Ocean 100 Final

Whaling - what has it done to large whale populations?... examples of whales and types of whaling? Uses of whales... The countries that still do whaling and why, despite the IWC moratorium (what's this?)...

12 species near extinction, whales commercially extinct (right, blue, sperm, etc); IWC stopped commercial whaling but Japan, Norway, and Iceland still do it for "research" Uses of Whales: oil, corsets, perfume, candles, wax, meat Subsistence Whaling: Alaska kill whales because they need food, not commercial, only kill what they need

Animals of the Benthic Environment - What's a community, what does it include? What is the function of the different levels of organisms?...

90% of species in sea Community: group of interacting organisms sharing a defined habitat

Particular evolutionary adaptations of deep sea fishes and why; How do these fishes see in the dark? The angler fish - what does it do exactly?... why important?...

Adaptations: good senses (eyesight), large mouth and sharp teeth, expandable bodies, bioluminescence (see in dark), male permanently attached (angler fish, easily pass on genes)

Biological Productivity - what is it?

Amount of CO2 from plants High productivity= high photosynthesis= lots of sea life

How does this mutualism work? (archaea and animals)

Archaea and animals: animals give CO2 and shelter to archaea, archaea gives sugar to animals

Origin of Life

Archaea: oldest life on earth 4 billion years ago

Cartilaginous fishes -Chondrichthyes: characteristics and examples; the sharks - what do we know about them? dangerous to humans?... Where do shark attacks take place and why?... How long have they been around?... What about the whale shark, what's interesting about it?...

Cartilaginous Fish: Chondrichthyes, sharks and rays, cartilage skeleton, Sharks: seals are favorite food, 80% of species not dangerous, 5-15 people killed per year, 100 million sharks killed by humans, remarkable senses (smell, lateral line), very successful and well-adapted fishes (stable environment), evolved over 400 my Whale Sharks: docile and don't actively find prey, feed on plankton

Marine mammals - characteristics of mammals; 3 orders and differences among them and subgroups, and characteristics and examples; know their scientific names

Characteristics: mammary gland, hair/fur, live young, streamlined body, high metabolism, large 3 Orders: Cetacea, Pinnipedia, Sirenia Cetacea: intelligent, non-human persons, evolved from land mammals; whales, dolphins, porpoises -odontocete: toothed whales, active predators, echolocation, ex. killer whale, dolphin -mysticete: baleen whales, rows of baleen trap and kill small fish, ex. blue and grey whale Pinnipedia: all carnivorous, closely related to bears -eared seals (otariidae): external ears prominent, Cali sea lions, fur seals -true seals (psocids): not prominent ears, more sluggish, harbor and elephant seal Sirenia: "sea cows," manatees, dugongs, all herbivores, evolved from elephants, in decline

The bony fishes - Ostheichthyes: characteristics, adaptations, and examples; the first jawed fishes - what about them?...

Characteristics: most successful group in oceans; most diversity, adaptations, and habitats; bone skeleton Placoderms: first armored jawed fishes, 400 mill years ago

Concept of Symbiotic Mutualism - what is it?

Clown fish and sea anemone, protect each other

Coral Reefs - Shallow offshore: what's a coral? A coral reef? Conditions for reef formation; its tectonic location and why; details of the symbiosis of corals and algae (which algae) - Mutualism; coral reef distribution on Earth, and why

Coral: small carnivorous animals in large colonies, calcite skeleton Coral Reef: very diverse and productive (lots of photosynthesis) -Conditions: shallow, warm, clear water; strong sunlight; hard substrate (on top of something, ie. volcanic rock); strong currents Symbiosis: zooxanthella dinoflagellates and corals Mutualism: algae provides O2, food, and color to coral and coral provides CO2 and shelter to algae

The sea "plants": what are they? The 3 broad groups, their characteristics, and examples of each; What is taken from algae for our use? and what kind of algae?...

Eukaryotes: seed plants (true plants, grasses and mangroves) Protists: large algae (seaweed); brown, red, and green algae; phytoplankton (most producers, diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates) Prokaryotes: cyanobacteria, blue-green "algae", 1st photo-synthesizers; phytoplankton Carrageenan algae used as thickener and emulsifier in milk toothpaste, pills, etc.

What is the euphotic zone?

Euphotic Zone: first 200m where photosynthesis takes place, no plants grow below this 200m (animals eat other)

3 types of reefs: - why? give examples; Coral bleaching - what is it and why? Why are corals our medicine cabinets?

Fringing: adjacent to coastline Barrier: lagoon separates reef from island Atoll: eroded volcano now under sea Coral bleaching: phytoplankton leave coral or die and then the coral loses its color Medicine cabinets bc they can be used to help with arthritis, is anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and is a painkiller

Grey whale migration - where?... echolocation; etc... Fossil ancestors of whales?...What we know of the great blue whale...

Grey Whale: Summer feeding in Alaska, winter in Mexico, largest of any mammal Fossil Ancestors: archaeocytes oldest, Egypt valley of whales Blue Whale: largest on earth, endangered because of illegal hunting, habitat destruction, and pollution

The regions of high productivity and the regions of low, exactly where and why? (ex is western coastal upwelling)

High productivity: polar regions (no thermocline, water always up and downwelling), coasts (upwelling, Ekman flow), and coral reefs Low productivity: open ocean within subtropical gyre (permanent, strong thermocline, no upwelling, far from land so no nutrients

What is Photosynthesis? (its inputs, its outputs)

Inputs: H2O+CO2=sugar+oxygen Outputs: respiration, sugar+oxygen=H2O+CO2 Sea Plants: protists (algae), bacteria, plants

What is Chemosynthesis - its inputs, its outputs

Manufacturing carbohydrates from water, carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen; sulfuric acid is produced as a byproduct hydrogen sulfide+water+CO2+O2=sugar+sulfuric acid

Fisheries mismanagement -characteristics and examples of all 3; what have they done to our sea life... depletion, pirates...

Overfishing: fish harvested faster than reproduction rates, top predators decline, in US 80% of commercial stocks extinct, not worth getting Bycatch: animals accidentally killed during fishing of commercial species, 25% of total catch, 1907 Marine Mammal Protection Act Drift Nets: long fishing nets that catch animals by entanglement, banned by UN, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan still use illegally for "research," aquaculture: fish farming Decrease in biomass (weight of animals worldwide) and world dafaunation, depletion, pirates continue to perform illegal fishing operations for large payouts

Animals of the Pelagic Environment; types of adaptations to the marine environment - especially for fishes - swimming/buoyancy, avoiding predators, gas exchange

Pelagic Environment: Vertebrates; amphibians, reptiles, fishes, birds, mammals Adaptations: Swimming/buoyancy (streamlined shape, fins), avoiding predators (schooling, camouflage, armor plates, stinging cells, speed, symbiotic relationships), gas exchange (take in O2, eliminate CO2, diffusion, diffusion for fish and lungs for mammals)

Ecosystems: Energy flow through a biological system and the different levels...what are they and why?...

Producers: all photosynthetic Consumers: all animals Autotrophs: produce own food Heterotrophs: must consumer other organisms

The nature of light, the wavelength, light penetration in the oceans?

Red and orange light= Turned into heat energy because they cannot reach all the way down Green/blue/purple= farthest reaching light

Hydrothermal vents - Deep ocean floor (the black smokers): their tectonic location and why?... Base of the food web there? Source of energy?... Examples of organisms?

Tectonic Location: occur at mid-ocean ridges in divergent boundaries Base of food web: archaea-ancient prokaryotes Source of energy: chemosynthesis, produce sugar Organisms: 400 new species, Pompeii worm, tube worm, crab, etc.

Diffusion - what is it?

When you go from a high concentration to a low concentration

Most abundant of all sea plants (are the tiniest ones), names?...

phytoplankton: diatom, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae)