Oceanography Chapter 11
10) Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when ________.10) _____ A) pellets appear in the sediments B) plastic waste strangles seals and birds C) bacteria levels increase in them D) degradation rapidly releases toxins into the environment E) plastics degrade into DDT
plastic waste strangles seals and birds
68) Which of the following kinds of ocean pollution is an example of point source pollution? 68) _____ A) Trash that is washed down storm drains B) Pesticides from agriculture C) Road oil residue from automobiles D) Cooling water from a shoreline power plant E) Fertilizers from suburban lawns
A) Cooling water from a shoreline power plant
18) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Beaches that were left alone after the Exxon Valdez disaster recovered more quickly and more completely than the cleaned beaches BECAUSE hot water removed the oil but also killed most shoreline organisms. 18) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
56) Which of the following best describes how DDT use lead to a serious decline in the osprey population of Long Island Sound during the late 1950's and 1960's? 56) _____ A) The adult ospreys ate DDT contaminated fish and died from eating the poisonous fish. B) The osprey chicks ate insects that were contaminated with DDT which lead to chick mortality. C) Adult ospreys could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply. D) DDT was sprayed on the grasses and contaminated the osprey chicks that walked through the grass. E) DDT was sprayed on the nesting sites in an attempt to eradicate mosquitos along the shoreline.
Adult ospreys could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply.
55) Which of the following best describes how DDT use lead to a serious decline in the brown pelican population of Anacapa Island, California during the 1960's? 55) _____ A) Adult pelicans could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply. B) DDT was sprayed on the grasses and contaminated the pelican chicks that walked through the grass. C) The adult pelicans ate DDT contaminated fish and died from eating the poisonous fish. D) The pelican chicks ate insects that were contaminated with DDT which lead to chick mortality
Adult pelicans could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply.
70) Research studies of trash on beaches has identified pieces of which of the following types of debris as the most numerous? 70) _____ A) Plastic nurdles B) Cigarette filters C) Food packaging D) Bottle caps E) Styrofoam cups
Cigarette filters
39) The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill was estimated to have killed at least ________ sea otters. 39) _____ A) 700,000 B) 70,000 C) 100,000 D) 1,000 E) 10,000
1,000
57) Research on DDT concentration in coastal waters has documented that they are ________ compared to open-ocean concentrations. 57) _____ A) double B) 10 times more C) 12 times less D) 12 times more E) 10 times less
10 times more
58) Research on PCBs concentration in coastal waters has documented that they are ________ compared to open-ocean concentrations. 58) _____ A) 10 times more B) 12 times more C) 10 times less D) 12 times less E) double
12 times more
1) The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends ________. 1) _____ A) into open international waters B) 200 nautical miles from the coast C) 3 nautical miles from the coast D) 10.5 nautical miles from the coast E) 20 nautical miles from the coast
200 nautical miles from the coast
42) After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that BP removed about ________ of the oil, most of it recovered directly from the well, burned at sea, or skimmed by boats. 42) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%
25%
43) After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil evaporated or dissolved into scattered molecules. 43) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%
25%
44) After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil either was naturally dispersed in the water as small droplets or was chemically dispersed. 44) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%
25%
45) After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil hasn't been fully accounted for. 45) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%
25%
49) What percentage of oil that enters the oceans worldwide is caused by underwater natural oil seeps? 49) _____ A) 47% B) 22% C) 53% D) 6% E) 72%
47%
50) About what percentage of all the oil that enters the oceans, worldwide, is due to human consumption? 50) _____ A) 47% B) 53% C) 72% D) 38% E) 22%
53%
17) More than ________ non-native species have been introduced in the United States. 17) _____ A) 17,000 B) 57,000 C) 7,000 D) 37,000 E) 77,000
7,000
8) Which of the following characterizes the pesticide DDT and industrial chemicals such as PCBs?8) _____ A) Persistence in the environment B) Propensity to accumulate in food chains C) Biologically active D) Relatively high toxicity E) All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
37) The 1989 oil spill that harmed Prince William Sound in Alaska was due to which of the following? 37) _____ A) It was deliberately released from a refinery B) It leaked from a ruptured pipeline C) It resulted from drilling on the sea floor D) An oil tanker ran aground E) An earthquake triggered natural seepage
An oil tanker ran aground
79) The introduction of which of the following non-native species has done has done extensive damage to the Black Seas's fishing and tourist industries? 79) _____ A) Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi B) Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia C) European green crab Carcinus maenas D) Atlantic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora E) European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi
34) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Scientists have an excellent baseline from which to determine how pollutants have altered the marine environment BECAUSE the ocean was studied extensively before it was polluted. 34) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
59) Which of the following is the biggest single source of mercury in the ocean? 59) _____ A) Leaching from rocks B) Disposal of mercury batteries C) Producing acetaldehyde D) Burning of coal E) Volcanic eruptions
Burning of coal
12) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 12) _____ A) Green crab B) Atlantic comb jelly C) Water hyacinth D) Caulerpa taxifolia E) Spartina alterniflora
Caulerpa taxifolia
52) Which of the following caused devastating effects on the marine food chain and was banned in the United States in 1972? 52) _____ A) DDT B) Methyl mercury C) PCBs D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Sewage sludge
DDT
78) The introduction of which of the following non-native species altered the ecology of fresh-water lakes and blocked the water-carrying pipes of power plants? 78) _____ A) Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi B) Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia C) European green crab Carcinus maenas D) Atlantic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora E) European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
41) Which of the following is considered the world's largest accidental oil spill? 41) _____ A) Blowout of the Ixtoc #1 oil-drilling platform in 1979. B) Spillage from natural seeps and regular human activities every year. C) Rupturing of the Exxon Valdez supertanker in 1989. D) Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010. E) Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.
Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010.
65) Which of the following chemical pollutants can cause harmful algal blooms? 65) _____ A) Prescription drugs B) Methyl mercury C) Fertilizer D) Caffeine E) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Fertilizer
28) Legal scholars from which of the following nations were important, early on, in formulating international laws of the sea and the territorial limit? 28) _____ A) Spain B) Switzerland C) Portugal D) Holland E) Dutchland
Holland
75) Where are the large floating regions of trash in all oceans of the world where plastics outnumber marine organisms several times over located? 75) _____ A) Along equatorial countercurrents B) In subtropical gyres C) Near the poles D) In foreshore regions E) In areas of Ekman transport
In subtropical gyres
40) Which of the following is considered the world's largest oil spill? 40) _____ A) Blowout of the Ixtoc #1 oil-drilling platform in 1979. B) Spillage from natural seeps and regular human activities every year. C) Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991. D) Rupturing of the Exxon Valdez supertanker in 1989. E) Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010
Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.
46) Which of the following has been proposed by scientists for the fate of the missing residual oil due to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010? 46) _____ A) It sunk to the sea floor. B) It evaporated. C) It dissolved into scattered molecules. D) It naturally dispersed in the water. E) It burned at sea.
It sunk to the sea floor.
14) Which of the following causes Minamata disease, a degenerative neurological disorder that causes blindness, brain damage, birth defects, paralysis, and death? 14) _____ A) PCBs B) DDT C) Sewage sludge D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Methyl mercury
Methyl mercury
15) Which of the following is considered point source pollution? 15) _____ A) Fertilizers from lawns B) Trash washed down storm drains C) Municipal sewage sludge D) Road oil from automobiles E) Pesticides from agriculture
Municipal sewage sludge
51) Dumping of sewage sludge at which of the following sites was terminated in 1993 due to reports of adverse effects on fisheries and concerns that sewage could be transported great distances in eddies of the Gulf Stream? 51) _____ A) Philadelphia sludge site B) New York Bight alternative sludge site C) 106-mile sludge site D) Boston Harbor sludge site E) New York Bight sludge site
New York Bight alternative sludge site
11) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 11) _____ A) Mercury B) Petroleum C) DDT D) Nitrates E) Phytoplankton
Nitrates
38) Oil from the Exxon Valdez supertanker that polluted Prince William Sound in 1989 originated from which of the following? 38) _____ A) Gulf of Mexico B) Valdez, Alaska C) Bligh Reef D) North Slope of Alaska E) California refineries
North Slope of Alaska
61) Why do many health organizations call for local exceptions to the ban on DDT? 61) _____ A) Fish no longer eat the plankton that cause DDT biomagnification B) DDT was blamed for problems it never actually caused. C) The pelican population needs to be reduced D) A cure for Minamata disease has been found E) Outbreaks of malaria have dramatically increased
Outbreaks of malaria have dramatically increased
53) Which of the following has been shown to cause liver cancer and harmful genetic mutations in animals? 53) _____ A) DDT B) Methyl mercury C) PCBs D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Sewage sludge
PCBs
54) Which of the following has been indicated as a cause of spontaneous abortions in sea lions and the death of shrimp in Escambia Bay, Florida? 54) _____ A) DDT B) Methyl mercury C) PCBs D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Sewage sludge
PCBs
2) Which of the following is not considered a pollutant in the marine environment? 2) _____ A) Heavy metals such as mercury and silver B) Sewage sludge C) Phytoplankton D) Nutrient runoff E) Hydrocarbons
Phytoplankton
67) Which of the following types of trash, found in the ocean, typically accumulates at the surface because it doesn't readily sink or biodegrade? 67) _____ A) Glass B) Rags C) FoodD) Plastic E) Metal
Plastic
60) Which of the following resulted in mercury contamination and over 1780 deaths due to Minamata disease in Japan? 60) _____ A) Leaching from rocks B) Producing acetaldehyde C) Burning of coal D) Volcanic eruptions E) Disposal of mercury batteries
Producing acetaldehyde
74) What is the fate of the largest proportion of plastic pollution that enters the oceans each year? 74) _____ A) Sinks to the sea floor B) Washes up on the beach C) Eaten by marine animals D) Encrusted by marine life E) Remains floating at sea
Remains floating at sea
77) Marketing of which of the following non-native marine species by the aquarium industry is causing problems worldwide? 77) _____ A) Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi B) Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia C) European green crab Carcinus maenas D) Atlantic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora E) European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia
13) Up until 1993 New York City dumped which of the following into the coastal ocean? 13) _____ A) Sewage sludge B) Pesticide C) Waste oil D) Oil dispersants E) Industrial chemicals
Sewage sludge
22) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The most worrisome toxic compounds in crude oil are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as napthalenes, benzene, toluene, and xylenes BECAUSE they can sicken humans, animals, and plants even in small doses and can ultimately affect an organism's genetic materials. 22) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
23) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Some chemicals have been classified as persistent organic pollutants BECAUSE of their toxicity, persistence, and propensity for accumulating in food chains. 23) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
27) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Invasive species can wreak ecological havoc by outcompeting and dominating native populations BECAUSE they lack predators or other natural controls in their new habitats. 27) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
33) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Dead seaweed on the beach is incorrectly considered to be pollution by some people BECAUSE by definition, nature doesn't pollute. 33) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
32) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The United States opposed the 1982 Law of the Sea treaty BECAUSE of concerns that sea floor mining would pollute the ocean. 32) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
47) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Birds, sea turtles, marine mammals, fish, and shellfish are severely affected by oil spills BECAUSE hydrocarbons are largely biodegradable. 47) _____ A) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. C) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. D) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
20) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Chemical dispersant were used as part of the clean up of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster BECAUSE the dispersants are considered less toxic to marine life than the oil. 20) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.
19) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Exxon should not have been held responsible for the Exxon Valdez disaster BECAUSE icebergs from the Columbia Glacier forced the captain to stop the tanker on Bligh Reef. 19) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
21) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Oil spills in the ocean are not considered harmful BECAUSE crude oil in seawater at concentrations of 0.7 parts per billion kills or damages certain fish eggs. 21) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
24) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: U.S. companies no longer produce DDT BECAUSE, the EPA has banned the use of DDT in the United States since 1972. 24) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
25) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: It is easy to pinpoint where nonpoint source pollution originates BECAUSE it comes from many different locations. 25) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
26) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill was not an environmental disaster BECAUSE as much as one-and-a-half times the amount of the spill is regularly discharged each year into U.S. waters as nonpoint source pollution from road oil and improperly disposed oil. 26) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
29) The one-league territorial limit from shore that each country maintains was based on which of the following? 29) _____ A) The edge of the continental shelf B) The length of the longest rope C) The speed of the fastest ship D) The point where ocean depth increased E) The range of a cannon ball
The range of a cannon ball
69) Which of the following properties makes plastic an increasingly abundant component of oceanic flotsam and very damaging to the marine environment? 69) _____ A) They are dense, so they sink and concentrate at the sea floor. B) They are weak, so entangled marine organisms can break free. C) They are durable causing them to last almost indefinitely. D) They cannot be recycled so they must be disposed after use. E) They are expensive and used sparingly.
They are durable causing them to last almost indefinitely.
66) The U.S. National Academy of Sciences estimates that 13 ________ pounds of litter enters the world's oceans each year. 66) _____ A) hundred B) trillion C) million D) billion E) thousand
billion
4) The two most significant human sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are ________. 4) _____ A) normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off B) blow out accidents and urban run-off C) tar balls and oil tanker accidents D) natural seeps and urban run-off E) oil tanker and blowout accidents in marine coastal waters
blow out accidents and urban run-off
5) The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of ________. 5) _____ A) natural deep-sea seeps B) collision and/or sinking of oil tankers C) urban run-off D) blow out accidents on drilling platforms E) discharge from refueling tankers and ships
blow out accidents on drilling platforms
3) The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by ________. 3) _____ A) the EPA B) determining the total biomass of affected organisms in the environment C) estimating the number of trophic transfers in the food web affected by the pollutant D) determining the length of time that the pollutant remains in the environment E) calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die
calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die
7) Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the ________. 7) _____ A) aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination B) chlorination of the liquid effluent C) separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent D) addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants E) removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent
chlorination of the liquid effluent
48) Scientific studies have shown that fish exposed to PAHs in crude oil exhibited changes in ________ that are linked to developmental abnormalities, decreased embryo survival, and lower reproductive success. 48) _____ A) gene expression B) heart rate C) metabolism D) blood concentrations E) body temperature
gene expression
6) Bioremediation has been particularly effective in marine ecosystems in the clean-up of ________. 6) _____ A) hydrocarbons B) thermal effluents C) pesticides D) heavy metals E) nitrates
hydrocarbons
9) Minamata disease is associated with ________. 9) _____ A) harmful algal blooms B) illegal fishing in tropical areas C) dinoflagellates in tropical reef ecosystems D) ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish E) eutrophication
ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish
73) The reported amount of plastic pollution entering the oceans each year is ________ of the annual global production of plastic. 73) _____ A) 10 to 20% B) more than 20% C) less than 1% D) 5 to 10% E) 1 to 5 %
less than 1%
35) Scientists typical do not use a specific environmental bioassay to draw general conclusions about a pollutant because they ________. 35) _____ A) are specific to all creatures in an ecosystem B) take into account how pollutants may combine to create new pollutants C) may result in data that isn't applicable to other species D) only predict the long-term effect of pollution on marine organisms E) can be performed quickly with little effort
may result in data that isn't applicable to other species
71) Researchers estimate that the Pacific Ocean contains at least 46 ________ pounds of floating microplastic pieces (microbeads) that originate from hand cleaners, exfoliating facial scrubs, and toothpaste, that are known to transport pollutants and be eaten by fish. 71) _____ A) thousand B) trillion C) billion D) hundred E) million
million
36) Petroleum in the ocean is not considered a pollutant when ________. 36) _____ A) it results from extraction on the sea floor B) it leaks from a ruptured pipeline C) it was already sent to a refinery D) oil tankers run aground E) natural seepage is responsible
natural seepage is responsible
16) Some plastics accumulate poisons such as DDT and PCBs to levels as high as a ________ times their concentrations in seawater. 16) _____ A) one hundred B) fifty C) one million D) one thousand E) one billion
one million
80) In the United States alone, more than 7 ________ introduced species (not counting microorganisms) have been documented, of which about 15% cause ecological and economic damage 80) _____ A) million B) hundred C) trillion D) thousand E) billion
thousand
30) The Law of the Sea treaty established a uniform territorial sea of ________ nautical miles. 30) _____ A) twelve B) three hundred seventy C) three D) two hundred E) nineteen
three
72) Researchers reported in 2014 that more than 5.25 ________ plastic pieces are now floating in the ocean.72) _____ A) hundred B) trillion C) thousand D) billion E) million
trillion
31) The Law of the Sea treaty established a exclusive economic zone of ________ nautical miles from all land within a nation, including islands. 31) _____ A) twelve B) nineteen C) two hundred D) three E) three hundred seventy
two hundred