OB Test !
Which of the following is defined as the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities needed to successfully complete a task?
Ability
Which of the following are common indicators of effective transformation processes in the operation of an organization?
Ability to satisfy the needs of stakeholders A good fit with the external environment Effectiveness in transforming inputs into outputs
______ commitment is an employee's attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organization.
Affective
Which statements about direct employment and agency workers are true?
Agency workers generally have lower job satisfaction than direct employment workers. Teams that are made up of both agency and direct employment workers frequently have weaker social networks. The satisfaction and commitment of direct employment workers may be negatively impacted by the presence of agency workers
In terms of individual employee behavior and performance, which of the following best describes "situation"?
Any context beyond the employee's immediate control
job satisfaction
Appraisal - job perception, emotional experience, work environment
Five strategies for regulating emotions
Changing the situation Modifying the situation suppressing/amplifying emotions - holding back shifting attention - change focus re framing the situation - think different about the situation
What is the term for the cluster of three socially undesirable personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy)?
Dark Triad
Which statements about organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are true?
Define organizational behavior. Describe the stakeholder perspective of organizational effectiveness. Explain the multidisciplinary anchor of organizational behavior knowledge.
Which of the following is used to address discrimination by making people aware of systemic discrimination and prejudices that occur through stereotyping?
Diversity training
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between emotions and moods?
Emotions are directed toward someone or something; moods are not directed toward anything in particular.
______ refers to positive levels of stress that energize people to achieve their goals.
Eustress
______ involves making decisions and taking actions based on systematic research investigation.
Evidence-based management
Which of the following describes an employee from a culture with a high power distance?
He expects superiors to make decisions with little input from employees.
The knowledge, skills, and abilities of employees that provide economic value to the organization are known as _______ capital.
Human
"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Organizational behavior modification
In terms of equity theory, which of the following are considered outcomes?
Pay Promotions
People are indirectly motivated to align their personal values with the following?
Self-concept Self-presentation
______ occurs when an employee "puts on a happy face" and displays an outward appearance that is inconsistent with his or her true feelings about the situation.
Surface acting
The voluntary, goal-directed behaviors of an employee that contribute to organizational objectives are referred to as _____ performance.
Task
According to the open systems perspective, which of the following would be considered outputs?
Waste or pollution Shareholder dividends
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
halo effect
a tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics
meaningful interaction
can improve self-awareness and mutual understanding
Unintentional discrimination
decision makers rely on stereotypes to establish notions of the "ideal" person in specific roles
social identity theory
defined themselves by the group they belong in or have an emotional attachment
EVLN Model
exit, voice, loyalty, neglect
Learning behavior consequences
observing consequences that others experience
Four types of consequences
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
Drive to defend
protect ourselves physically and socially
locus of control
A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their life. (internal is on them, external is from other things - fate, luck)
Executives at Cyber-Form are faced with cutting jobs and reducing employee benefits in order for the company to survive the current recession. These decisions have which of the following?
A high degree of moral intensity
Which of the following statements is consistent with the concept of the contingency anchor of OB?
Actions may have different consequences in different situations.
Which of the following describe personality traits? Brandon is very talkative. Rachel is taller than her dad. Peter has blond hair. Julie is a risk taker.
Brandon is very talkative. Julie is a risk taker.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator has proven to be a popular, effective personality assessment for which of the following? Multiple select question. Promotion decisions Career counseling Management research Employment selection
Career counseling Management research
continuance commitment
Commitment to an organization only because the cost of leaving is too great
Which of the following is a quadrant in Schwartz's values circumplex?
Conservation
The outcome/input ratio is an element of which motivation theory?
Equity Theory
What do direct employment relationships tend to produce in contrast to outsourced/agency and contract work relationships?
Increased agility Greater innovation Higher-quality work
Which of the following are typical characteristics of employees who are able to work effectively from home?
Need for autonomy Self-organization Self-motivation
Irene has always been a "worry wart" and is often anxious or depressed. Which personality dimension of the five-factor model (FFM) does this describe?
Neuroticism
______ is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us.
Perception
What are the three elements of motivation?
Persistence Intensity Direction
Which personality trait is often considered the most sinister of the dark triad?
Psychopathy
According to the open systems perspective, which of the following would be considered an INPUT?
Raw materials
In terms of business ethics, which types of business environments do communities expect of companies?
Safe Enjoyable
Which discipline has provided OB with much of its knowledge of team dynamics, organizational socialization and power, and other aspects of the social system?
Sociology
The approach that an organization is more effective when it considers the needs and expectations of those who affect or are affected by its actions is known as the ___ perspective.
Stakeholder
Intensity
The amount of effort that people allocate to achieving a goal
One of the major benefits of workforce diversity is the broader spectrum of knowledge that it brings to an organization.
True: Employees from different backgrounds and occupations bring a wealth of knowledge and perspectives to the organization.
Which statements about personal theories are true?
We develop personal theories to make sense of our surroundings. Personal theories may be too simplified to fit specific situations
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Loyalty to your employer would be associated with ______ commitment.
affective
You see a group of young adults standing outside of a church on Sunday morning and assume that they have just come from Sunday services. This is an example of ______.
categorical thinking
Alice has just learned that her coworker, who has less experience and less education, is earning more than she does. Alice decides that, from now on, she's going to "take it easy" on the job instead of trying so hard to do a good job. Alice is reducing inequity tension by ______.
changing her inputs
The implicit association test (IAT) is used to ______.
detect subtle racial, age, and gender biases by associating words with specific demographic groups
Our tendency to think that people within a certain group are similar to one another is referred to as ______.
homogenization; Understand the difference between the general process and the typical patterns of the process.
The night before a big test, you set your alarm 15 minutes earlier to avoid being late for class. Wanting to avoid the consequences of being late is an example of ______.
negative reinforcement
The concept that people are naturally motivated to reach their potential is referred to as ______.
self-actualization
Observable demographic and other overt differences in people, such as gender, age and race are known as _______ diversity.
surface-level
An employee who is most comfortable if there are rules, policies, and procedures in place that dictate how jobs are supposed to be done would likely have a high ______.
uncertainty avoidance
Temporarily leaving a work area that makes us feel lethargic is an example of which strategy for regulating emotions?
Changing the situation
According to the open systems perspective, resources are transformed into ______ that are exported to the external environment.
Outputs
Which term describes people who are so concerned about a negative stereotype of the group to which they belong that they end up displaying that stereotype trait?
Stereotype threat
______ research typically involves forming research questions, collecting data, and testing hypotheses against those data.
Systematic
True or false: The Implicit Association Test (IAT) attempts to detect people's stereotypes and prejudices by associating positive and negative words with specific demographic groups.
True
True or false: Typical personality profiles vary across regions of the United States.
True: One recent study revealed that personality profiles vary across regions; for example, neuroticism scores are highest in the Northeast and Southeast.
"The greatest good for the greatest number" illustrates which ethical principle?
Utilitarianism
Organizational justice
an overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice
Established perceptions about a person, an object, or an event are referred to as ______.
beliefs
Employees with ___ identities typically have more adaptive decision-making and performance skills.
complex
Professional development programs and educational courses would influence employees' drive to ______.
comprehend
Organizational ______ refers to how well employees understand the organization's strategic direction, social dynamics, and physical layout.
comprehension
The field of organizational behavior relies on a set of basic beliefs or knowledge structures known as _____.
conceptual anchors
A doctor believes that there are more ER admissions when there is a full moon. She notices when the ER is busy during a full moon but doesn't pay attention to other nights when the ER is just as crowded. This is an example of ______.
confirmation bias
How similar a person's values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization, a coworker, or another source of comparison is known as values ______.
congruence
The five-factor model (FFM) personality dimension that is characterized by a person's attention to detail, thoroughness, organization, and self-discipline is known as ______.
conscientiousness
The rules of attribution are consistency, distinctiveness, and ___.
consensus or consensous
Events following a particular behavior that influence its future occurrence are referred to as ______.
consequences
The quadrant of Schwartz's values circumplex that represents a person's motivation to maintain the status quo and the degree to which he or she values stability and security is known as ______.
conservation
Three attribution rules
consistency, distinctiveness, consensus (caused by personal characteristics or situational influence)
Steve is miserable in his job but chooses to stay only because he can't afford to quit. This is an example of ______ commitment.
continuance or continuance commitment
Providing positive reinforcement after every occurrence of the desired behavior is known as a(n) ______ schedule.
continuous reinforcement
With every purchase of Pedigree dog food, the company makes a donation to its Pedigree Foundation to help shelter dogs around the country. This is an example of ______.
corporate social responsibility
Alonzo often takes home office supplies such as ink cartridges, paper, and pens so that he doesn't have to purchase school supplies for his children. This is an example of:
counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs).
Drive to Learn / Comprehend
curious and need to make sense of enironment & orselves
The motivation theory that explains how people develop perceptions of fairness in the distribution and exchange of resources is known as ______ theory.
equity
In recent years, organizations have become concerned about job satisfaction as a(n) ______ issue that influences their reputation in the community.
ethical
The personality trait that is positively associated with performance in sales and management jobs is ______.
extraversion
Anne's boss notices how positive and upbeat she is at work every day and thinks that she is an ideal employee. He fails to notice that she often doesn't complete her work on time. This is an example of the ______ effect.
halo
The ____ effect occurs when one predominant characteristic of a person distorts our general impression of him or her.
halo
Organizational efficiency depends on the ability to convert ______ in the organization's transformation process.
inputs to outputs
Employees who carry out a task for the satisfaction of completing it successfully are demonstrating ______.
intrinsic motivation
Employees prefer feedback from a nonsocial source, such as from dashboard metrics, because ______.
it is considered more accurate than information from social sources it is less damaging to their self-esteem in the case of negative feedback.
Angelina has reached a point of complete emotional and mental exhaustion in her job. She feels like what she's doing doesn't matter much anymore, and she no longer has any motivation for her work. This is an example of ______.
job burnout
Despite its many benefits, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is not a good predictor of ______.
job performance
Holding unfounded negative attitudes toward people belonging to a particularly stereotyped group is referred to as ______.
prejudice
Personal values indirectly motivate decisions and behavior by framing our perceptions of ____.
reality
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Interactional Justice
the degree to which others are treated with dignity and respect
self-concept clarity
the degree to which you have a clearly defined, consistent, and enduring sense of self
Homogenization
the incorporation of a range of cultural forms into a uniform set of values and practices. similar attitudes and characteristics
need for achievement
the motivation to solve worthwhile problems
Categorization
the natural tendency of humans to sort objects into groups (Ex: Texan)
need for power
the need to have control or influence over others
emotional labor
the need to manage emotions to complete job duties successfully
contingencies of reinforcement
the occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors
attribution process
the process by which people draw inferences about the motives and traits of themselves and others (internal/external)
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors (similar to me effect)
Expectancy Theory
the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards
An example of a stereotype ___ would be a situation in which a woman performs worse on a math test because she is sensitized to the generally false but widely held belief that women perform worse than men in math.
threat
Personality ______ are broad concepts that help people label and understand individual differences.
traits
Positive expectations you have toward another individual in situations involving risk is known as ______.
trust
The extent to which people tolerate or feel threatened by ambiguity is referred to as ______.
uncertainty avoidance
Employers who rely on stereotypes to establish notions of the "ideal" person for a specific job role would be an example of ______.
unintentional discrimination
Four types of ethical principles commonly identified are individual rights, distributive justice, ethic of care, and ______.
utilitarianism
Perceptions about what is good or bad and right or wrong are referred to as our ______.
values; Morals are principles of right and wrong, whereas values are an individual's ranking of such principles.
Bob was unhappy with the way scheduling of shifts was handled at work. He decided to meet with his boss to express his dissatisfaction and suggest ways that shift scheduling could be improved. According to the EVLN model, Bob's reaction to job dissatisfaction was ______.
voice
belief
what you believe to be true; good or bad
process complex info about novel environments
work across cultures are placed in new situations requiring quick understanding and decision making
Identify correct statements about employee turnover.
When quality employees quit, the company loses knowledge that take time for new staff to acquire. It has some benefits, including opening up positions for new hires with fresh ideas. It has an overall negative effect on organizational effectiveness
Actions to reduce inequality tension
- Reduce our inputs in the outcome-input ratio (do less) - Increase our outcomes (ask for $, abuse company resources) - increase comparison inputs (ask others to do more - better paid worker) - reduce comparison other outcomes (coworker get less desirable jobs) - reduce coworkers pay to make yours - change our belief/perception -change comparison to someone closer in rank - Leave Opposite of those feeling overreward
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
Johari Window
A model that describes the relationship between self-disclosure and self-awareness. divides you into 4 windows - open, blind, hidden, and unknown. Open area - info about you that is known to you and others Blind area - info known to others by not you hidden - known to you but unknown to others unknown area - buried so deeply no one knowns
A society that values quality of life, service to others, and support for the needy would have which of the following?
A nurturing orientation
Which of the following is the BEST example of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A supervisor occasionally praises workers for a job well done.
OB Mod
A systematic application of reinforcement theory to modify employee behaviors in the workplace. Antecedents, Change Behavior, Consequences
Which of the following is the BEST definition of stress?
An adaptive response to a situation perceived to be challenging or threatening
self-efficacy
An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. "can do" attitude
______ represent the cluster of beliefs, assessed feelings, and behavioral intentions toward a person, an object, or an event.
Attitudes
Which of the following statements BEST describes the difference between attitudes and emotions?
Attitudes are judgments, whereas emotions are experiences.
Which of the following is the BEST description of emotional markers?
Automatic, non-conscious emotional responses
With which dimension of emotional intelligence is empathy most closely related?
Awareness of others' emotions
Before he was allowed to handle incoming calls from customers, Tyler had to spend several days observing how his coworkers addressed client requests and complaints and practicing his skills with coworkers following scripts. Which component of social cognitive theory does this represent?
Behavior modeling
Which foundation of stereotyping describes removing a person's individuality and, instead,seeing him or her as a prototypical representative of a particular group?
Categorization
Which of the following describes a problem with the individual rights principle?
Certain individual rights may conflict with others.
People in the office can always count on Ralph to get the job done. He is methodical and detail-oriented, and his work is always completed on time. Which of the "Big Five" factors would this illustrate?
Conscientiousness
The anchors of organizational behavior knowledge include the systematic research anchor, the multiple levels of analysis anchor, the multidisciplinary anchor, and the ______ anchor.
Contingency
The conceptual anchor of OB that suggests that an action may have different consequences in different situations is the _____ anchor.
Contingency
Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy if an organization wanted to increase employees' beliefs that good performance will result in valued outcomes?
Describing how rewards are based on past performance
self-concept complexity
Distinct and important roles/identities that people perceive about themselves.
The objective or outcome that most theories of organizational behavior have is organizational _______.
Effectiveness
Order the stages of job burnout in the correct sequence, with the first stage listed at the top.
Emotional exhaustion cynicism reduced personal accomplishment
______ is the ability to perceive, express, understand, reason with, and regulate emotion in oneself and others.
Emotional intelligence
What are positive outcomes that result from improving human capital?
Employees are motivated to increase their efforts and provide assistance to coworkers. Companies are better able to adapt to changing environments. The behavior and performance of individuals improves.
According to the triple-bottom-line philosophy, firms seek to earn positive returns in three spheres of sustainability: economic, social, and ______.
Environmental
Which of the following often contribute to changes in personality factors? Environmental changes Increased age Physical makeover Dietary changes
Environmental changes Increased age
Which of the following can support ethical behavior within an organization?
Establishing a written code of ethics for the organization Employing an ethics ombudsperson to receive ethics complaints anonymously Maintaining an anonymous hotline for employees to report wrongdoings
Which ethical principle states that everyone has a moral obligation to help others within their relational sphere to grow and self-actualize?
Ethic of care
______ is the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad.
Ethics
___ are intended to motivate and guide employee behavior and signal the importance of ethical conduct.
Ethics codes
Which motivation theory proposes that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes?
Expectancy theory
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?
Experience Skills
Which of the following is the BEST description of strengths-based coaching?
Identifying and developing means to capitalize on employees' competencies
Which of the following is the BEST example of an effective goal?
Increase sales by 5% during the next quarter
Which of the following outcomes would be expected if an organization implemented an ongoing skills-based training program for assembly line workers in which the workers' learning efforts resulted in recognition of increased abilities?
Increased effort-to-performance expectancies
What are the multiple levels of analysis?
Individual Team Organization
What is the term for the ethical principle that suggests the same set of natural rights, such as freedom of speech, is conferred on all people?
Individual rights
Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate if an organization wanted to improve the employees' expected value of outcomes?
Individualize rewards distributed to employees
Which of the following has made it possible to work away from the company's traditional offices?
Information technology
Which of the following statements concerning innate drives is true?
Innate needs exist in all human beings from the time of birth.
In what way is emotional intelligence associated with effective leadership?
Leaders engage in emotional labor by showing patience to employees even when they might feel frustrated.
A coworker had a heart attack, and Alex has become more serious about keeping up with his exercise regimen. This is an example of which component of social cognitive theory?
Learning behavioral outcomes
Which statement about work-life integration is true?
Maximizing work-life integration includes engaging in "boundary management" so that there are specific work-free times.
What mental state is achieved when you focus on your awareness of the present situation and your thoughts and emotions in that moment?
Mindfulness
The ______ anchor suggests that OB should benefit from knowledge, research, and theories from other fields, rather than relying solely on its own research base.
Multidisciplinary
The conceptual anchor that suggests that OB should encompass theories and knowledge in other fields in addition to its own research base is the ______ anchor.
Multidisciplinary
Which of the following are included as part of ability?
Natural talents Learned capabilities
______ refers to our genetic or hereditary origins, whereas ______ is the result of our life experiences and interaction with our environment.
Nature; nurture
Which of the following statements BEST describes the multiple levels of analysis anchor?
OB topics should be understood from individual, team, and organizational perspectives.
Which statements about organizational behavior theories are true?
Organizational behavior theories have been developed through systematic research. Organizational behavior theories can help you refine your personal theories. Organizational behavior theories can help you better predict organizational events.
Jana offered to work through her lunch period in order to help a colleague finish up a presentation for an important meeting that afternoon. This is an example of which of the following?
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)
Which of the following statements about values is true?
People can possess conflicting values.
Which of the following is true regarding contact hypothesis?
People who interact with each other will be less prejudiced or perceptually biased toward each other.
Job satisfaction includes which of the following elements?
Perceived job characteristics The work environment Emotional experiences
______ identity, or internal self-concept, is derived from an individual's unique attributes, whereas ______ identity, or external self-concept, results from association with other people.
Personal; social
___ is the relatively stable pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize an individual.
Personality
A sales rep receives an unexpected bonus check when he exceeds his sales quota for the quarter. According to the A-B-C model, what type of consequence is this?
Positive reinforcement
In general, which contingency of reinforcement tends to improve organizational success and individual well-being in the workplace?
Positive reinforcement
Tracie is a new customer service representative at FinCorp. One of her colleagues has been asked to help Tracie walk through steps to handle difficult customers. Which stress management strategy is FinCorp using to help Tracie?
Providing social support
Four-drive theory is based on a deep foundation of research, including research in which of the following areas?
Psychological Neuroscientific Sociological
Which of the following make up the dark triad of socially undesirable personality traits? Extraversion Psychopathy Narcissism Machiavellianism Neuroticism
Psychopathy Narcissism Machiavellianism
Which of the following are main strategies for regulating emotions?
Reframing the situation Shifting attention Modifying the situation
Margot has worked as an accountant for the same company for almost 15 years. She knows exactly what she needs to do each month, and how to prioritize those tasks, to complete her job in a manner that satisfies her employer's expectations. What does Margot have?
Role clarity
Evidence-based management embraces ______ methods, such as relevant measures, sampling, and systematic experimental design.
Scientific
______ is the natural tendency we have to magnify our positive attributes and attribute successes to our own capabilities.
Self-enhancement
______ can be described as a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value.
Self-esteem
______ occurs when we look for feedback from others that supports the way that we see ourselves, even if it isn't necessarily flattering.
Self-verification
Which of the following models proposes that job satisfaction has a positive effect on customer service, which flows on to shareholder financial returns?
Service profit chain model
Of the following, which is external to the individual but still affects his or her behavior?
Situational factors
Which of the following are the four variables depicted by the MARS model?
Situational factors Motivation Ability Role perceptions
_____ support occurs when coworkers, supervisors, family members, friends, and others provide emotional and/or informational support to buffer an individual's stress experience.
Social
Which motivation theory explains how learning and motivation occur by observing and modeling others, as well as by anticipating the consequences of our behavior?
Social cognitive theory
Concerns with cross-cultural research include which of the following?
Some studies have erroneously assumed that only one culture exists within a country or geographic region. The findings of some studies have become outdated as a result of cultural shifts. Several studies have drawn conclusions based upon relatively small population samples.
Field of OB anchors
Systematic research Practical Orientation anchor - theories are useful in orgs Multidisciplinary anchor - knowledge from other disciplines contingency anchor Multiple levels of analysis anchor - Individual, team, org
What term is defined as an individual's voluntary goal-directed behaviors that contribute to organizational objectives?
Task performance
Tawanda values team harmony and high levels of collaboration. She does not care for hierarchical organizational structures and instead believes employees should be treated as equals. Her employer does not have managers or middle managers and instead has teams. Tawanda's team members hold equal power, and each member believes in the team's goals. Considering values congruence, which of the following statements about Tawanda and her job are true?
Tawanda is likely to have high job satisfaction. Tawanda is likely to feel loyal toward her team members.
Which of the following is a potential problem with diversity awareness training?
Teaching people to reject incorrect stereotypes has the unintended effect of reinforcing rather than reducing reliance on those stereotypes.
Which of the following are directly influenced by organizational inputs and processes?
Team inputs and processes Individual inputs and processes
______ contributes to work overload because it tethers employees to work for more hours of the day, making them feel as if they are always "on."
Technology
What model depicts the variables of ability, role perceptions, motivation, and situational factors that directly influence a person's voluntary behavior and performance?
The MARS model
What is role perception?
The degree to which an individual understands the job duties assigned to or expected of him or her
Which of the following best defines work-life integration?
The degree to which people are engaged in their work and nonwork roles and their ability to minimize conflict between the two domains
Which drive in four-drive theory is reactive rather than ongoing and proactive in nature?
The drive to defend
Drive to acquire
The drive to seek, take control of, and retain objects and personal experiences.
Which of the following is the BEST description of emotional labor?
The effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions.
Persistence
The length of time that people dedicate toward reaching an objective
Direction
The path along which people steer their efforts
Studies have shown that people with high emotional intelligence exhibit which of the following characteristics?
They maintain a more positive mindset for creative work. They make better decisions involving other people. They are more effective team members.
What are some disadvantages for remote workers?
They receive less word-of-mouth information.
Executives of a company believe that laying off 15% of its workforce will help it stay in business long term and protect the remaining jobs in the company. Such an action is most consistent with which ethical principle?
Utilitarianism
The relatively stable, evaluative beliefs that guide an individual's preferences for certain courses of action in different situations are known as ______.
Values
Which term refers to beliefs that help us know what is right or wrong, or good or bad, in a particular situation?
Values
______ tell us what we ought to do, whereas ______ describe what we tend to do.
Values; personality traits
Which of the following is the best description of systemic discrimination?
We rely on a stereotype to establish our idea of an "ideal" person in a specific role and automatically discount those who don't fit that ideal.
Which of the following describes the fundamental attribution error?
We tend to believe that another person's behavior is due to internal factors rather than external causes.
In which of the following cases, procedural justice tend to be higher? (Check all that apply.)
When the decision criteria and decision procedures are compatible with ethical principles When the decision maker applies existing policies consistently to everyone and over time When the decision maker is perceived as unbiased
Five ways to manage work-related stress
Withdrawal Change Remove Controlling stress consequence Receiving social support
______ is to permanently or temporarily remove employees from the stressor.
Withdrawing from the stressor
social self
Your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others. (individual, relational, and collective)
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
surfacing acting
behaving as expect - emotionally
The three dimensions of a person's self-concept are complexity, consistency, and
clarity
Tameka just found out that a prospective customer she's been working on for months has placed a large order with her company. She thrusts her fist in the air jubilantly and yells "Yes!" Tameka is experiencing a(n) ___.
emotion
affective organizational commitment
emotional attachment to organization - loves the Org
recency effect
most recent info dominates our perceptions
behavior intention
planned effort to engage
P-O expectancy
the expectancy that high performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome
E-P expectancy
the expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance. Higher self-efficacy
The open systems perspective emphasizes that organizations are effective when they adapt to and align with the needs of:
the external environment
emotion
the feeling that is produced in response to life experiences
The model that suggests that personality can be categorized across five abstract dimensions is known as ______.
the five-factor model (FFM)
John believes that his coworker didn't make her sales quota because she is lazy, whereas he missed quota because of the slowing economy. This is an example of ______.
the fundamental attribution error
A good fit between an organization and its environment exists when:
the organization puts resources where they are most useful, so it can adapt to and align with the needs of the external environment.
negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. Removal of punishment
empathy
understanding and being sensitive to feelings, thoughts, and situations of others
Many companies try to generate positive experiences in the workplace because ______.
work conditions have an emotional influence on employee attitudes
Companies can reduce employees' stress by facilitating greater ______.
work-life balance
Which of the following are strategies for maintaining a good organizational fit?
Actively managing the external environment Moving into a different, more favorable environment Anticipating changes in the environment and adapting to those changes
When James started his new job, he had to work alongside an experienced coworker, watching how she did the job and then performing the tasks under supervision. Which component of social cognitive theory does this illustrate?
Behavior modeling
Because Tessie's father is opposed to labor unions, he plans to vote against political candidates who have accepted campaign funds from labor unions. Which cognitive component of his attitude does this represent?
Behavioral intention
Which of the following are ways to practice work-life integration?
Bringing your dog to work Attending virtual meetings from home Conducting a meeting while also going on a walk
Which of the following would be considered situational factors that constrain or facilitate employee behavior and performance?
Budgetary limits Insufficient time Lack of physical work facility
How can companies improve the success of a remote-working arrangement?
By helping remote employees maintain cohesion and connectedness with their team and the organization By rewarding remote employees based on performance rather than face time
Which of the following statements regarding contemporary challenges for organizations is true?
Changes in the external environment require organizations and employees to alter business strategy and everyday workplace activities.
Janys has just learned that her coworker, who has fewer years of experience and less education, earns more than she does. She has decided to confront her boss and ask for a raise. According to equity theory, how is Janys reducing this inequity tension?
Changing outcomes
Instead of focusing on the errors she makes in her job, Jovina has been working on celebrating her small successes and developing action plans for improving in areas where she lacks experience or knowledge. Which stress management technique is she using?
Changing stress perceptions
Which of the following is a way in which an organization can increase employee motivation by improving the P-to-O expectancy?
Clearly explaining the outcomes associated with good performance
Why do companies need to make sure that the employees they hire stay with the company?
Companies may fail if they do not retain enough employees with the necessary skills and knowledge. Human capital is a company's primary source of competitive advantage. When employees leave, they take with them valuable knowledge, skills, and relationships.
Which types of employment have had the greatest labor market growth over the past two decades?
Contract Indirect
A mid-sized dental products company offers wellness programs and meditation classes to help its employees cope with workplace stress. Which workplace stress management strategy does this program represent?
Control stress consequences
Which of the following is defined as voluntary employee behaviors that have the potential to indirectly or directly harm the organization?
Counterproductive work behaviors
Which of the following is one form of deep-level diversity in the United States?
Cultural values across ethnic groups
Employees generally accept differences in pay as long as they perceive differences in responsibility. This reflects which concept?
Distributive justice
The Equal Pay Act requires that employers pay men and women the same wages for the same work. This is most closely associated with which ethical principle?
Distributive justice
Which of the drives in the four-drive theory would be best met by an organization by improving its compensation system and linking pay with performance?
Drive to acquire
A person's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in a particular level of performance is referred to as ______.
E-to-P expectancy
Which of the following are characteristics of a person with high psychological well-being?
Fairly distinct multiple selves that are well established Multiple selves that are compatible with one another and the person's values
True or false: Feedback should occur more frequently in jobs with a long cycle time than jobs with a short cycle time.
False
True or false: A global mindset can be developed only through immersion in another culture.
False, Although deeper absorption results from immersion in another culture, knowledge can also be acquired through formal programs such as diversity training
True or false: Research suggests that emotional display rules and standards are very similar around the world.
False. There appear to be significant differences with respect to emotional display norms across different cultures.
True or false: Focusing on positive rather than negative aspects of life has little impact on organizational success or individual well-being.
False. The emerging philosophy of positive organizational behavior suggests that focusing on the positive rather than negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and individual well-being.
True or false: The cognitive model of attitudes proves that we can predict behavior from each element of an individual's attitude.
False. This is potentially true, but contingencies at each stage in the cognitive model can weaken that predictability
True or false: A person who scores the highest on all of the Big Five personality factors should be considered the best employee.
False: Studies have shown the best employees do not have the highest scores on some personality factors.
True or false: Personality is determined entirely by heredity.
False: although personality is influenced by heredity (nature), it is also affected by nurture—socialization, life experiences, and interaction with the environment.
True or false: People who have stimulation at the top of their values hierarchy should seek a job that is predictable and stable.
False; A job that continues to provide new experiences would better align with their values hierarchy.
The study of organizational behavior examines what people think, ______, and do in and around organizations.
Feel
What are organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)?
Forms of cooperation and helpfulness that support an organization's psychological and social context
Which of the following theories proposes that motivation arises from emotions that are generated certain drives?
Four-drive theory
Historically, which of the following types of employment did most workers have?
Full-time, permanent jobs
Which is the generational cohort of those born between 1965 and 1980?
Generation Xers
Which strategies would be advisable if an organization wanted to increase an employee's belief that he or she is capable of performing the job successfully?
Giving the employee sufficient resources to do the job Providing training and clarifying job requirements
cognitive dissonance
Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions
What is the attribute common among effective leaders that refers to a person's ethical standards?
Integrity
Which of the following traits are common among narcissists? Multiple select question. Intensely envious of others Highly empathetic Abnormally negative self-view Excessive need for attention Grandiose, inflated self-view
Intensely envious of others Excessive need for attention Grandiose, inflated self-view
Andre tends to be an imaginative, "big picture" person. He sees the world in terms of impressions rather than facts and relies on his interpretations of what is happening. Which MBTI dimension or orientation does this describe?
Intuitive
Which of the following statements is true about developing a global mindset?
It begins with self-awareness of one's own beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the principle of ethic of care?
It involves taking care of others through responsibility. It involves caring about others by being attentive to their needs. It involves giving care to others through one's skills and abilities.
Which of the following statements is true regarding meaningful interaction?
It is founded on the contact hypothesis.
Which of the following statements regarding effective feedback is true?
It should refer to specific metrics that are under an individual's control.
Of the following countries, which discourages emotional expression and expects people to behave in a more subdued fashion?
Japan
service profit chain model
Job satisfaction increases customer satisfaction and profitability because: Job satisfaction affects mood, leading to positive behaviors toward customers Job satisfaction reduces employee turnover, resulting in more consistent and familiar service
Which of the following is a model of self-awareness and mutual understanding that divides information about you into four areas: open, blind, hidden, and unknown?
Johari Window Model
Which of the following employees are taking advantage of employer-sponsored means of withdrawing from workplace stressors?
Jolie, who takes a break in the company's game room Buddy, who steps away from his office for 30 minutes to rest in his firm's nap room Richard, who is planning for a one-month sabbatical to Germany
When John learned that his cousin had been diagnosed with lung cancer, he decided to try and quit smoking. This is an example of which component of social cognitive theory?
Learning behavioral outcomes
______ refers to an individual's belief about whether outcomes are the result of what they do or are determined by events or forces outside of their control.
Locus of control
Which of the following traits are common among people who define themselves mainly by their work?
Low turnover Better performance Low absenteeism
Which of the following are problems frequently caused by absenteeism?
Lower performance by fill-in staff Poorer customer service Increased workloads for coworkers
Which personality trait can be described as someone who takes pleasure in misleading, outwitting, and otherwise controlling others?
Machiavellianism
______ include cooperative and helpful acts toward others that support the organization's social and psychological context.
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)
Which of the following is directly affected by individual and team/interpersonal outcomes?
Organizational effectiveness
Equity Theory of Motivation elements
Outcome-input ratio - ours vs theirs & Sim comparison other - comparing to others equity evaluation - consequence of inequity
______ refers to the degree that people are willing to accept an unequal distribution of power within a society or organization.
Power distance
Jorge has a fever and a persistent cough, but he goes to work anyway because he needs to finish a major project before the end of the week. What is this an example of?
Presenteeism
SMARTER goals
Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-framed Exciting Reviewed
Which perspective of organizational effectiveness requires organizations to understand, manage and satisfy the interests of those who affect and/or are affected by the organization's objectives and actions?
Stakeholder perspective
An individual, organization or other entity that affects or is affected by the actions of an organization are its ______.
Stakeholders
disruptive justice
The perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes
behavior modeling
The process of learning behavior (notably, aggression) by observing others.
Which of the following illustrates the first step in the self-fulfilling prophecy?
The supervisor forms certain expectations about the employee's performance.
Which of the following statements about four-drive theory is true?
The theory acknowledges the role of human thought on behavior.
What are the two main influences that the situation has on individual performance and behavior?
The work context constrains or facilitates performance and behavior. The job environment provides cues to motivate and guide employees.
Which of the following statements concerning job satisfaction and job performance is correct?
There is a moderately positive correlation between job satisfaction and job performance.
Which of the following statements is true regarding mental models?
They are internal representations of the external world.
Which of the following statements are true about people who are unsure of their self-views?
They are more easily influenced by others. They feel more threatened by social forces that undermine their self-confidence. They experience more stress when making decisions.
Which statements about organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are true?
They are sometimes discretionary behaviors that employees may choose to perform. They may be directed toward individuals, such as sharing resources with a coworker.
Which of the following traits are common among psychopaths? Multiple select question. They dominate and manipulate others, without any feelings of remorse or anxiety. They use superficial charm while engaging in antisocial and impulsive behavior. They dominate and manipulate others, but then feel huge waves of remorse and anxiety. They are naturally charming and often engage in self-promotion and exhibitionism.. They callously do as they please and take what they want.
They dominate and manipulate others, without any feelings of remorse or anxiety. They use superficial charm while engaging in antisocial and impulsive behavior. They callously do as they please and take what they want.
Which of the following traits are common among people with high Machiavellianism? They have a cynical disregard for moral principles. They believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals. They believe it is immoral to get more than one deserves. They often empathize with coworkers. They demonstrate a strong motivation to get what they want at the expense of others
They have a cynical disregard for moral principles. They believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals. They demonstrate a strong motivation to get what they want at the expense of others.
Which statements about counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) are true?
They may harm an organization either directly or indirectly. They include harassing coworkers and wasting resources.
Which of the following BEST describes the role of social norms, self-concept, and past experience on needs?
They regulate a person's motivated decisions and behavior.
Which of the following are rules for maintaining interactional justice in the workplace?
Treat employees with respect. Ensure that employees receive honest and timely information about decisions by management.
Intentional Discrimination
Treatment of others that is unfair (on the basis of prejudice or stereotype) and on purpose
True or false: According to the service profit chain model, customer satisfaction is a natural outcome of employee satisfaction.
True
True or false: Although everyone has the same drives, people develop different intensities of needs in a particular situation.
True
True or false: Both positive and negative emotional traits have an impact on an individual's attendance and long-term work attitudes.
True
True or false: Stressors are physical or psychological forces that exert demands on a person's body, emotions, and/or mind.
True
True or false: Although technical skills are important, skills such as problem solving and effective communication are often considered to be even more important by employers.
True : In four recent major surveys, employers listed problem solving, the ability to work in teams, and effective communication as being some of the most important skills for employees to have.
True or false: According to the four-drive theory, the four drives that give rise to emotions and human motivation are independent of one another.
True. The drives are independent of one another. Additionally, there is no hierarchy of drives, so one drive is neither dependent on or inherently inferior to superior to another drive
True or false: A limitation of cross-cultural research is that several studies incorrectly assumed that people in a specific country or geographic region share similar values.
True: Cross-cultural studies have assumed that each country has one culture, while the reality is that many countries have become culturally diverse.
T or F Organizational behavior studies how organizations interact with their external environments.
True: Organizational behavior includes the study of how organizations interact with their external environments, particularly in the context of employee behavior and decisions.
True or false: All stockholders are stakeholders, but not all stakeholders are stockholders.
True: Stakeholders include anyone with a stake in the company - stockholders, employees, suppliers, etc.
True or false: Social identity is a comparative process that involves categorizing people into distinct groups.
True; The comparative process of social identity begins by categorizing people into distinct groups.
What is the term that describes the situation in which employees are expected (or believe they are expected) to complete more work with more effort than they can provide within the allotted time?
Work overload
Which of the following is the result of the ability of employees to minimize conflict between their work and nonwork roles?
Work-life integration
Which of the following statements are true regarding job satisfaction and job performance?
Workers with higher job satisfaction tend to be somewhat more productive.
personal identity
a distinct sense of self including personally defined attributes (internal self-concept)
Organizational effectiveness
a measure of how appropriate organizational goals are and how well those goals are being met
four-drive theory
a motivation theory based on the innate drives to acquire, bond, learn, and defend that incorporates both emotions and rationality
positive organizational behavior
a perspective of organizational behavior that focuses on building positive qualities and traits within individuals or institutions as opposed to focusing on what is wrong with them
positive reinforcement
a response that encourages a particular behavior. Occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency of a specific behavior
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Equity Theory
a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly
People believe some values are more important than others and thus have a hierarchy of preferences, known as ______.
a value system
attribution theory
a way of explaining others' behavior by either one's disposition or one's situation
Which of the following skills do employers rank as being the most important for new hires to possess?
a. Communicating effectively b. Working effectively in teams c. Problem solving
The study of organizational behavior looks at which of the following?
a. Employee behavior b. Employee decisions c. Employee perceptions
According to McClelland's learned needs theory, an individual who sets challenging goals for herself and seeks recognition for her efforts has a high need for ______.
achievement
Eric is known in the workplace as a hard charger. He is the first one in the office every morning and the last one to go home every night and wants to be known as the "best" in everything he does. According to McClelland, Eric would have a strong need for ______.
achievement
A person with high E-to-P expectancy believes that ______.
achieving a desired performance level depends on his or her effort
All emotions have two dimensions: ___ and ___.
activation; evaluation
The open systems perspective of organizational effectiveness asserts that organizations:
affect and are affected by their external environments
Employee involvement tends to increase ______ commitment because it strengthens the employee's psychological ownership and social identity with the organization.
affective
Linda enjoys her job tasks, but what she values most in her job is interacting with customers and her colleagues. According to the learned needs theory, Linda has a high need for ______.
affiliation
McClelland suggested that individuals are influenced by three "learned" needs: achievement, power, and ________
affiliation
Pedro is known as the "peace-keeper" in the department. He takes an active role in supporting his coworkers and resolving workplace conflicts as a way to get approval from them. According to the learned needs theory, Pedro has a need for ______.
affiliation
The "Big Five" dimensions are: conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, and .
agreeablenes
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. (demoted) May be necessary for extreme behavior ex hurting co worker
global mindset
an individual's ability to perceive, appreciate, and empathize with people from other cultures, and to process complex cross-cultural information
A few minutes before a scheduled conference call, Laura received a meeting reminder in her Microsoft Outlook account. This reminder is an example of a(n) ______.
antecedent
According to the A-B-Cs of Organizational Behavior Modification, events preceding the behavior are known as ______.
antecedents
Outcome Valences
anticipated satisfaction from the outcome. choose own reward
Developing new multilevel mental models
apple multiple levels of understand to intercultural cross-cultural issues and work environments.
Strengths-based coaching is also known as _______ coaching.
appreciative
Open systems
are "live" with numerous subsystems. effective when they maintain a good fit with external environment
Organizational constraints are one of the most pervasive causes of workplace stress because they ______.
are beyond the employee's immediate control
Differentiation
assign more favorable characteristics to pple in our group than pple in other groups. being the "better" group = higher self esteem
The self-fulfilling prophecy is most likely to occur ______.
at the beginning of a relationship between the supervisor and employee
A(n) ___ can be defined as what we believe, how we feel, and how we behave toward a person or an object.
attitude
Beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions are components of ______.
attitudes
Emotional intelligence involves ______ of our own emotions and the emotions of others.
awareness and management
As part of the perceptual process, we put people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory. This process is known as ______.
categorical thinking
Janeen is opposed to smoking, but she has been offered a lucrative accounting job with a tobacco company. She is tempted to take the job but feels hypocritical. Janeen is experiencing ______.
cognitive dissonance
The internal tension we feel when our behavior and attitudes are inconsistent with each other is referred to as ______.
cognitive dissonance
A society that has a group orientation and emphasizes the interdependence of people has a high degree of:
collectivism
Despite the fact that the overall value of his stock portfolio has decreased and the stock market is struggling, Dan sees that a couple of his stock picks have done well and thinks his investment strategy is sound. This is an example of ______.
confirmation bias
The rule of attribution in which we determine how often the person has acted in a particular manner is ___.
consistency
Values that are shared across a society are known as ______ values.
cultural
Two people who dislike their boss often have ______ behavioral intentions related to those feelings.
different
Assigning more favorable characteristics to people in the groups to which we belong than to people in other groups is referred to as ______.
differentiation
Jenna is convinced that the students in her study group are better organized and more disciplined than other study groups in class. This is an example of ______.
differentiation
Norms that require us to exhibit certain emotions and conceal others are known as ______.
display rules
To better understand business ethics, it is important to consider four distinct types of ethical principles: utilitarianism, individual rights, ethic of care, and ______ justice.
distributive
he perception that appropriate decision criteria have been applied to calculate how various benefits and burdens are allocated is known as ____________ _________.
distributive Justice
Drive to bond
drive to form social relationships and develop mutual caring commitments with others
Hardwired characteristics of the brain that attempt to maintain internal equilibrium by correcting deficiencies are known as ______, or primary needs.
drives
Primary needs of human beings are also referred to as ______.
drives
The stage in job burnout in which the individual experiences a lack of energy and weariness is known as ______.
emotional exhaustion
Tyler works at the front desk of a large hotel and often deals with travelers who are tired and irritated, so he must frequently mask his own irritation and "put on a happy face." This is an example of ______.
emotional labor
When you check into a hotel, you notice that the lobby has a stale odor, and your brain sends signals that then sway your conscious evaluation of the hotel. These signals are known as ______.
emotional marker
You hear an old song on the radio and suddenly remember where you were and what you were doing when the song was popular. This is because your brain attached a(n) ______ to the song.
emotional marker
According to the four-drive theory, _______ are the source of human motivation. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
emotions
feelings
emotions
Having an understanding of and a sensitivity to the feelings, thoughts, and situations of others is known as ______.
empathy
Tyrone is a sympathetic listener and seems to have an innate ability to understand what the other person is experiencing. Tyrone has a high level of ______.
empathy
Company-sponsored counseling services aimed at helping employees resolve marital, financial, or work-related issues are known as ______.
employee assistance programs (EAP)
An individual's emotional and cognitive motivation to achieve work-related goals is referred to as ______.
employee engagement
The emotional involvement in, commitment to, and satisfaction with the work a person does is called ______.
employee engagement
The "value-expressive" function of voice states that ___.
employees react favorably to having an opportunity to express their views on an issue
Employees with high levels of continuance commitment ______.
engage in fewer organizational citizenship behaviors
The type of stress that is considered a necessary part of life because it activates and motivates people to achieve their goals and succeed in life's challenges is referred to as ______
eustress
Jolene believes that "luck happens": she thinks that the outcome of her life is beyond her control. Jolene has a(n)___ locus of control.
external
Employees who carry out a task because of a pay incentive provided by their company are demonstrating _____ motivation.
extrinsic
The ______ effect is also called the similar-to-me effect.
false-consensus
The perceptual effect that occurs when people overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs is known as the ______.
false-consensus effect
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events; judgments
The philosophy of positive organizational behavior suggests that ______.
focusing on positive rather than negative aspects improves success and employee well-being
empathizing and acting effectively across cultures
global mindset includes understanding the perception and emotions of coworkers from various cultures
The process of motivating employees and clarifying their role perceptions by establishing performance objectives is referred to as ______.
goal setting
Drives (primary needs)
hardwired characteristics of the brain that correct deficiencies or maintain an internal equilibrium by producing emotions to energize individuals
Emotional markers
help us store information in memory; those emotions are later reproduced when recalling the perceived information
The ______ area in the Johari Window refers to information that is known to you but not to others.
hidden
An individual who is enthusiastic or elated would be experiencing a ______ emotion.
high-activation, positive
Employees with ___ levels of continuance commitment tend to have ___ performance.
higher; lower
Jake is confident that, if he practices guitar for a year, he will improve.
his E-to-P expectancy
Alexis assumes that people who live in Utah are Mormons. This is an example of ______.
homogenization
self-esteem
how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself
The benefits of telecommuting include ______.
improved productivity lower job turnover among younger employees better work-life balance
self-expansion
increase their complexity as they seek out new opportunities and social connections.
Adopting a global perspective
increases as the individual acquire more of a global than a local frame of reference
People who value personal freedom, self-sufficiency, and control over their own lives have high ______.
individualism
self-concept consistency
individuals identity require similar personal attributes
The type of organizational justice that depends on treating employees in a polite manner and respect is called _______ justice.
interactional
The workplace stress consequence marked by emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced feelings of personal accomplishment is referred to as ______.
job burnout
An individual's evaluation of his or her job and work context is referred to as ______.
job satisfaction
A work-life balance initiative that involves splitting one career position between two employees is known as:
job sharing.
One of the key differences between attitudes and emotions is that attitudes are ______, whereas emotions are experiences.
judgments
Organizational constraints include ______.
lack of equipment insufficient budget funding inadequate information
In his learned needs theory, McClelland proposed that a person's needs can be strengthened through reinforcement, social conditions, and ______.
learning
Changing the situation
leave, walk away
Self-evaluation is mostly defined by three elements: self-esteem, self-efficacy, and:
locus of control.
Tony lost his job after 28 years with the company, and he is devastated because he defines himself almost entirely by his work. In terms of self-concept, Tony has ______.
low complexity
An employee who lacks the ability to adjust the pace of the workload according to his or her energy and attention span is said to have ______.
low task control
The moral intensity of an action is higher when ______.
many people are affected by the action
Images, representations or ideas of how we perceive and understand the world around us, are known as ______.
mental models
Jailah has been feeling "down" for weeks now, although she can't seem to put her finger on why she feels the way she does. Jailah is experiencing a(n) ______.
mood
Performance feedback from nonsocial sources, such as computer printouts or dashboard metrics, is generally perceived as ______ than feedback from social sources.
more accurate
The self-fulfilling prophecy effect is stronger when ______.
multiple people hold the same expectations of the employee
As part of its performance review process, Altrera Corporation solicits confidential feedback from the employee's managers, peers, and direct reports. This process is known as ______.
multisource (360-degree) feedback
Michael received an anonymous online feedback form that asked him to rate a coworker's workplace competencies on a scale of 1 to 5 and then asked for written comments. It would appear that Michael's employer is using ______.
multisource (360-degree) feedback
People who have an obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement are considered ______.
narcissists
Darrell was unhappy that he had been scheduled for so many late shifts at work and became dissatisfied. When he is scheduled for nights, he often calls in sick or comes in late. According to the EVLN model, Darrel's response to his job dissatisfaction is ______.
neglect
People who experience more negative emotions tend to have higher ______ and are introverted.
neuroticism
confirmation bias
nonconscious tendency for people to screen our info that is contrary to their decisions, and beliefs while more readily accepting info that confirms existing perceptions and attitudes
Studies of the Five-Factor Model have shown that the relationship between personality and performance is often ___.
nonlinear
A society that values professions such as teaching, social work, and nursing would likely be considered to have an achievement - ______ orientation.
nurturing
social cognitive theory
observing/modeling others and the consequences of our behavior. Learning behavior consequences , behavior modeling, self regulation (self reinforcement)
self reinforcment
or self-control, refers to an individual motivating him or herself by setting goals and ways of reaching them and then providing positive reinforcement to him-or herself when goals are achieved
Without exception, employees at Qantic Services are committed to the concept of providing superior customer satisfaction. This would be an example of a(n) ______ value.
organizational
The theory of motivation that explains employee behavior in terms of antecedent conditions and consequences of behavior is known as ______.
organizational behavior modification
The concept that includes the organization's fit with its external environment, emphasis on organizational learning, and the ability to satisfy the needs of key stakeholders is known as:
organizational effectiveness
categorical thinking
organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory
According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-outcome expectancy, and ______.
outcome valences
According to expectancy theory, implementing a customizable rewards program would likely increase ______.
outcome valences
Modifying the situation
pause
Inequality tensions
people believe they are over or undervalued
The amount of stress that employees experience is related to how they ______.
perceive the stressor
procedural justice
perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards
The process through which we receive stimuli from the external environment and organize and interpret them is known as ______.
perception
Laura is very proud of the fact that she is the first person in her family to earn a college degree. This distinction is part of Laura's ______ identity.
personal
The bundle of characteristics that makes us similar to or different from other people is our ______.
personality
Ways in which employees can strive to control stress consequences include ______.
physical exercise meditation EAPs
Emotions are defined as ______.
physiological, behavioral, and psychological episodes experienced toward an object, a person, or an event that create a state of readiness
Laura's company has started an informal bowling league for employees, and the team with the highest score each week wins a pizza lunch for the department. This is a way in which the company can create ______ in the workplace.
positive emotions
In most situations of organizational behavior modification, desired behaviors should be followed by ______, and undesirable behaviors should be followed by ______.
positive reinforcement; extinction
contact hypothesis
pple who interact with one another will be less perceptually biases because they have more personal understanding of the other person and their group.
George does not want to hire a female candidate for a management position because he believes women are less effective managers than men. This is ______.
prejudice
Intentional discrimination, or ______ prejudice , Correct Unavailable, occurs when people hold unfounded negative attitudes toward people belonging to a particular stereotyped group.
prejudice
Many human resources managers report that a decision to hire an individual is made within the first 3 to 5 minutes of an interview. This is largely the result of the ______ effect.
primacy
Our tendency to quickly form an opinion of a person based on the first information we receive about him or her is referred to as the ____ effect.
primacy or primary
The perception that appropriate procedural rules have been applied throughout the decision process is referred to as _____ _______.
procedural justice
selective attention
process of attending to some info received by our senses and ignoring other info
self-evaluation
process of judging one's own performance or behavior (self-esteem, self efficacy, and locus of control
Repeated hostile or unwanted conduct, verbal comments, actions, or gestures that undermine an employee's dignity or integrity are known as ______.
psychological harassment
Perception
receiving info about and making sense of the world around us.
The ______ effect occurs when the most recent information about a person or event dominates our perceptions.
recency
Despite the fact that he has performed well for most of the year, an employee's annual performance review is heavily influenced by his poor attendance during the past month. This is due to the ____ ______.
recency effect
self-verification
refers to this need to confirm the self-concept
Coping mechanisms for handling workplace stress include ______.
reframing the stressor in a more positive manner regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle
Students at a university are required to affix the following statement to each assignment they submit for grading: "I pledge on my honor that I have not given, received, or witnessed any unauthorized aid to this or any other paper." This statement is intended to ______ the connection between personal values and behavior.
reinforce
primacy effect
rely on first info we received about pple to quickly form an opinion of them. first impressions are lasting impressions
Using information technology, Alyssa works from home as a medical billing specialist for a large corporation. This arrangement is known as _____.
remote work
The stage of the general adaption syndrome in which a person develops coping mechanisms to overcome or remove the source of stress is the ___ stage.
resistance
The degree to which low task control is a workplace stressor increases with the level of ______.
responsibility
One of the limitations of OB mod is ______, in which reinforcers become considered entitlements rather than rewards.
reward inflation
mental models
road maps on environments in which we live. knowledge structures we develop to describe, explain and predict the world around us.
need for affiliation
seek approval from others
The ability to focus attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is referred to as ______.
selective attention
An individual's self-beliefs and self-evaluations refer to his or her ______.
self-concept
When asked how she would describe herself, Sandi responds, "Being a mom is the most important thing in the world to me. My kids are everything to me." This is Sandi's ______.
self-concept
Even though Lucinda has received good performance reviews from her boss, she is plagued with self-doubt and worries that she doesn't have the knowledge or experience to do her job well. Lucinda has low ______.
self-efficacy
The "can do" facet of our personality is referred to as ______.
self-efficacy
The concept of self-evaluation is composed of three elements: self-esteem, locus of control, and ______.
self-efficacy
An old song states, "You've got to accentuate the positive, eliminate the negative, and latch on to the affirmative." This is most closely associated with:
self-enhancement.
Johanna feels good about herself. She believes she is a caring person, a good mother, and a trustworthy employee. Johanna has high ______.
self-esteem
The ______ occurs when our expectations about another person cause him or her to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Three important components of social cognitive theory include: learning behavioral consequences, behavior modeling, and ______.
self-regulation
Alexis has been studying hard for the next organizational behavior test and has decided that she will reward herself with by going to Starbucks after the test. This is an example of ______.
self-reinforcement
Reinforcement that occurs when an employee has control over a reinforcer but doesn't "take" it until completing a self-set goal is known as ______.
self-reinforcement
Our tendency to attribute our failures to external causes while believing that our successes are due to internal causes is known as the ______.
self-serving bias
When Karolyn met her monthly sales quota, she believed it was because she is a good salesperson and a hard worker. When she missed her quota the following month, she blamed it on the fact that her competitor introduced a new ad campaign. This is an example of the ______.
self-serving bias
The concept that we want people to see us as we see ourselves is referred to as ______.
self-verification
Carl Jung proposed that there are two ways in which people prefer to gather information or perceive the world around them: ______.
sensing and intuition
Colette's co-worker has a calendar posted on the wall of their shared cubicle that features naked women. This type of harassment is known as ______.
sexual harassment
The theory that suggests we define ourselves by the groups to which we belong or to which we have an emotional attachment is ______ theory.
social identity
University of Iowa alumni Tyler proudly sports a bumper sticker on his car that reads, "It's great to be a Hawkeye!" His emotional attachment to the University of Iowa would be an example of ______.
social identity theory
Elena, a Hispanic American, graduated with a nursing degree from Xavier University and works at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. These attributes are part of Elena's:
social identity.
Although research shows that an individual's personality stabilizes around the age of 30, personality is not ___.
static or unchanging
Assigning the perceived attributes of a group to individuals belonging to that group is referred to as ______.
stereotyping
Lakeisha believes that all men are poor listeners. This is an example of ______.
stereotyping
An adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to a person's well-being is known as ____.
stress
An environmental condition that places a physical or emotional demand on an individual is referred to as a(n) ______.
stressor
One of the major criticisms of organizational behavior modification is that it ______.
suggests that behavior is learned only through interaction with the environment
Modifying your behavior to be consistent with the required emotions in a particular situation but continuing to hold different internal feelings is known as ______.
surface acting
The conceptual anchor that suggests that OB should be studied using evidence-based management and methodical research techniques is the _____ anchor.
systematic research
Work-life balance initiatives designed to minimize conflict between an employee's work and non-work demands include ___.
telecommuting flexible scheduling personal leaves
Teams whose members have diverse backgrounds ______.
tend to be more creative and make better decisions in complex situations than teams with less diversity
People who have high moral sensitivity ______.
tend to have a higher level of empathy
The dimensions of personality identified in Jungian personality theory are measured through ______.
the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
An individual's perceived probability that performing at a certain level will result in a specific outcome is referred to as ______.
the P-to-O expectancy
Joshua is confident that, if he performs well on the next test, he will earn an A in the course. This is an example of ______.
the P-to-O expectancy
self-enhancement
the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-views (desire to be important)
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response (manager stops checking in). Occurs when the target behavior decreases because no consequence follows it
self-regulation
the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards
The four major challenges facing organizations are increasing workforce diversity, emerging employment relationships, remote work, and ______.
work-life integration