Oceanography Chapter 4

What is the rate of deposit for a coarse lithogenous sediment, neritic deposit?

1 meter (3.3 feet)

What is the rate of deposit for an abyssal clay, pelagic deposit?

1 millimeter (0.04 inch)

How many years ago was the last ice age?

15,000

What is the average CCD depth below sea level?

15,000 feet

In which year was manganese nodules discovered during the voyage of HMS challenger?

1872

In which year were gas hydrates discovered?

1976

In ________ the Deep Sea Drilling Project became the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP).

1983

Oolites are less than ________ millimeters in size.

2

The new drill ship, Chikyu, can drill up to how many feet into the sea floor?

23,000

Siliceous ooze contains at least ________% of the hard remains of silica-secreting organisms.

30%

Phosphorus-bearing compounds occur as coatings on rocks and as nodules on the continental shelf and on banks at depths shallower than ________.

3300 feet

Approximately how much sediment is carried to the continental margins?

40 trillion lbs

Manganese nodules grow about ________ per million years.

5 millimeters

About how many years ago was the extinction of the dinosaurs?

66 million

Relic sediments cover about ________ of the world's continental shelves.

70%

China supplies approximately ________ of the current world demand of rare-earth elements.

90%

Where can stromatolites be found?

Australia

Which type of marine sediments include siliceous and calcareous oozes?

Biogenous

Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

When looking at the world ocean totals combined, which is the most dominant sediment worldwide?

Calcareous ooze

What does CCD stand for?

Carbonate Compensation Depth

Where are the thickest marine sediments located?

Continental shelf

Which state has large phosphorite deposits and supplies about one-quarter of the world's phosphates?

Florida

Which ship was involved with the initial Deep Sea Drilling Project?

Glomar

Which of the following is not an accessory metal present in manganese nodules?

Gold

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous sediment

Based on its 2013 name, what does IODP stand for?

International Ocean Discovery Program

The K—T boundary contained an unusual clay layer with high proportions of which element?

Iridium

What does JOIDES stand for?

Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling

Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous sediment

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous sediment

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?

Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures

Which type of sediment deposit has an average rate of deposition (per 1000 years) of 0.001 millimeter (0.00004 inch)?

Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit

Which institution is not associated with JOIDES?

National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration

________ deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands, whereas, ________ deposits are found in deep-ocean basins and are fine grained.

Neritic; Pelagic

Which part of the ocean is considered to be the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth?

North Atlantic

Which of the following contains silica (SiO 2)?

Radiolarians

Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere?

Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate.

The largest unexplored potential for metallic minerals in offshore sand deposits may exist along the west coast of ________.

South America

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________.

a glacier

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

biogenous

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________.

biogenous

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

biogenous

Of the metals commonly found in manganese nodules, ________ is the only metal deemed "strategic" for the United States.

cobalt

According to the Wentworth scale, what is the particle name for a sediment that is 64 to 256 millimeters in size?

cobble

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.

colder;higher

Which of the following is not a trace mineral associated with Himalayan sea salt?

copper

Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

cosmogenous

Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

cosmogenous

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________.

cosmogenous

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

cosmogenous

Which type of marine sediments include space dust and meteors?

cosmogenous

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.

dilution

Chemical reactions within seawater cause certain minerals to come out of solution, or precipitate, they change from the ________ state to the ________ state.

dissolved; solid

Which one of the following is not considered a "salt" or evaporate mineral?

dolomite

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?

dredge

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________.

fecal pellets

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.

gas hydrates

Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth?

gas hydrates

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________.

gravel than in tropical waters

Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples?

gravity core

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________.

hydrogenous

Manganese nodules are an example of ________.

hydrogenous sediments

Abyssal clay contains ________.

iron

Rocks that are composed primarily of calcium carbonate are called ________.

limestone

Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________.

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

methane

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?

microscopic organisms

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________.

microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris

How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study?

more than 2000

Sediments found on continental margins are called ________.

neritic

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is ________.

neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits

Neritic (nearshore) deposits cover about how much of the ocean floor?

one quarter

Sediment texture describes the ________ characteristics of a deposit.

physical

Abyssal clay is sometimes referred to as ________.

red clay

Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________.

regions of upwelling

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

rotary corer

Which type of sampling did the JOIDES Resolution conduct?

rotary drilling

By analyzing cores of sediment collected from the sea floor, scientists can infer past environmental conditions on all of the following except ________.

sealife populations

Halite is used in the production of chemicals, which of the following is used for making soap products?

sodium hydroxide

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________.

tektites