Oceanography Test 1
Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ________ layers
3
Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ________ layers
5
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.
5000
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago. A) billion B) trillion C) million D) thousand
A
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ________. A) bacteria B) shells C) reptiles D) plants
A
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed. A) chemical composition B) color distribution C) textural makeup D) physical state
A
Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included ________. A) carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane B) hydrogen, helium, and oxygen C) nitrogen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide D) ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
A
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Atmosphere B) Lithosphere C) Asthenosphere D) Core E) Mesosphere
A
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining ________. A) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor B) glacial debris at various locations C) fossils in marine sediments D) apparent polar wandering E) the location of ancient coral reefs
A
Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________. A) basalt B) granite C) anorthosite D) tonalite E) peridotite
A
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. A) shape; position B) depth; elevation C) position; latitude D) size; shape
A
Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment created ________ from the chemical ingredients thought to exist in Earth's early ocean. A) simple organic compounds B) primitive bacteria C) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) D) complex organic molecules
A
The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a ________. A) nebula B) quasar C) protoplanet D) solar system E) supernova
A
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was ________. A) Eratosthenes B) Herodotus C) Seneca D) Pytheas E) Ptolemy
A
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the ________. A) differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth B) presence of water at Earth's surface C) gravitational force created by the rotating Earth D) decrease in temperature downward toward the core E) initial collection of materials and their position in Earth
A
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. A) geological B) archaeological C) chemical D) biological E) physical
A
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth? A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
A
Which ocean is similar in size and average depth to the Indian Ocean? A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Indian Ocean C) The Arctic Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Pacific Ocean
A
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world? A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
A
Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature on the planet? A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
A
Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE? A) Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust. B) Continental crust is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust. C) Continental crust is thinner and denser than oceanic crust. D) Continental crust is thicker and denser than oceanic crust. E) Continental crust and oceanic crust have equivalent densities.
A
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean? A) Vasco Nunez de Balboa B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Juan Sebastian del Caño D) Vasco da Gama E) James Cook
A
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.
Asthenosphere
Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________. A) peridotite B) granite C) basalt D) anorthosite E) tonalite
B
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. A) release of liquid water from the core B) water vapor released from volcanic outgassing C) water-bearing minerals found in meteorites D) comets from outer space
B
Deep ocean trenches are associated with ________. A) submarine canyons B) subduction zones C) rift valleys D) transform faults E) turbidity currents
B
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Indian B) Mediterranean C) Atlantic D) Arctic E) Pacific
B
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Testing B) Belief C) Hypothesis D) Observation E) Theory
B
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere ________. A) remains the same B) increases in proportion to the distance C) randomly varies D) is unrelated to the distance from the ridge E) decreases in proportion to the distance
B
Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. A) lithosphere; mesosphere B) lithosphere; asthenosphere C) mantle; crust D) asthenosphere; lithosphere E) crust; lithosphere
B
The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the ________. A) Southern Ocean B) Pacific Ocean C) Arctic Ocean D) Atlantic Ocean E) Indian Ocean
B
The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________. A) lithosphere B) oceans C) atmosphere D) mantle E) meteorites
B
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? A) Jurassic B) Cambrian C) Permian D) Devonian E) Ordovician
B
Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans? A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Southern Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Atlantic Ocean
B
Which ocean's name comes from a word meaning peace? A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Arctic Ocean D) The Antarctic Ocean E) The Indian Ocean
B
Which of the following Vikings is credited with discovering Greenland? A) Leif Eriksson B) Erik Thorvaldson C) Bjarni Herjolfsson D) Thor Heyerdahl
B
Which of the following statements is TRUE of the lithosphere? A) The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core. B) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. C) The lithosphere is composed only of metamorphic rock. D) The lithosphere is composed only of outer mantle material. E) The lithosphere is composed only of igneous rock.
B
Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route? A) Juan Sebastian del Caño B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Vasco Nunez de Balboa D) Giovanni Caboto E) Vasco da Gama
B
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated first? A) Easter Island B) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa C) New Zealand D) Hawaiian Islands E) Marquesas
B?
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________. A) oceanic trenches in subduction zones B) the edge of the continental shelf C) edges at around 2,000 meters depth D) current shorelines E) edges of the deep sea floor
C
Earth is about ________. A) 4.6 million years old B) 400,000 years old C) 4.6 billion years old D) 40 billion years old E) 6,000 years old
C
Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago. A) thousand B) million C) billion D) trillion
C
Earth's initial atmosphere formed from________________. A) comet vaporization B) outgassing C) leftover gases from the nebula D) solar winds
C
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Black B) Adriatic C) Indian D) Caspian E) Mediterranean
C
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Christopher Columbus B) Vasco de Gama C) Ptolemy D) Ferdinand Magellan E) John Cabot
C
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Permian B) Silurian C) Jurassic D) Devonian E) Ordovician
C
Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the ________. A) plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets B) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living C) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations D) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions E) poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past
C
How did the Moon form? A) The Moon was captured by the gravitational pull of the Earth. B) The Moon formed at the same time as the Earth due to simultaneous accretion. C) The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth. D) The Moon erupted from the Earth leaving a scar at the Pacific Ocean.
C
Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by ________. A) Italy B) Portugal C) Vikings of Scandinavia D) Spain E) France
C
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen ________. A) reduces atmospheric temperature B) was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere C) can form ozone and block some UV radiation D) combines with iron in volcanic rocks E) is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
C
The European "Age of Discovery" began with ________. A) Viking voyages to North America B) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean C) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" D) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe E) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands
C
The European "Age of Discovery" ended with ________. A) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean B) Viking voyages to North America C) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe D) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands E) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World"
C
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a ________. A) convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic) B) convergent plate boundary (continent-continent) C) divergent plate boundary D) transform fault boundary E) convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic)
C
The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist ________. A) Alfred Wegener B) Drummond Matthews C) Harry Hess D) Frederick Vine E) John Tuzo Wilson
C
The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________. A) the moon is derived from a protoplanet B) galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another C) all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud D) the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang" E) Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity
C
The oldest fossilized remains of organisms are primitive ________ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago. A) streptococcus B) heterotrophic C) photosynthetic D) chemosynthetic
C
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography . A) archaeological B) chemical C) physical D) geological E) biological
C
The very earliest forms of life probably ________. A) manufactured their own food supply by chemosynthesis B) manufactured their own food supply by photosynthesis C) required an external food supply D) were similar to present-day anaerobic bacteria
C
Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere? A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
C
Which ocean was considered by 14th century Europeans to be one of the seven seas? A) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean B) The Arctic Ocean D) The Atlantic Ocean
C
Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? A) Volcanic island arcs B) Mid-ocean ridges C) Andesitic volcanoes D) Hot spots E) Fracture zones
C
Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? A) Past glacial activity B) The distribution of organisms C) Paleomagnetic reversals D) Matching sequences of rocks E) The fit of the continents
C
Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas? A) The Mediterranean Sea B) The Black Sea C) The Indian Ocean D) The Caspian Sea E) The Red Sea
C?
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an ________. A) law B) theory C) observation D) hypothesis E) guess
D
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
D
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by ________. A) longitude B) presence or absence of glacial debris C) plants and animals that live in an area D) latitude E) Earth's geologic history
D
Earth is a layered sphere with the ________-density material found near the center of Earth and the ________- density material located near the surface. A) lowest; highest B) lowest; lowest C) highest; highest D) highest; lowest
D
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Carbon dioxide B) Methane C) Ammonia D) Oxygen E) Water vapor
D
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Magellan B) Herodotus C) Eratosthenes D) Pytheas E) Ptolemy
D
Oceanic crust is primarily ________. A) carbonate sedimentary rocks B) granite C) siltstone D) basalt E) clay minerals
D
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of ________. A) guesses B) observations C) laws D) theories E) hypotheses
D
Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea? A) Gunfire B) Shipwreck C) Contagious disease D) Scurvy
D
Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the ________. A) chemical composition of rocks B) formation method C) origin of rocks D) ages of rocks E) metamorphism
D
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. A) 840 meters (2,756 feet) B) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) C) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) D) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) E) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet)
D
The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the ________. A) New Zealanders B) Vikings C) Polynesians D) Phoenicians E) Greeks
D
The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was ________. A) Frederick Vine B) John Tuzo Wilson C) Harry Hess D) Alfred Wegener E) Drummond Matthews
D
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the ________. A) Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans B) Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans C) Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans D) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans E) Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans
D
The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following? A) Blue-green algae B) Dinosaurs C) Land plants D) Anaerobic bacteria
D
The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ________. A) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges B) perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges C) not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges D) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges E) parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges
D
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites? A) It condensed to form Earth's ocean. B) It is about 10% of the modern earth atmosphere. C) It escaped into the vacuum of space. D) It was blown away by the solar wind.
D
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world? A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
D
Which of the following is TRUE concerning the deepest part of the ocean? A) The deepest part of the ocean is located in a trench off the coast of Japan. B) The bottom of this trench has never been reached by a submersible. C) This trench is called the Philippine Trench. D) The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest. E) The depth of this trench is estimated at 15,000 meters.
D
Which of the following was true about the Protoearth? A) Protoearth had one large ocean. B) Protoearth's size was smaller than today's Earth. C) Protoearth had early primitive life forms. D) Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous.
D
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? A) Pytheas B) Christopher Columbus C) Claudius Ptolemy D) Eratosthenes E) Erik Thorvaldson
D
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? A) Juan Sebastian del Caño B) Vasco Nunez de Balboa C) Vasco da Gama D) Ferdinand Magellan E) Giovanni Caboto
D
Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? A) Ferdinand Magellan B) Prince Henry the Navigator C) Vasco da Gama D) James Cook E) Giovanni Caboto
D
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Granite B) Basalt C) Continental crust D) Oceanic crust E) Asthenosphere
E
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Photosynthesis B) Chemosynthesis C) Plants D) Autotrophs E) Heterotrophs
E
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by ________. A) Ptolemy B) Eratosthenes C) Seneca D) Herodotus E) Pytheas
E
Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? A) Earthquake distribution B) Seafloor magnetic patterns C) Magnetic pole reversals D) Locations of active volcanoes E) Shape of continental margins
E
Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? A) Shallow earthquakes B) Hot spots C) Mid-ocean ridges D) Fracture zones E) Volcanic island arcs
E
Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE? A) The Pacific Ocean covers more than two-thirds of the ocean surface area on Earth. B) The Pacific Ocean is the second largest geographic feature on the planet. C) The Pacific Ocean spans more than one-half of Earth's entire surface. D) The Pacific Ocean is about three times larger than the next largest ocean. E) All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.
E
Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland? A) Leif Eriksson B) Erik Thorvaldson C) Thor Heyerdahl D) Prince Henry the Navigator E) Bjarni Herjolfsson
E
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? A) Vasco da Gama B) James Cook C) Prince Henry the Navigator D) Giovanni Caboto E) Ferdinand Magellan
E
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last? A) Hawaiian Islands B) New Zealand C) Marquesas D) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa E) Easter Island
E?
Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.
Outgassing
Most of earth's water was derived from _____________.
Outgassing
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.
The Phoenicians
Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago.
billion
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.
hydrogen
