Observations

Advantages of observational research

- deep understanding of p's - good for describing behaviour - rich data as it often focuses on one individual

What model can also be used in naturalistic observation? Animals Brain imaging Neural networks

Animals

Which of the following is a type of observational research? True experiments Quasi-experiments Case studies

Case studies

Which form of observation is less ethical - covert or overt?

Covert

The main advantage of ___________ observation is the validity of the ____ that is collected. The findings of the research are easily ____________ and can be applied to real-world situations.

Naturalistic data generalisable

____________ research is not technically experimental because none of the variables are being _________ by the researcher.

Observational controlled

For participant observations, p's must be told they're being ________ otherwise it's _________. This may cause ________ ______

Observed unethical observer effect

Overt observations

Participants are aware that they are being observed ✔️ • more ethically acceptable ✖️ • demand characteristics

Covert observations

Participants are unaware they are being observed and this reduces demand characteristics; participants act naturally. - Unethical - participants have not given consent

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of participant observation? Provides data that couldn't have otherwise been collected It is unethical to assume a fake identity People may be suspicious

Provides data that couldn't have otherwise been collected

What are psychological researchers NOT allowed to do? Observe participants in a public place Record observations using video or audio equipment without the participants' consent Observe without participants' consent Record observations using video or audio equipment even with participants' consent Feedback?

Record observations using video or audio equipment without the participants' consent

The observer effect states that if participants know they are being observed, they may change their emotions. Which word fits better than "emotions"?

behaviour

In structured observation, the researcher decides in advance what sort of _________ they are looking for and devises an observation checklist to complete during the observation. This type of observation generates ____________ data, usually in the form of a _____ chart.

behaviour qualitative tally

In Overt observation, p's are aware they're being observed. This is more ethical but leads to ______ characteristics (remember how your teachers' behaviour changed when they had an Ofsted inspector in the room).

demand

One of the best ways to gain information is to observe the behaviour in its natural context. But people might change their behaviour in unexpected ways if they know they are being ________. So, for a researcher to get accurate information, a researcher must be unobtrusive and inconspicuous. This type of observational study is called ____________ observation: observing behaviour in its natural setting

observed naturalistic

Non-___________ observation involves simply watching and recording behaviour from afar, typically from a distance or on _____.

participant video

Rosenhan (1973) observed a ___________ ward and Festinger (1956) observed a religious cult. They wouldn't have been able to observe authentic behaviour if it wasn't for ___________ observation.

psychiatric participant

In unstructured observation, the researcher simply records all the action. The data generated can be quantitative (numbers) or ___________ (descriptive).

qualitative