OB exam 2

Based on the contingency approach, to define performance ______ goals can be used in most jobs. a. behavioral b. objective c. task d. project e. reinforcement

a. behavioral

When positive practices reduce the impact of negative events or stressors, a(n) _________ effect has occurred. a. buffering b. attentional c. positivity d. amplifying e. deviant

a. buffering

In your job search, you have narrowed it down to two companies. One job offer is from a company that is offering great benefits in a town you'd like to live in and the other job is from a company that is offering a salary one and a half times as much as the other company along with a sign-on bonus. You decide to take the second job offer based on the financial rewards. What type of reward system do you value? a. extrinsic b. intrinsic c. results d. total e. self-serving

a. extrinsic

_____ is the characteristic of PsyCap that consists of persevering toward goals. a. hope b. efficacy c. optimism d. health e. resilience

a. hope

____ is behavior that is learned when one acts on the environment to produce desired consequences. a. operant conditioning b. consequential behavior c. reward behavior d. respondent behavior e. contingent behavior

a. operant conditioning

"How much do I value the rewards I receive?" This question addresses... a. our valence b. instrumentality c. our inputs d. our values e. our outcomes

a. our valence

To minimize halo perceptual error, a manager should... a. record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year b. be fair and realistic in evaluations c. define an accurate profile with both high and low points d. evaluate employees against a predetermined standard twice a year e. provide only negative or corrective feedback so employees will improve

a. record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year

_____ is one characteristic that describes an organization without positive OB. a. single-minded focus on winning b. humilty c. resilience d. compassion e. positive deviance

a. single-minded focus on winning

_____ results when an individual gains satisfaction and self-praise from an assignment. a. extrinsic motivation b. intrinsic motivation c. job satisfaction d. job dissatisfaction e. organizational citizenship behavior

b. intrinsic motivation

Dr. Heller is a well-liked professor. Last term, no one received less than a B in an of his courses. Dr. Heller may be suffering from ______ perceptual error. a. halo b. leniency c. central tendency d. recency e. contrast effects

b. leniency

Of the following, which is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of distributive justice? a. organizational citizenship behavior b. organizational commitment c. stress d. absenteeism e. health problems

b. organizational commitment

In the framework of POB, _____ is/are a key input to positivity from situation factors. a. positive emotions b. organizational culture and climate c. mindfulness d. buffering e. positive deviance

b. organizational culture and climate

The perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called ______ justice. a. distributive b. procedural c. interactional d. interpersonal e. institutional

b. procedural

What are three global values that are essential for promoting positive OB? a. hope, optimism, and resilience b. restorative justice, compassion, and temperance c. positive emotions, engagement, and meaning d. flourishing, motivation, and satisfaction e. social support, information support, and instrumental support

b. restorative justice, compassion, and temperance

In Maslow's need hierarchy theory, providing a work environment where employees are not worried about physical and psychological harm fulfills what level? a. physiological b. safety c. love d. esteem e. self-actualization

b. safety

_____ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being. a. acquired needs b. self-determination c. job characteristics d. expectancy e. Herzberg's motivator-hygiene

b. self-determination

_______ is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from our relationships with others. a. flow b. social support c. meaningfulness d. virtuousness e. flourishing

b. social support

____ states than motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially. a. McClelland's acquired needs theory b. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y c. Maslow's need hierarchy d. Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory e. Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory

c. Maslow's need hierarchy

Positive practices that escalate positive outcomes because of their associations with positive emotions and social capital are having a(n) _____ effect. a. positivity b. buffering c. amplifying d. mindful e. attentional

c. amplifying

When a manager evaluates employees against a predetermined standard, he or she is minimizing _______ bias. a. central tendency b. recency effect c. halo effect d. contrast effect e. leniency

d. contrast effect

_____ is not a content theory of motivation. a. acquired needs theory b. Maslow's hierarchy of needs c. Self-determination theory d. Expectancy theory e. Theory X and Theory Y

d. expectancy theory

_____ is information about performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation. a. coaching b. instruction c. feedback d. monitoring e. measurement

c. feedback

Extrinsic rewards come from ____ and intrinsic rewards come from ____. a. the organization; coworkers b. the organization; the environment c. the environment; oneself d. the environment; society e. oneself; the organization

c. the environment; oneself

_____ is a process that involves an individual comparing perceptions of his or her performance with those managers, subordinates, and peers. a. performance monitoring b. performance appraisal c. goal monitoring d. 360-degree feedback e. self-assessment

d. 360-degree feedback

The three key elements of equity theory are outputs, inputs and a(n)... a. summary of total rewards b. sense of fairness and justice in social exchanges c. comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs d. total of each person's inputs e. acknowledgement of cognitive dissonance

c. comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

The two general categories of motivation theories are a. extrinsic and intrinsic b. reward and punishment c. content and process d. job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction e. internal and external

c. content and process

An expectancy of zero means that the person A. does not value the outcomes. B. does not trust the company. C. does not feel confident in his or her ability to do the job. D. is not motivated. E. is highly motivated.

c. does not feel confident in his or her ability to do the job

_____ theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes. a. equity b. justice c. expectancy d. self-fulfilling prophecy e. goal-setting

c. expectancy

______ is defined as belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than yourself. a. virtuousness b. positive emotion c. meaningfulness d. social support e. achievement

c. meaningfulness

Which of the following statements about mindfulness is false? a. mindfulness pertains to our inner world of thinking and feeling b. mindfulness pertains to our outer worlds of other people and events c. mindfulness requires less effort than letting our minds wander d. mindfulness is about concentrating and focusing e. mindfulness represents how much we are aware and attentive to what is going on around us

c. mindfulness requires less effort than letting our minds wander

Herzberg's theory predicts managers can motivate individuals by incorporating _____ into an individual's job. a. hygiene b. tasks c. motivators d. content e. processes

c. motivators

______ is the popular term for linking monetary incentives with results or accomplishments. a. pay for rewards b. pay for play c. pay for performance d. pay for incentives e. pay as you go

c. pay for performance

_____ is the set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations. a. performance appraisal b. performance review c. performance management d. goal setting e. coaching

c. performance management

Which forms of consequence strengthen a desired behavior? a. positive reinforcement and extinction b. positive reinforcement and punishment c. positive and negative reinforcement d. extinction and punishment e. extinction and negative reinforcement

c. positive and negative reinforcement

_____ is one characteristic that describes an organization with positive OB. a. single-minded focus on winning b. pursuing wealth c. positive deviance d. secrecy e. figuring out how to beat the competition

c. positive deviance

The _____ effect is the attraction of all living systems toward that which is life-giving and away from that which is life-depleting. a. buffering b. attentional c. positivity d. amplifying e. deviant

c. positivity

Jeff is late to work one morning, so he drives over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he gets pulled over by a police officer and receives a ticket. This scenario is an instance of... a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. shaping

c. punishment

_______ theory focuses on the needs that drive intrinsic motivation, which is longer lasting and has a more positive impact on task performance than extrinsic motivation. a. needs hierarchy b. acquired needs c. self-determination d. motivator-hygiene e. equity/justice

c. self-determination

On the first day of class, Professor Sharif explains what the goals of the course are and what he expects of his students. This represents ______ of effective performance management. a. Step 4; providing consequences b. step 3; reviewing performance c. step 1; defining performance d. step 2: monitoring and evaluating performance e. step 3; performance appraisal

c. step 1; defining performance

Hope consists of a. faith and charity b. optimism and creativity c. willpower and waypower d. dependability and compassion e. self-confidence and kindness

c. willpower and waypower

After a recent visit to the grocery store, Emily received an email for an optional survey to rate her customer experience during that visit. She didn't really have too much of an opinion and wanted the $5 coupon to be used toward her next visit if she complete the survey. She rushed through the survey and rated all categories as average. This can be described as which perpetual error related to performance evaluation? a. halo b. leniency c. central tendency d. recency e. contrast effects

c.centraltendency

People with high levels of positive psychological capital tend to display... a. hope, extraversion, resilience, and optimism b. hope, efficacy, respect and optimism c. health, extraversion, respect, and optimism d. hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism e. health, efficacy, resilience and obstinacy

d. hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism

_____ refers to the amount of effort that we invest in an activity. a. persistence b. direction c. volume d. intensity e. integration

d. intensity

_____ is the need to see one or more alternative paths to achieve a goal, even when faced with adversity. a. optimism b. resilience c. willpower d. waypower e. efficacy

d. waypower

Lisa Anne gets her midterm grades and finds that she has a 2.4 GPA in OB. She expects a better grade point average to date. Lisa Anne is ____ her performance a. monitoring b. measuring c. getting feedback on d. getting coaching on e. evaluating

e. evaluating

The two basic types of goals are... a. learning and behavioral b behavioral and performance c. performance and objective d. project and objective e. performance and learning

e. performance and learning

Melissa has been out of work for eight months and is worried about providing for her family. She takes a job at a fast-food restaurant, even though the position is a step down from her previous job. According to Maslow's theory, Melissa is motivated by _____ needs. a. love b. esteem c. self-actualization d. safety e. physiological

e. physiological

_______ is not one of the components of well-being. a. engagement b. relationships c. achievement d. meaning e. productivity

e. productivity

Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor? a. supervision b. company policies c. salary d. working conditions e. recognition

e. recognition

In McClelland's acquired needs theory, a. there are five basic needs: power, affiliation, achievement, esteem, and self-actualization b. the affiliation need may be either institutional or personal c. we are born with our needs, and they merely become stronger over time d. we have a need to be satisfied in our jobs e. we learn needs as we live our lives

e. we learn needs as we live our lives