OCE 1001 Ch 4

What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)

3 miles (4.5 kilometers)

Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process. Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process. Because the drill bit turns around in a circle. Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion.

Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.

Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material. The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve. Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals tha

Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Cosmogenous Sediment

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? Nodule and crust creation Deep-sea hotsprings Groundwater leaching Clathrate formation Sea floor methane seeps

Deep-sea hotsprings

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk Gravity corer Dredge

Dredge

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Hydrogenous Sediment

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment

Lithogenous Sediment

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Petroleum Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Manganese nodules and crusts Rare-earth elements

Petroleum

Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply. Petroleum Halite Manganese nodules Phosphorites Gas hydrates

Petroleum Gas hydrates

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? Gas hydrates Rare-earth elements Manganese nodules and crusts Sand and gravel Phosphorite

Rare-earth elements

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Rotary corer Gravity corer Long line Seiche disk Dredge

Rotary corer

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Clay Rock fragments Quartz sand Siliceous ooze Volcanic ash

Siliceous ooze

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? The deep-ocean floor Marine sediments on land Estuaries and lagoons Continental shelf

The deep-ocean floor

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years. They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history.

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

What is calcareous ooze? a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________. siliceous ooze sand coral clay calcareous ooze

clay

What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores? how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean. how deep the ocean really is There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor. climate change and past extinctions

climate change and past extinctions

Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment? coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks cosmogenous sediments, such as space dust biogenous sediment, such as diatom tests fine lithogenous sediment, such as clay hydrogenous sediments, such as manganese nodules

coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply. abyssal clay black volcanic beach sand coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze

coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. warmer; lower warmer; higher colder; lower colder; higher

colder; higher

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: lithogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. biogenous. hydrogenous.

cosmogenous

What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________. diatoms; foraminifers coccolithophores; foraminifers radiolarians; coccolithophores diatoms; radiolarians diatoms; coccolithophores

diatoms; radiolarians

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. ecology erosion dilution destruction productivity

dilution

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. silt and sand than in tropical waters coral debris than in tropical waters gravel than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters shell fragments than in temperate waters

gravel than in tropical waters

Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________. mid latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones high latitudes; low latitudes high latitudes; mid latitudes

high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones

Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________. cosmogenous sediments neritic sediments hydrogenous sediments biogenous sediments lithogenous sediments

hydrogenous sediments

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. aragonite gypsum quartz calcite halite

quartz

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. sand, silt, and gravel basalt fragments and metallic sulfides biogenic ooze red clay halite, gypsum, and anhydrite

sand, silt, and gravel

What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply. underwater landslides slow-moving ocean currents ice rafting wind rivers

wind

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Biogenous Sediment

What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD. Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Ethane Carbon dioxide Methane Propane Hydrogen sulfide

Methane

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Dinosaurs Microscopic organisms Peat and coal Fish and amphibians Land based plants

Microscopic organisms

How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths? Low primary productivity in surface waters results in siliceous ooze accumulation. Silica tests sink slower than seawater can dissolve them. Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them. Silica-based residues do not accumulate on the seafloor.

Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply. a coral reef a sandy beach the abyssal plains along the mid-ocean ridge at the base of the continental slope near a black smoker

a sandy beach the abyssal plains along the mid-ocean ridge at the base of the continental slope

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling? an apple corer oil and vinegar salad dressing a can of soda Silly Putty a candle

an apple corer

What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze? areas of upwelling areas of low atmospheric pressure areas of warm surface water areas of high salinity windy areas

areas of upwelling

Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments. hydrogenous cosmogenous volcanogenic lithogenous biogenous

biogenous

Two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __________ and __________. quartz; volcanic ash calcium carbonate; quartz silica; quartz calcium carbonate; volcanic ash calcium carbonate; silica

calcium carbonate; silica

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: wind. fecal pellets. deposit feeders. carbonate dissolution. precipitation.

fecal pellets.

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? phosphorites radiolarians foraminiferans glauconite diatoms

foraminiferans

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. wind power gas hydrates rare-earth elements ethanol coal

gas hydrates

What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply. diatom ooze rock fragments hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments sand

hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. hydrogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous.

hydrogenous.

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are: oozes. evaporites. tektites. silt. clays.

tektites.

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply. the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns

the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns

What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze? proximity to land nutrient availability water depth water temperature water salinity

water depth

Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. does not dissolve; dissolves does not dissolve; does not dissolve dissolves; dissolves dissolves; does not dissolve

dissolves; dissolves

Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. do not dissolve; dissolve dissolve; do not dissolve dissolve; dissolve do not dissolve; do not dissolve

do not dissolve; dissolve

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous. hydrogenous.

lithogenous

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low salinity high carbon dioxide concentration high oxygen concentration low oxygen concentration low carbon dioxide concentration

low salinity

In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? a grain of sand on a beach a circular fish that isn't very streamlined a weight suspended in water the flying object on the end of a string the deep sea floor

the deep sea floor

What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD? the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is stable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Radiolarians Foraminiferans Diatoms Coccolithophores Oolites

Oolites

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Biogenous Sediment

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? Earthquake-generated heat from friction Earth's climate change patterns The properties of the deep crust The mechanism that causes tsunamis The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? Manganese nodules Sediments rich in tin Phosphorite Evaporative salts Sand and gravel

Evaporative salts

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment

Lithogenous Sediment

the most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: crest of a mid-ocean ridge. continental rise. continental shelf. abyssal plain far from a continent. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.

abyssal plain far from a continent.