OCC Oceanography 100 Exam 3 CH. 10-14 Karen Baker YW BETCHES
A salmon migrates from the ocean to freshwater rivers to spawn. With respect to tonicity what best describes what type of environment the salmon moves from and into.
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CH. 11
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CH. 12
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CH. 13-14
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Please refer to the diagram drawn below to answer what the wave height, wavelength, and if period is given what the wave velocity
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Using the table below be able to predict wave height give wind speed, fetch and wind duration.
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What does the above picture depict?
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What is a model that describe who eats whom and general shows that only 10% of the energy is transmitted from one level to the next?
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What is the average primary production in the ocean? Land?
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What type of phytoplankton is able to utilize more frequencies of light so they can be deeper in the euphotic zone and need less light.
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What type of tidal pattern is represented by the graph?
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Where would slack water be found?
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Which of the following organisms can fix nitrogen into usable chemical forms such as nitrates and nitrites? Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Cyanobacteria, Coccolithophores, Viruses, Kelp
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Which part of the above graph best represents high tide?
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Which part of the above graph best represents low tide?
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Which part of the above graph best represents the 0 point reference or mean sea level?
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Which part of the above graph best represents the ebb current?
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Which part of the above graph best represents the flood current?
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In a region with diurnal tides, if a high tide occurs at midnight (12 AM), when will the next high tide occur?
12:50 am next day
A wind wave of 30-meter wavelength will be considered a deep-water wave if it is passing through water that is greater than what depth?
15 meters
What is the ratio that waves will break in the open ocean?
1:7
How long has global long term sea level has been rising?
20 mya (Million Years Ago)
How devastating was the Sumatran Tsunami of 2004? Japan Tsunami of 2011?
230,000 people died, 24,000 people died
What percentage of the United States coastline is depositional coastlines and what percentage is erosional?
30% depositional and 70% erosional
How much longer is the lunar day compared to the solar day?
50 Minutes
Approximately how much of the sunlight energy absorbed by diatoms is converted into glucose by photosynthesis?
55%
In a region with semi-diurnal tides, if a high tide occurs at midnight (12 AM), when is the next low tide ?
6:12 am
What primary producers are in the Kingdom Protista, not Kingdom Plantae.
Algae
What type of reef is a ring-shaped island of coral with a lagoon at its center? What are the other two stages of coral reef formations? How would you define them?
Atoll, other 2 are fringing and barrier reef
What part of a diatoms allows it to expand in size during reproduction?
Auxospore
What organism along the southern California times it's reproductive activity with the timing of the spring tides? These organisms come to the shoreline, and the females bury their body 1⁄2 way in the beach sand while the males circle around them while depositing their milt (sperm)?
California Grunion
Wind is the disturbing force for what type of waves?
Capillary and wind waves
A highly biological productive ocean surface appears chalky due to the calcium carbonate cell walls. This is due to the successful bloom of what plankton?
Coccolithophores
What is diffusion, active transport, osmosis?
Diffusion - the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion Active Transport - the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration Osmosis - a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane
What type of tide is characterized by the following data: Monday Low -.2 ft 8:15 am; Monday High 6.8 ft 8:40 pm; Tuesday Low -.3 ft 9:05am; Tuesday High 6.9 ft 9:30 pm
Diurnal
What is the most accurate term for the feeding relationships among organisms living in the ocean?
Food Web
Modern tsunami warning systems depend on what technology?
GSM networks, satellites, gps.
What factor(s) limit primary productivity in the ocean?
Generally, it is the interplay between nutrient and light availability that affects phytoplankton photosynthesis and primary production
What is a heterotroph? Autotroph?
Heterotroph - an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances. Autotroph - An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy
What do we call the crest of the tides?
High tides
Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and copepods could be categorized as meroplankton or holoplankton? Larval fish and invertebrates could be categorized as meroplankton or holoplankton?
Holoplankton, Meroplankton
What is wavelength, wave height, period, frequency?
Horizontal distance between crests, Vertical distance between trough and crest, time it takes for one crest to reach the other crests position, number of wave crests passing through a single point per second.
In Southern California, how is the mean sea level determined?
MLLW (Mean Lower Low Water)
What organisms make up megaplankton, macroplankton, mesoplankton, microplankton, nanoplankton, picoplankton, femtoplankton? P 397 Fig 14.4
Megaplankton - Large jellyfishes, colonies of siphonophres and salps, sargassum weed Macraoplankton - Many gelatinous zooplankton, krill Mesoplankton - most adult zooplankton, larval fishes Microplankton - Many diatoms, dinoflagellates, invertebrate larvae Nanoplankton - Cyanophytes, coccolithophores, silicoflagellates, ciliates Picoplankton - Many cyanobacteria Femtoplankton - Most viruses
What type of tide is characterized by the following data: Monday Low -0.2 ft 12:00 am; Monday High 6.8 ft 6:12 am; Monday Low 1.2 ft 12:25 pm; Monday High 4.2 ft 6:50 pm
Mixed Diurnal
What type of tidal pattern is exhibited in Southern California?
Mixed diurnal tide
Seaweeds or multi-cellular algae are different from sea grasses and mangroves in what way?
Most seagrasses are vascular plants, since they have the specialized tissues in their roots, stems, and leaves that conduct food and water throughout the plant's body. Whereas, seaweeds and multicellurlar algae are nonvascular
What zone with respect to light would phytoplankton such as diatoms be most productive with respect to photosynthesis?
Photic Zone
What is the Photic zone/Euphotic zone, Disphotic zone and Aphotic zone?
Photic Zone - surface layer of the ocean that receives sunlight Euphotic Zone - The uppermost 80 m (260 feet) or more of the ocean, which is sufficiently illuminated to permit photosynthesis by phytoplankton and plants Disphotic Zone - The middle layer of the world's oceans receives only faint, filtered sunlight during the daytime Aphotic Zone - Bottom layer of the ocean that recieves no sunlight
Why is it that waves observed breaking on the shoreline appear as if they are breaking parallel to the shoreline?
REFRACTION - when waves approach the shore at an angle, the closest part of the wave will begin to slow down while the rest of the wave remains at the same speed..thus turning the wave to become parallel with the shore line.
Neap tides are as a result of what?
Range of tides are at its least/tidal ranges diminished
What type of tide is characterized by the following data: Monday Low -0.2 ft 12:00 am; Monday High 6.8 ft 6:12 am; Monday Low -0.2 ft 12:25 pm; Monday High 6.8 ft 6:50 pm
Semi Diurnal
What is plankton?
Small and microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea or fresh water, consisting chiefly of diatoms, protozoans, small crustaceans, and the eggs and larval stages of larger animals
What season does phytoplankton peak in the North Pacific? Northern Polar Ocean? Tropical Ocean? Fig 14.15 p 408
Spring
This question can be answered from Ch 10 Waves - A wave that sloshes back and forth from one end of a basin to another, such as in a harbor, lake, or small body of water is referred to as...
Standing waves
Which has a greater effect on the tides, the moon or the sun, and why?
The Moon, because it's closer
What is compensation depth?
The depth in the sea at which the rate of dissolution of solid calcium carbonate equals the rate of supply
What are the two largest forces generating earth's tides?
The moon and the sun
What is the relationship between the wavelength and it's velocity.
Wavelength is 1/2 velocity... Wavelength is Distance...Velocity is Distance/Time so velocity is the wavelength divided by time.
What is it that unifies all life on Earth on earth?
We are all carbon based life froms
An estuary described as a long, narrow, steep-sided, flooded coastal valley is called what?
a Fjord
What is usually responsible for the harmful algal blooms known as red tides?
a bloom of a species of dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis
2 What is a pycnocline?
a layer in an ocean or other body of water in which water density increases rapidly
This question can be answered from Ch 10 Waves - How does Constructive interference affect waves?
additive, makes them bigger
What is the long-shore current and how does it impact sediment?
along shore current moves sediment along the shoreline between the surf zone and the upper limit of wave action
There are areas in the ocean where the tidal range increase with increasing distance from what points?
amphidormic points
Where would you find mixed (semi-diurnal) tides?
anywhere that as two hi and two low tides a day
3. How is a tsunami generated?
asteroids, landslides, volcanoes
What type of depositional coastal feature are described as exposed sandbars that are parallel to the coast, and form when sediments accumulate on submerged rises paralleling the shoreline. What is a sandspit?
barrier islands. sandsplit forms where the longshore current slows as it clears a headland and approaches a quiet bay.
Define capillary, wind, seiche, tsunami, and tidal waves.
capillary waves - tiny dimple like waves. wind waves - usually 20-30ft seiche waves - "standing wave" bowl metaphor tsunami - massive flooding tide, long wavelength tidal waves - longest of all, wavelengths half of circumference of the earth.
How do you arrange wave types in order from smallest to longest wavelength?
capillary, wind, sieche, tsunami
Rogue waves are generated as a result of what?
caused by huge waves, resulting from constructive interference
In the absence of sunlight, how do hydro-thermal vent communities capture energy and convert inorganic molecules into glucose molecules?
chemosynthesis
Describe how water moves in orbital waves?
circular
How does shape of the basin impact the timing of the tides for wide and symmetrical basins such as the Gulf of St. Lawrence?
circular
What is the restoring force for each type of waves?
cohesion for capillary, gravity for the rest
Berms, berm crests, and long-shore bars are all features of what type of coastline?
depositional
Seawalls increase the amount of erosion or deposition along the shore because they deflect wave energy.
depositional
What is the name for a relatively old coast that is steadily growing due to their sediment accumulation?
depositional coasts
What is the wavelength of Tides ?
distance from crest to crest
What are the definitions of the three other estuary types?
drowned river mouths, bar built, tectonic
The wave you surf on in California may have come from the middle of the Pacific. What has been transmitted across the ocean basin?
energy
Are high energy coasts erosional or depositional?
erosional
What type of coastline has sea caves, blowholes, sea arches and sea stacks?
erosional
Which plankton is considered the smallest form of plankton? Give an example.
femtoplankton, viruses
Which of the coral formations represents the youngest stage in coral evolution?
fringing reef
The rigid cell wall of a diatom war called
frustules or valves
How was the Great wave of 112 ft observed aboard the USS Ramapo measured?
geometry
Which of the following represents spring tides, neap tides and why? What happens in each situation?
given on graph
What is a wave train?
groups of swell with the same origin
Which is larger, the tide that results from a lunar wave or the solar wave?
lunar
What is swell?
mature, regular waves sorted by dispersion
1. What is a fully developed sea?
maximum wave size theoretically possible for a wind of specific strength, duration and fetch.
What is meroplankton and holoplankton?
meroplankton, like polychaete worms, go back to being plankton later in life. Holoplankton are plankton for their entire lives. They can be either phytoplankton or zooplankton
How often do neap tides and what moon cycle?
occur one week after spring tide
Distinguishing between living and non-living things can be tricky. In general, if something is living it has the ability to do what?
organisms use energy and can get energy from a source
What process is the main method of binding energy into carbohydrates on the planet?
photosynthesis
Define and understand wave refraction and diffraction
refraction - slowing and bending waves diffraction - propagation of a wave around an obstacle
Based on the map given above, what type of tidal pattern is exhibited off the west coast of Africa?
semi-diurnal and mixed tides
Be able to determine deep water and shallow water waves.
shallow < 1/20 wavelenght. deep > 1/2 wavelength
Define shore and coast.
shore - where ocean meets land/coast coast - the larger zone affected by processes that occur at the boundary
What do we call the trough of the tides?
slack
What accounts for the movement of wind-driven surface currents?
stokes drift
How does shape of the basin impact the timing of the tides for narrow and restricted basins such as the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia?
straight line
In a coastal cell, how is sand permanently lost from the beach?
submarine canyons
You purchase a marine fish from the aquarium store and unknowingly place that fish in your freshwater tank. In terms of osmosis, what is happening with respect to the water and the fish on a cellular level?
the marine fish's cells would take in to much water and burst.
What is a dangerous consequence of Tsunamis that attracts people to explore further offshore.
the trough of the wave comes 1st
The abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by what type of storm is called storm surge?
tropical cyclone
What process is essential in the restoration of non-conservative nutrients and supports the continuation of photosynthetic productivity in the ocean?
upwelling
The vertical distance between a successive wave crest and wave trough is best described as what?
wave height
How fast does a wave train move with respect to the individual waves in the train?
wave train move half the velocity of individual waves in train
What are the factors necessary to make really large wind waves?
wind strength, duration, fetch
What factors are instrumental in shaping an erosional coast?
wind-driven grit abrasion, stream erosion, dissolution of acid sand bases
On beaches like Boomers beach in La Jolla, what happens to the sediment along the beach during the winter versus the summer?
winter, no sand/sediments are gone vs summer when waves do bring in sediments