcast media to increase customer base for the company. Over the past 6 months, Hardley has managed to get the company to an all-time high peak of sales. Which of the following statements best describes Hardley?
D) Hardley has a proactive personality.
Amanda Winter worked as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance until three months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was facing major difficulties in achieving campaign milestones and the project was falling behind schedule due to her lack of performance. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Laura was influenced by the halo effect in her decision to promote Amanda?
D) Laura sat in on only one of Amanda's presentations prior to giving her the promotion.
________ refers to the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
D) Narcissism
Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?
D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.
Which of these five employees is most suitable for handling your responsibilities when you are on a vacation?
D) Sarah
Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding people with proactive personalities?
D) They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders.
Rachel's parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats?
D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.
Other-outside is a referent comparison that refers to ________.
D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization
With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
D) collectivism
During team meetings Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask innumerable questions and suggest ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing's perception of Law?
D) context
Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice.
D) distributive
Which of the following describes the halo effect?
D) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
Among the Big Five model traits, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels.
D) emotional stability
With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers.
D) enterprising
Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?
D) expectancy theory
Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden's perception of plastic bag users?
D) expectation
People scoring high on the ________ dimension of the Big Five model are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior than those who score low.
D) extraversion
Amber Downing, a human resource executive, is in charge of the recruitment process in her organization. During the hiring process, she often needs to coordinate with prospective employees. The organizational process does not require her to inform employees who do not get through the selection process. However she believes that it is rude not to give them an update. She thus makes sure that she sends them e-mails informing them about the selection process. Which of the following types is Downing characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?
D) feeling
To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.
D) given immediately following the desired behavior
William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies' perception?
D) halo effect
Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior?
D) high on consistency
Individuals scoring ________ have a strong ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations.
D) high on self-monitoring
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias.
D) hindsight
The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.
D) intensity
John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types?
D) investigative
Megan Cardova, who works as a sales executive at Orbit Bank, has been failing to meet her sales targets for the last 10 months. Recently, she had a face-to-face discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason for her underperformance. The manager, however, noticed that all the other team members were achieving their targets and sometimes were even achieving more than the set numbers. Which of the following is Cardova's behavior most likely to be characterized as according to the attribution theory?
D) low consensus
During an annual review, Michel Godfrey made the following assertion: "When I look at myself and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and something no one in the organization has the capacity to undertake. Surprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my colleagues like it should have. I also believe that I do not just deserve a raise, but need one, since without me, let's face it, the place would simply fall apart." Which of the following personality traits best describes Michel's personality?
D) narcissism
Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception?
D) novelty
Marina Lyon works as a reservation executive at a travel and tourism company. Though her job requires her only to efficiently book flight tickets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training to learn the process of hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travelogues to be aware of upcoming travel destinations and trends. She loves the industry she works in and is eager to learn as much as she can. Considering the information given in this case, which dimension of the Big Five model best describes Lyon's personality?
D) openness to experience
In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.
D) outcome-input ratio
Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice.
D) procedural
Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?
D) procedural justice
According to the Big Five model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________.
D) responsible, organized, and dependable
If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.
D) rewards-personal goals
You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________.
D) selective perception
Which of the following needs would most motivate Jonathan?
D) self-actualization
Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?
D) self-determination theory
The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.
D) self-efficacy
Rose Buffay needs to give a presentation to the board of directors of her organization next week. She knows that her presentation will play an important role in her performance appraisal in the next quarter. However, she knows that two of her colleagues, John Roy and Keith Mathews, will also be giving a presentation on the same issue. She is nervous because she believes that men have a better flair for giving presentations. Buffay's perception of Roy and Mathews is most likely characterized by ________.
D) stereotyping
According to the two-factor theory, ________.
D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction
Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception?
D) time
According to Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations.
D) uncertainty avoidance
One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.
D) vicarious modeling
Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________.
D) whistle-blowers
With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship?
E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing.
Which of the following, if true, would increase the likelihood that Bryan will be selected?
E) Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."
Which of the following is true about intuitive decision making?
E) It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Kate's chances of being selected?
E) Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.
Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs?
E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.
________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
E) Perception
________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
E) Personality
A high Mach would be most productive in which of the following positions?
E) a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission
With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations?
E) distinctiveness
According to the Big Five model, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
E) low on conscientiousness
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are flexible and spontaneous.
E) perceiving
Esther Lugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in Manhattan and has been asked to complete a self-report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the job. From the interview, they have found that she is extroverted, empathic, scrupulous, and cooperative in nature, which are key characteristics needed for the job. These characteristics about Lugo indicate her ________.
E) personality
T/F: A candidate is likely to receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded by mediocre applicants and a less favorable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants. This is an example of the halo effect.
False
T/F: A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders productivity and efficiency.
False
T/F: A person's tendency to believe he or she can predict the outcome of random events is known as the self-serving bias.
False
T/F: According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction."
False
T/F: According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the conventional type prefer ambiguous activities that allow creative expression.
False
T/F: According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the realistic type are disorderly, impractical, and emotional.
False
T/F: According to Maslow, lower-order needs are satisfied internally while higher-order needs are satisfied externally.
False
T/F: According to attribution theory, the more consistent a behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes.
False
T/F: According to the Big Five model, a drawback of introverts is that they tend to be more impulsive than extraverts and engage in risky behavior.
False
T/F: According to the Big Five model, a person who scores high on the openness to experience dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar.
False
T/F: According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification, people belonging to the feeling type use reason and logic to solve problems.
False
T/F: According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior.
False
T/F: According to the two-factor theory, adequate hygiene factors provide job satisfaction.
False
T/F: As compared to observer-ratings surveys, self-reporting surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.
False
T/F: Goal-setting theory strongly advocates participation in decision making, whereas MBO demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective.
False
T/F: Goal-setting theory takes a behavioristic approach, whereas reinforcement theory takes a cognitive approach.
False
T/F: High Machs do exceptionally well in jobs which are administrative in nature and do not involve face-to-face communication.
False
T/F: Individuals low in self-efficacy respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation.
False
T/F: McClelland's theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.
False
T/F: People with positive core self-evaluations feel that they are powerless over their environment.
False
T/F: Rational decision making is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.
False
T/F: The conscientiousness dimension of the Big Five model captures a person's comfort level with relationships.
False
T/F: The degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behavior is known as consistency.
False
T/F: The lower your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed.
False
T/F: The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver's personality or past experiences.
False
T/F: The rational decision-making model takes into consideration the fact that all information pertaining to a problem might not be available to the decision maker.
False
T/F: The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors is known as the confirmation bias.
False
T/F: The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as the confirmation bias.
False
T/F: The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic is known as the contrast effect.
False
T/F: The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as the randomness error.
False
T/F: Under Theory Y, managers believe that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it.
False
T/F: Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar reactions to correct the inequities.
False
T/F: A drawback of self-report surveys is the level of accuracy.
True
T/F: According to Hofstede's five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.
True
T/F: According to Maslow, a need that is substantially satisfied no longer motivates.
True
T/F: According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated.
True
T/F: According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a generalized goal.
True
T/F: According to the Big Five model, the agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others.
True
T/F: According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type prefer control and like their world to be ordered and structured.
True
T/F: An individual's perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.
True
T/F: An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's values in terms of their intensity.
True
T/F: An organization in a dynamic and changing environment that needs employees who can easily change tasks and teams should seek individuals with personalities that fit with the organization's overall culture rather than with a specific task.
True
T/F: Anchoring bias occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives.
True
T/F: Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.
True
T/F: Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.
True
T/F: High Mach employees win in the short term, but lose the gains in the long term because they are not well liked.
True
T/F: In an interview, information elicited early from an interviewee carries greater weight than information elicited later.
True
T/F: Interpersonal justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which he or she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.
True
T/F: Millennials have high expectations, seek meaning in their work, and have life goals oriented toward becoming rich and famous.
True
T/F: Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
True
T/F: People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.
True
T/F: People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
True
T/F: Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the method used to determine the distribution of rewards.
True
T/F: Research suggests that personality traits better predict behavior in weak situations than in strong ones.
True
T/F: Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
True
T/F: Self-generated feedback is a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.
True
T/F: Values contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.
True
T/F: Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.
True