OCE 13-16
Corals only grow within the tropics where average annual water temperature is above ________.
64F
Squid have two long arms and ________ short arms.
8
For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers?
1
What is the purpose of ARMS?
Scientist use ARMS, which is a small collection device, to collect thousands of specimens from the sea bed.
Which of the following human threats to the ocean may wreak havoc on corals by reducing the amount of sunlight they receive?
Sea level rise Submit
What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?
autotrophs phytoplankton primary producers
Which part of the fish is most commonly used to propel high-speed fish?
caudal fins
What part(s) of a fish is/are used for thunniform swimming?
caudal fins myomeres Submit
Bowhead whales are members of which of the following orders?
cestacea
Blue whales are members of which of the following orders?
cetacea
Porpoises are members of which of the following orders?
cetacea
Because the area has not yet been designated as a marine sanctuary, lifeguards are allowed to do what so that people can use the beach?
chase the harbor seals off the beach Submit
What does the structure of a sea lion's hip joint permit it to do?
climb stairs walk on all fours
Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?
high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water
Sophisticated climate models forecast a strong warming of ________.
high northern latitudes
Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in __________.
high-latitude areas
Kelp uses a root-like anchor called a ________ to attach to rocky bottoms.
holdfast
The most serious threat to coral reefs is ________.
humans
These organisms are inhabitants of a(n) ________.
hydrocarbon seep
Which of the following is not in the photosynthesis equation?
hydrogen sulfide
The most massive part of Earth's climate system belongs to the ________.
hydrosphere
Which of the following macrozooplankton have sails that can be used to push them through the water?
hydrozoan
Where do amphipods live?
in bottom mud
Where do dolphins generate sounds for use in echolocation?
in the blowhole
Nearly all large organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are called ________ because they burrow into the sediment.
infauna
Shortwave sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere, where it strikes the surface and is converted into longer-wavelength ________ radiation.
infrared
Which of the following adaptations help organisms avoid predation?
inking response camouflage stinging cells hard shell
Some scientists suggest we can increase the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by adding ________ to stimulate productivity in tropical oceans.
iron
This marine mammal ________. otter
is a small mammal with dense fur and lacks an insulating blubber layer Submit
Cruisers are thought to have relatively high body temperature because:
it increases the power output of muscle tissue.
What is baleen made of?
keratin
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
killer
Organisms that are either permanently attached to the bottom of the ocean floor or move over it are called ________.
epifauna
Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to:
eutrophication.
Overfishing of large predatory sharks has unintentionally resulted in an __________.
excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs Submit
Sea lions are easily distinguished from seals because they:
external ears
Some specialized deep-sea fish have a swim bladder that is filled with what to help them stay in the deep ocean?
fat
Under ideal conditions, the giant brown bladder kelp can grow up to two ________ per day.
feet
Baleen whales are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
filter
Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
filter
What is bycatch?
fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch
A sea urchin has a ________-toothed mouth centered on the bottom side of its hard, spherical shell, consisting of fused calcium carbonate plates perforated to allow tube feet and water to pass through.
five
In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________.
flanks of oceanic ridges and rises
Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets?
flounder, cod, shrimp
Most high-speed fish use their caudal fins ________.
for swim propulsion
Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive?
freshwater swamps and marshes
Which of the following has the shortest wavelength?
gamma
Which of Earth's spheres make up the climate system?
geosphereatmospherehydrospherecryospherebiosphere
Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:
goose-necked barnacles and mussels.
Typical units of photosynthetic production are in mass of carbon is ________ per unit of area m2 (square meter) per unit of time yr (year), which is abbreviated as gC/m2/yr.
grams of carbon Submit
What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity?
grams of carbon per square meter per year Submit
What part of a fish helps it sense vibrations in the water?
lateral lines
The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:
length of its siphon.
What type of whale feeds primarily on amphipods and shellfish?
gray whales that plunge into the muddy bottom and strain the invertebrates out
Productivity in polar oceans is:
light-limited.
Red muscle tissue in fish supplies a much ________ amount of oxygen and supports a much ________ metabolic rate than white tissue.
greater; higher
What type of fish is shown in the SmartFigure image?
grouper
What style of feeding is used by whales with rorqual folds?
gulp feeding
Currently, a little less than ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere stays there.
half
Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they:
have planktonic larval forms.
Organisms which feed directly on plants or algae are called ________.
herbivores
Which of the following are first-level consumers?
herbivores, zooplankton
Which of the following are primary carnivores?
herring sardines
The shape of the caudal fin of a shark is referred to as:
heterocercal. Submit
In the middle latitudes, the spring bloom is controlled by _____ and the fall bloom is controlled by _____.
nutrients and sunlight; nutrients
Organisms which feed directly on plants, algae, and other animals are called ________.
omnivores
Which of the following are examples of consumers that exist in marine ecosystems?
omnivores, herbivores, carnivores, bacteriovores
Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America?
on the west coast, off the shore of Peru
In the clearest ocean water, solar energy may be detected to depths of ________.
one kilometer
Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive?
open ocean
Which of the following is in trophic level 1?
plytoplankton
Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
predators
Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean?
primary productivity
Organisms which feed only on other animals are called ________.
carnivores
What is the feeding strategy of an amphipod?
deposit feeders
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected back into space?
6
How might the development of dead zones be controlled?
- by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands - with enhanced sewage treatment - by planting trees and grasses - through preservation of wetlands
What is the result of a positive feedback loop?
- warms the climate even more after an initial warming - cools the climate even more after an initial cooling
Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.
0.5%; 25%
Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by:
0.6°C.
Currently, about ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere enters the oceans.
1/3
How many tuna does it take to make one shark?
10 times the mass of the shark
If 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you expect to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)?
100 kcal Submit
When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of ________ (C:N:P), which is called the Redfield ratio.
106:16:1
How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year?
145 billion pounds Submit
The average rate of primary production in the open ocean is 125 gC/m2/yr. In the most productive ecosystems such as algal beds and coral reefs, the average production is 2000 gC/m2/yr. How many years would it take to accumulate 2000 gC/m2 on the deep-sea floor in the open ocean?
1600 years
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected by clouds back into space?
17
When was the historic eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia?
1883
Recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environment that exists within the sea floor itself, may account for up to __________ of Earth's total bacterial biomass.
2/3
Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?
20-50 meters water depth
Although coral reefs cover less than half a percent of the ocean's surface area, they are home to ________ of all marine species.
25%
What was the concentration of carbon dioxide, in parts per million (ppm), in the pre-industrial period?
280
Satellite data show that the rate of global sea level rise since 1993 is on average about:
3 millimeters/year.
Corals cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds ________ Celsius.
30
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth is reflected back into space?
30
If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the sea-floor sediments each year?
3g
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by clouds?
4
Every year, ____ gigatons of carbon are added to the atmosphere and ____ gigatons of carbon are added to the ocean.
4, 2
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by ocean and land?
47
How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if humans follow a "business-as-usual" scenario?
4°C
Fossil discoveries indicate that whales evolved from mammals on land about ________ million years ago.
50
At what water depth are delicate plate corals common?
50-150 meters (164-492 feet)
What percentage of sunlight is absorbed in the top meter of the ocean?
55%
If the "business as usual" scenario is followed, what will carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature increase be by the end of the century?
850 parts per million (ppm); 4°C
Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include ________. eccentricity, obliquity and precession
<<<---
How does sonar work?
A sound signal is bounced off the ocean floor.
Which scenario on the SmartFigure shows the "business as usual" scenario?
A2
Which group of organisms have difficulty finding mates for attached species as an adverse condition of rocky intertidal zones?
Abalones, sea urchins, barnacles
Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?
Acidification
Due to concerns about mercury or other contaminants you should limit your consumption of all of the following except ________.
Alaska Wild Salmon
Which ecosystem has the greatest average primary productivity?
Algae beds and coral reefs
Which of the following characteristics are shared by all marine mammals?
All marine animals have fur.All marine animal mothers nurse their young with their milk.All marine animals are warm-blooded.All marine animals bear live young.
Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?
All of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community. Submit
Schooling behavior, as depicted in the figure, benefits the organisms involved because it:
All the above behaviors are beneficial to schooling fish. Submit
Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?
All the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity. Submit
Which of the following is true of echolocation?
Animals use reflected sound to sense their environment with echolocation.
Which pathway has the largest annual flux of carbon between reservoirs?
Atmosphere to biosphere
Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone?
Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.
In the biogeochemical cycling of matter in marine ecosystems, which process converts nutrients back into the dissolved state?
Bacterial decomposition
The world's largest dead zone is in the ________, where a combination of agricultural runoff, deposition of nitrogen from burning fossil fuels, and human waste discharge has over-fertilized the sea.
Baltic Sea
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of oceanic benthic biomass?
Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around on the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor. Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean.
Of the following statements about bioluminescence in deep-water nekton, which is/are true?
Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator. Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate. A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. The majority of deep-water nekton can bioluminesce. Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory.
Which of the following is not an adaptation for deep diving in Cetaceans?
Blood flow is shifted from the brain to the extremities.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in solar output explains all of the recent global warming BECAUSE proxy data of solar brightness over the past 1000 years shows a correlation with changes in climate.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a negative-feedback loop BECAUSE the lack of ice cover will result in the Arctic Ocean reflecting more of the Sun's radiation.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect. Submit
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Volcanic eruptions are responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE eruptions release into the atmosphere at least 130 times more heat-trapping carbon dioxide than humans do.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect. Submit
Which group of organisms are likely to live in the high tide zone?
Buckshot barnacle, striped shore crab
How does a sea anemone feed?
By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles.
What is the chemical formula for sugar?
C6H12O6
Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule?
C6H12O6
Which greenhouse gas is the most powerful in terms of how heat is absorbed by one molecule of the gas?
CFC-12
The current level of atmospheric ________ recently surpassed 400 parts per million.
CO2
Which human-caused atmospheric gas is from the combustion of fossil fuels?
CO2
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued which of the following statements?
Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account. Submit
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)
Chemosynthetic bacteria do not form the base of the food web at which of the following biocommunities?
Cold water reefs
A remora attaching itself to a shark to obtain food and transportation without harming its host is an example of which of the following types of symbiotic relationship?
Commensalism
Which type of symbiotic relationship do barnacles that are attached to a large migrating whale represent?
Commensalism
Which of the following are one of the most numerically dominant types of multicelled organisms on the planet?
Copepods
Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?
Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product. Submit
What system hosts more biodiversity than any other ecosystem in the oceans?
Coral reefs are believed to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem in the oceans.
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
Mahi mahi (imported longline)
Which of the following statements is/are true of corals?
Corals are animals. Corals live in tropical water.Corals are benthic organisms.
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
Crab: King (imported)
The organism shown is an example of which of the following? (lobster)
Crustacean
Which of the following ocean changes are predicted to result from increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Development of a stronger thermocline Migration of marine organisms into deeper waters and toward the poles An increase in sea-surface temperature
Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
Difficulty finding mates
Marine mammals use sound for a variety of purposes. Which of these examples can only be accomplished by Odontocetes?
Direct sharp bursts of sound to stun prey
What is the harbor seal controversy at Children's Pool in La Jolla California about?
Do harbor seals have the right to use the beach at Children's Pool?
Which of the following often wind up as bycatch because fishers commonly used them to locate tuna?
Dolphins
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding sound and echolocation in dolphins?
Dolphins create a wide variety of sounds, including clicks, buzzes, and whistles. Low-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are far away, and high-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are close by. Dolphins are known to use short bursts of sound to stun prey before they move in for the kill.
Which of the following fins is featured in the image?
Dorsal fin
Which of the following is NOT a known coastal upwelling area?
Eastern coast of the US
How are echolocation and sonar different?
Echolocation is used by dolphins and whales, whereas sonar is a data collection tool developed by people.
Which of the following is not part of Earth's climate system?
Exosphere
During a field trip to a rocky intertidal area during low tide, you notice an interesting cone-shaped shell. You reach down to pick it up, but to your surprise find it is firmly attached to the substrate by a strong muscle that acts like a suction cup. What abiotic factor drives these adaptations?
Exposure to strong wave activity
Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?
Fluked caudal fin Submit
Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming are true?
Global warming will result in more intense tropical storms. Global warming will result in more prolonged droughts in some regions. Global warming will result in more rainfall in some regions.
Which of the following toxins is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans?
Gonyaulax
Which of the following color schemes is correct for the graph of productivity in middle latitude oceans?
Green = Phytoplankton; Yellow = Sunlight; Blue = Nutrients; Black = Zooplankton Submit
Which of the following fish waits patiently for prey and exerts themselves only in short bursts as they lunge?
Grouper
What is the main opposition of having harbor seals at Children's Pool in La Jolla?
Harbor seals defecate in the water, producing high levels of bacteria in the water offshore.
Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image? (its of a shark)
Heterocercal caudal fin
Which of the following types of caudal fins is found in sharks?
Heterocercal caudal fin
In which area are you likely to find ghost shrimp?
High tide zone
The animal shown lives in which of the following rocky shore tidal zones? (trypophobia)
High tide zone
Deep-sea fish species exhibit which of the following adaptations to life in the deep ocean?
Hinged jaws
The so-called true lobsters belong to which genus?
Homarus
In the Northern Hemisphere, when does the phytoplankton biomass peak in the polar region? Why?
In the Northern Hemisphere, when does the phytoplankton biomass peak in the polar region? Why?
When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening?
It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin. Submit
Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity?
It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside.
How does a dolphin make the sounds that are used for echolocation?
It pulls air in through its blowhole and contracts the muscles near the blowhole to make different sounds.
How does a sperm whale make the sounds that are used for echolocation?
It pulls air in through its monkey's muzzle. When the monkey's muzzle closes, it makes a clicking sound.
Which of the following statements about Earth of 56 million years ago is correct?
It was marked by the extinction of many marine species.
Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true?
Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.
Planktonic larval forms are an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
Lack of space or attachment sites
What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low photosynthetic productivity in these waters?
Low nutrient concentrations
The animal shown lives in which of the following rocky shore tidal zones? (anemone)
Low tide zone
Which of the following fast-swimming fish has the lowest body temperature?
Mackerel (Scomber)
Based on a comparison of satellite images from 1984 to 2011, which of the following trees has migrated by about 12 square kilometers north, along Florida's Atlantic coast?
Mangrove
Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true?
Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment. High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity. The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf. Submit
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the order Cetacea?
Many species of whales were hunted to the brink of extinction, but with protection, many of them are now making a comeback. Porpoises and dolphins are considered to be small whales.Baleens are made out of the same material that makes up humans' fingernails and hair.
Which of the following is the cause of the presumed pause in the rise of Earth's average global surface temperature in the past few decades?
Measurement bias from the greater use of buoys
Which of the following greenhouse gases is produced by leakage from landfills, by domestic cattle, and by the cultivation of rice?
Methane (CH4)
Periodic variations in Earth's orbit that can cause natural climate changes are called __________.
Milankovitch cycles
Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico?
Mississippi River
Which of the following statements about fish schooling behavior are true?
More than half of all fish species join schools during at least a portion of their lives. Schooling reduces the chance that a cruising predator might find one of their kind. Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking.
Which of the following statements about corals are true?
Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone. Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant.
Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?
sea anemones
The stinging tentacles of a sea anemone protecting a clown fish which chases away any fish that tries to feed on the anemone is an example of which of the following types of symbiotic relationship?
Mutualism
What suborder includes baleen whales?
Mysticeti Submit
A group of animals that "violates" the trophic pyramid by feeding on organisms two or three levels below it is the __________.
Mysticeti or baleen whales
Based on the graph of surface air temperature versus time, what do the peaks and troughs indicate?
Natural variability of climate
As explained in the video, how is the appearance of newborn gray whales different than adults (besides the obvious size difference)?
Newborn gray whales lack both barnacles and whale lice, which attach later in life. Submit
Which of the following statements about odontocetes are true?
Odontoceti have prominent teeth and good vision. Odontoceti have large brains relative to their body size. Odontoceti have the ability to use echolocation. Odontoceti form long-lived social groups.
What feeding strategy best describes that of humpback whales?
One or more individuals cooperate to corral prey using bubbles and then swim vertically to scoop up large quantities of fish.
Which ecosystem has the lowest average primary productivity?
Open ocean
An isopods attaching itself to a fish and derive its nutrition from the body fluids of the fish, robbing it of some of its energy supply, is an example of which of the following types of symbiotic relationship?
Parasitism Submit
Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship?
Parasitism commensalism mutualism
Of the following types of organisms, which one occupies the lowest trophic level in a marine food web?
Photosynthetic bacteria
Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth?
Plate tectonics Volcanic eruptions Variations in Earth's orbit Changes in solar energy
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding productivity in the ocean?
Primary producers photosynthesize. Areas with high primary productivity will also support more consumers. Primary producers comprise the base of the food chain.
How did the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities in the 1970s change our understanding of life in the ocean?
Prior to this discovery it was thought that all life, even life in the deep ocean, depended on photosynthetic primary producers in the surface ocean. Prior to this discovery, chemosynthesis was unknown at hydrothermal vents. Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were photosynthetic. Submit
Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division:
Pyrrophyta
What is the correct ordering of the color wavelengths on the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?
ROYGBV
Which of the following are single-celled, microscopic protozoans that build their hard shells out of silica?
Radiolarians
Which of the following types of algae is the most abundant and widespread of the marine macroscopic algae?
Red algae
Of the following statements about the muscle tissue of cruising and lunging fish, which is/are true?
Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance, needed by cruisers. Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue.
Which of the following is the only viable explanation for the documented and observable recent climate changes, including the increased average temperature of Earth's surface?
Release of human-caused emissions
Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management?
Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels
Which of the following is a natural factor that does NOT affect Earth's climate?
Reversed magnetic polarity
The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division:
Rhodophyta.
How does the hip structure of a seal compare to that of a sea lion?
Sea lions have flexible vertebrae that allow them to turn their rear flippers underneath their bodies.
Which of the following are differences between seals and sea lions?
Sea lions propel themselves through the water by flapping their front flippers, and seals use a back-and-forth motion of their rear flippers to propel themselves. Seals use their front flippers for steering, and sea lions use their rear flippers for steering. Sea lions have visible external ear flaps, and seals have a slight indentation on the sides of their heads but lack external ear flaps. Submit
Which group of organisms are likely to live in the low tide zone?
Sea star, brittle star, sea urchins Submit
Why are sea lions often found farther from the beach than seals, who stay closer to the water's edge?
Seals have a harder time maneuvering on land than seal lions do, so seals stay closer to the water's edge. Submit
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding seals and sea lions?
Seals have smaller foreflippers than sea lions. Seals have visible nails on their foreflippers, and sea lions do not. Seals and sea lions generally do not inhabit the same areas of the beach at the same time. Submit
Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?
Serpentinization
What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body?
Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide. Submit
How do snow and ice on the surface of Earth affect Earth's climate?
Snow and ice reflect incoming solar radiation.
Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental condition necessary for coral growth?
Soft substrate
Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in rocky intertidal environments?
Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water. Some organisms can grow directly on top of other organisms.A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed
Which of the following statements about the characteristics of the deep-ocean floor are true?
Species diversity in the deep ocean can rival that of tropical rain forests. Deep-ocean communities exist in the bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones. Even in tropical latitudes, water temperatures in the deep ocean are near freezing. Only about 1 to 3% of the food produced in the euphotic zone reaches the deep-ocean floor.
Which of the following is the most vocal cetacean?
Sperm whale
Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include which of the following?
Spraying sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere to promote the formation of clouds Reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices Adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump
Which feeding strategy is when organisms use specially designed structures to filter plankton from seawater?
Suspension feeding
Of the following locations, where would you expect to find the highest annual phytoplankton productivity?
Temperate waters
Circulation in which of the following oceans is particularly sensitive to changes in its deep-water circulation pattern that dramatically and abruptly affect climate?
The North Atlantic Ocean
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Clown fish are not stung by sea anemone BECAUSE clown fish have a protective agent in the mucus that coats their bodies.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic zooplankton are primary consumers BECAUSE they eat microscopic phytoplankton.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The dramatic and rapid climate change that is occurring on our planet cannot be explained by variations in the obliquity of Earth's rotational axis BECAUSE this variation has a cycle of about 41,000 years.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Which of the following organisms must always stay submerged in seawater?
sea slugs sea cucumbers
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The vast majority of carbon dioxide in the ocean-atmosphere system is found in the ocean BECAUSE carbon dioxide is approximately 30 times more soluble in water than are other common gases.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Usually a parasite does not rob enough energy to kill the host BECAUSE if the host dies, so does the parasite.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Many microscopic zooplankton are omnivores BECAUSE they eat other zooplankton in addition to phytoplankton.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Clown fish are not stung by sea anemone BECAUSE they chase away any other fish that tries to feed on the anemone.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a positive-feedback loop BECAUSE particulate air pollution has a shading effect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Clown fish are not stung by sea anemone BECAUSE clown fish release a chemical into seawater that makes the stinging tentacles retract.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Schooling may help fish swim greater distances than individuals BECAUSE each schooling fish gets slowed down by the vortex created by the fish swimming in front of it.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The net result of an increase in atmospheric moisture should be a decrease in air temperature BECAUSE the heat absorption of water vapor in the atmosphere dominates over the higher reflectivity of clouds.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Usually a parasite does not rob enough energy to kill the host BECAUSE if the host dies, the parasite can just swim away.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in solar output explains all of the recent global warming BECAUSE sunspot activity shows a strong correlation between solar activity and average Earth temperate since 1880.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The greenhouse effect is not a natural process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere BECAUSE it is now being altered by human emissions.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates is responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE during the geologic past, plate movements have accounted for many dramatic climate changes.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Volcanic eruptions are responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE large and long lasting volcanic eruptions may have been influential in contributing to Earth's climate shifts in the distant past.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Which of the following statements correctly identify a mechanism by which two spheres interact?
The biosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires. The geosphere and atmosphere interact through volcanic eruptions. The hydrosphere and atmosphere interact through evaporation and precipitation.
Which of the following is the key to understanding how the greenhouse effect works?
The change of wavelengths from visible to infrared
Which of the following statements regarding the role of clouds in Earth's climate is/are correct?
The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting less sunlight, making it warmer. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping more heat, making it warmer. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting more sunlight, making it cooler. The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping less heat, making it cooler.
What evidence exists that harbor seals have always been in the area?
The existence of a rock offshore known as Seal Rock. Submit
What would happen to a fish with a body less dense than the surrounding seawater?
The fish would float on the ocean surface.
What happens to the swim bladder as a fish moves into deeper water?
The gas in the swim bladder contracts, decreasing the volume of the swim bladder. The gas in the swim bladder contracts due to increasing water pressure.
What is the goal of the Census of Marine Life?
The goal of the Census of Marine Life is to compile the most comprehensive list to date of all life in the oceans. Submit
What does a dolphin's melon do?
The melon focuses sound waves during emission.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the order Sirenia?
The order Sirenia includes manatees and dugongs.They are also called sea cows.
What do whale lice eat?
The skin of gray whales.
Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?
The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor.
The world's oceans cover what percentage of Earth's surface?
The world's oceans cover almost 70 percent of earth's surface. Submit
Which of the following statements regarding dugongs is correct?
Their bodies are covered with sparse hairs, concentrated around the mouth.
Which of the following statements regarding Manatees is correct?
Their front flippers have nails that resemble the nails on elephant feet.
The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that:
There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean.
Which of the following statements regarding sea otters is correct?
They are one of the few types of animals known to use tools.
Which of the following characteristics about sirenians are true?
They are the only vegetarian marine mammals. Sirenians such as manatees have nails on their front flippers. They have a paddle-like tail and rounded front flippers. They live in shallow water and move slowly, which can often increase their risk of being run over by boats.
Which of the following statements regarding Manatees is correct?
They have a paddle like tail and rounded front flippers. Submit
How have organisms in the spray zone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?
They have a shell that they can withdraw into.
Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive?
They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.
Which of the following statements regarding walruses is correct?
They have ivory tusks up to 1 meter long.
Which of the following facts supporting advanced toothed whale intelligence is correct?
They have large brains relative to their body size.
What is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?
They must be adapted for being out of water for extended periods of time.
How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms?
They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.
How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?
They utilize the energy in sugar.
Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents?
This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore. Submit
Why was the seawall constructed in La Jolla?
To create a quiet beach behind the seawall that is free of large waves so that children can safely use the beach.
Which of the following is considered paleoclimatological proxy data?
Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice
Which of the following characteristics causes tropical oceans to have a constant, low level of productivity year round?
Tropical oceans have a constant low level of productivity due to the presence of a permanent thermocline. Submit
Sensors in the human eye are most efficient at detecting which of the following types or radiation?
Visible Light
Which of the following is not one of the reasons bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals?
Warning coloration
Kelp with air bladders are likely to be found in which region?
Western coast of the United States
Is overfishing really a problem?
Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.
Which of the following feeds closest to the primary producing population?
Zooplankton
Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true?
Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic.Zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship.Zooxanthellae provide corals with food.The lithothamnion ridge is covered in a red algae called lithothamnion.
As a citizen scientist, you have been selected to participate in a once-in-a-lifetime journey to ride along in a deep-sea submersible to explore life in the bathypelagic zone of the ocean. As you descend, you anticipate nothing but abyssal plains, but what you see instead is an oasis of life dominated by the tubeworm Riftia. Later you learn that the results of the biological survey reveal that even though this community has 1000 times more biomass than surrounding deep-sea habitats, the overall diversity is very low. Considering these results, the deep-sea community you visited was _________.
a black smoker releasing water at a temperature near 400°C
Plates of baleen resemble what common household item?
a broom
What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?
a harmless flower
What does a gooseneck barnacle use to attach to a rock?
a strong stalk
Which of the following adaptations allows a fish to add or remove gases rapidly to change depths quickly?
a swim bladder with a pneumatic duct
How large can kelp crabs get?
about the size of a small dinner plate
Sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
active predation
The sand star Astropectean is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
active predation
Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:
amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.
The scientific consensus is that global warming has led to ___________.
an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones
What is a swim bladder?
an internal organ used to maintain neutral buoyancy
Scientists use complex computer models to predict scenarios for future climate change. Which of the factors listed below is/are included in the climate models?
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions human population increases and economic changes clouds and climate feedback loops
The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________.
archaea
The primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _____.
archaea
The ________ is one of the locations where the effects of global warming are being most keenly felt and likely will experience quite dramatic changes in the future.
arctic
Algae, plants, archaea, and photosynthetic bacteria are examples of ________ organisms.
autotrophic
Primary producers are also known as which of the following?
autotrophs
Organisms which feed only on bacteria are called ________.
bacteriovores
Which of Earth's spheres are humans a part of?
biosphere
One of the main ways in which octopuses avoid predators is to __________.
blend in with the color and texture of the surrounding environment
If you were able to scuba dive to a depth of 100 meters (328 feet) and take a look around without a flashlight, what color would dominate your surroundings?
blue
Which of the following are considered baleen whales?
blue whales humpback whales right whales gray whales
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following Tuna should you avoid?
bluefin
In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.
both available sunlight and nutrient supply
How would a red fish appear to the human eye at a water depth of 15 meters (49.2 feet)?
brown
Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:
buckshot barnacles and limpets. Submit
Which of the following organisms are sessile?
buckshot barnaclesspongessea anemones
What process moves carbon from the lithosphere to the atmosphere?
burning of fossil fuels
The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:
burrowing into the sediment.
What does a blue mussel (California mussel) use to attach to a rock?
byssus threads
Which greenhouse gas is currently contributing the most to increasing the greenhouse effect?
carbon dioxide
Fur seals are members of which of the following orders?
carnivora
Primary productivity data of the oceans is collected using satellites which measure ________.
color
Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms.
consumer
Which of the following groups of organisms are considered zooplankton?
copepods, krill, radiolarians, jellyfish
The organism shown is an example of which of the following? (polyps)
coral
Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities?
corals
Which of the following organisms adapt to limited space by attaching to other organisms?
corals barnacles bryozans limpets
What is the role of the operculum?
covering the gills of the fish Submit
Which of the following is/are examples of benthic organisms?
crabs clams coral
Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is:
cyclical
Organisms within an ecosystem that break down dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms for their own energy requirements are called ________.
decomposers
Which of the following is not an effect of climate change in the oceans?
decreasing ocean acidity
When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean.
deeper; lower
Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
deposit
What does sonar data tell us about the seafloor?
depth, shape, and composition
Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are:
diatoms
Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae?
diatoms dinoflagellates cocolithophores
Which organisms contain chlorophyll?
diatoms, phytoplankton
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _____.
dinoflagellates
Which of the following are primary producers?
dinoflagellates diatoms cocolithophores
Which of the following commonly become bycatch?
dolphins, turtles, birds, sharks
The number of dead zones has ________ every decade from the1960s into the twenty-first century.
doubled
The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________.
eating the coral polyps
Which of the following organisms is/are mentioned in the SmartFigure video as being common on the reef flat?
echinodermsfine branching and soft coralsanemones
Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.
elevated temperatures
In the ongoing processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition in the ocean, all components are recycled except __________.
energy
What is kinetic energy?
energy of movement
Combustion of fossil fuels results in a transfer of carbon from the ____________.
lithosphere to the atmosphere
Which of the following lists Earth's carbon reservoirs from largest to smallest? For deep-sea sediments, assume an average value.
lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, atmosphere
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:
loss of zooxanthellae.
The greatest biomass of clams is burrowed into the ________ region of sandy beaches and decreases where the sediment becomes muddier.
low-tide Submit
In which region of the tidepools are kelp crabs most often found?
lower intertidal Submit
The gray whale and other baleen whales migrate every year to:
mate and give birth in the tropics during the winter.
The maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly while still sustaining the population is the __________.
maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
In dolphins and porpoises, an organ called the ________ focuses the sounds they generate.
melon
The concentration of which greenhouse gas is currently increasing at the fastest rate?
methane
Which human-caused atmospheric gas is from the leakage, domestic cattle, and rice agriculture?
methane
Which greenhouse gases have natural sources as well as human-caused sources?
methane nitrous oxide carbon dioxide
Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere?
methane (CH4)
Where do chemosynthesizers live?
mid-ocean ridgeshot water springshydrothermal vents
What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?
middle intertidaL
In which zone are organisms usually submerged by high tide twice per day and exposed by low tide twice per day?
middle tide zone
Which phylum does the bivalve belong to?
mollusca
When a sperm whale generates a click, the sound wave interacts with a variety of structures before it leaves the whale. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures with which the sound wave interacts?
monkey's muzzle, spermaceti, skull, junk compartments
With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because __________.
most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate
Productivity in tropical oceans is generally:
nutrient-limited.
An important predator of mussel beds in the middle tide zone is the __________.
sea star
Organic matter decomposes most slowly in __________.
mud flats
Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?
mud flats
A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?
mussels
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called _____.
mutualism
The symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of __________.
mutualism
The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a(n) ________.
mutualistic symbiosis
An increase in cloud cover due to higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a(n) ________.
negative-feedback loop
The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to:
non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.
The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________.
noncyclic and unidirectional
In which hemisphere are the northern lights called the aurora borealis?
northern
In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter months:
nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease. Submit
In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the summer months:
nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases.
Which of the following are members of trophic level 5?
orca whales, humans
What are benthic organisms?
organisms that live in or on the seafloor
Which carnivore in the SmartFigure is known to use tools to open shells?
otters
Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?
overfishing
In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of __________.
oxygen
Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis?
oxygen sugar water carbon dioxide
What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?
oxygen gas and sugar
Which of the following is NOT on the avoid for now as these items are caught or farmed in a way that harm other marine life or the environment?
oysters
Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called __________.
paleoclimatology
Sea anemone are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
passive predation
Which of the following organisms withdraw into their shells to avoid drying out during low tide and to avoid the effects of rapid changes in environmental conditions?
periwinkle snails black urban shells
Which of the following anatomical features are found in dolphins?
phonic lips melon blowhole
The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called:
photosynthesis.
In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:
primary productivity.
Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch.
purse seine nets
The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _____.
red
The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:
red and brown algae and surf grasses. Submit
Catches above the maximum sustainable yield:
result in overfishing.
Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?
rock weed
How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean?
satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean
Which of the following organisms attach themselves to rocks or the seafloor with threads, adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet to anchor themselves?
sea stars kelp mussels snails
The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the __________. View Available Hint(s)
sea urchin
Which of the following marine carnivores are flipper-footed?
seals, sea lions, walruses
Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers.
sewage
To which of the following animals are acorn barnacles closely related?
shrimp
Which of the following animals are whale barnacles closely related to?
shrimp
Diatom tests are composed of opaline ________.
silica
What type of whale captures prey by swimming at the surface with its mouth open to trap plankton in the fringe of its baleen?
skim-feeding right whales
One of the prey items of baleen whales are krill. What are krill?
small shrimp-like organisms
What are krill?
small shrimp-like organisms
Which of the following organisms have the ability to exist in varied temperature, salinity, pH, and low-oxygen environments for extended periods?
snails limpets mussels
Which of the following animals uses a swim bladder to achieve neutral buoyancy?
snapper
What is the primary driver of Earth's climate?
solar radiation
The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:
space
Which of the following is not a member of the Order Carnivora?
sperm whales
What family do kelp crabs belong to?
spider crab family
Which rocky intertidal zone, also called the super tidal zone, is only covered by water during strong storms?
spray zone
The mass of a population of fish present at a given time is called its:
standing stock
The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach.
steeply; coarse
Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:
sulfur-oxidizing archaea.
In polar oceans, productivity peaks during the ________ and is limited by sunlight during the rest of the year.
summer
Which of the following is not in the chemosynthesis equation?
sunlight
Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have.
symbiotic zooxanthellae algae
The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is:
temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters.
Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin?
temperature
Individual fishes within schools maintain their spacing through visual contact and __________.
the lateral line system
Which side of the baleen faces inside the mouth on a living whale?
the more fibrous side Submit
The recent abundance of the Maine Lobster in the North Atlantic Ocean is due to ________.
the overfishing of cod
The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on __________.
the productivity of the surface layer above it
In primary production:
there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms.
White muscle tissue in fish is ________ and contains much ________ concentrations of myoglobin than red muscle tissue.
thicker; lower
Red muscle tissue in fish is ________ and contains much ________ concentrations of myoglobin than white muscle tissue.
thinner; higher
Which of the following organisms use photosynthesis?
those that contain chlorophyllprimary producers plantsalgae
What do mussels, gooseneck barnacles, and acorn barnacles all eat?
tiny microscopic marine organisms that live in seawater
The function of a swim bladder is:
to allow a fish to change position in the water column.
What is the role of the spermaceti in the sperm whale?
to focus and magnify soundto analyze sound
What is the role of the junk compartment in sperm whales?
to project the magnified sound that was reflected off the skull so that it is released out in front of the whale Submit
You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that __________.
too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore
Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans.
tropical
An example of a "cruiser" is a:
tuna
What is the common name of the octopus that is found in Southern California tidepools?
two-spotted octopus
What type(s) of solar radiation hits/hit the sea surface?
ultraviolet light visible light infrared
Tropical shelves and ________ contribute about the same percentage to the world marine fishery.
upwellings
Which of the following statements is/are an example of a negative feedback loop?
warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to cooling cooling temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to warming
Which of the following statements is/are an example of a positive feedback loop?
warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming cooling temperatures leading to decreased evaporation rates, leading to less water vapor in the atmosphere and further cooling Submit
What is the result of a negative feedback loop?
warms the climate after an initial cooling acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change cools the climate after an initial warming
A fact regarding photosynthesis is that __________.
water and carbon dioxide are converted to oxygen gas and sugar
What are the reaction products of respiration?
water and carbon dioxide gas
Which of the following contributes the most to the greenhouse effect?
water vapor
Of the following atmospheric gases, only __________ is an important greenhouse gas.
water vapor (H2O)
Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins.
western
Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator.
western; toward
When does eutrophication occur?
when there are excess nutrients in the water
When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore
Where are dead zones more likely to develop?
where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean
Productivity in middle latitude oceans is very low during ________, even though nutrient concentration is highest at this time.
winter
Which of the following types of radiation is used to create images of the internal composition of something because it is able to pass through many materials opaque to light?
xrays
Blue whales time their migration through middle latitude and polar oceans to coincide with maximum ________ productivity.
zooplankton