oceanography test 2

Which way would wind travel in the region between 30 and 60 degrees latitude if Earth stopped rotating

South in the Southern Hemisphere and north in the northern hemisphere

Air has _______ electrical conductivity and metal keys has ________ electrical conductivity

low, high

Which of the following locations have the potential to reliably harness wind power as a renewable energy source

-Between 5 and 60 degrees

Why does wind between the equator and 30 degrees south come out of the southeast

-Cooled air moves north toward the equator and deflected west by the Coriolis effect

Tropical disturbance

-Disorganized clouds and thunderstorms with little or no rotation

Why does air tend to rise in equatorial regions

-Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas

The trade winds blow from which direction in the Southern hemisphere

-From Southeast to northwest

The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere

-From northeast to southwest

One of the worlds most powerful currents, located off the east coast of the US is the

-Gulf stream

Biggest threat from Gaston

-Heavy rain -Flooding

Pressure gradient

-Higher on Spetmeber 5th at 7 am -The eye traveled approximately 400 miles at 17 mph

Which of the following decrease salinity

-Precipitation -River run off -Sea ice melting

Why does rain occur near a warm front

-Rising warm air cools resulting in cloud formation and rain

Salinity location

-Sample A: Bahamas -Sample B: Off the west coast of Africa -Sample C: Red Sea -Sample D: Baltic

Which of the following processes increase seawater salinity

-Sea ice formation -Evaporation

Which of the following are true of sea ice

-Sea ice formation increases the salinity of seawater -When sea ice forms, the water molecules preferentially exclude salt in the water, resulting in ice that is mostly fresh

Of the following statements about seawater salinity which are true

-Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt -Seawater salinity averages 3.5% -The most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride

Between summer and winter, which of the following currents reverse its Flow?

-Somali

The deepest and densest water mass in the world ocean is formed in the

-Southern ocean

On a west coast in the Northern Hemishphere, what happens to surface waters when winds blow from the north

-Surface waters move offshore -Upwelling

On a west coast in the northern hemisphere, what happens to surface waters when winds blow from the south

-Surface waters move onshore -Downwelling occurs

Why are water molecules in a gas phase able to move rapidly and independently of each other

-There are no hydrogen bonds between water molecules in a gas phase so each water molecule acts as an individual

Of the following statements about the doldrums, which are true

-This is known as the Intertropical Convergences Zone -The doldrums are an area of low atmospheric pressure -There is usually little wind but a lot of rain associated with the doldrums -The doldrums are the boundary between the northeast trade winds and the southeast trade winds

About what percent of the wind's energy is transferred to the oceans surface

-Two

The coriolis effect is due to changes in the _____ of Earth with latitude

-Velocity

Water

-Water is densest in liquid form -Water molecules are most energetic, compressible and form steam in gas form -Water vibrate around in a fixed location and form frost when solid

Which is/are caused by unusual geometry of water molecules?

-Water molecules have polarity -Water molecules form hydrogen bonds -Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything -Water cohesion and surface tension

OF the following statements about the transfer of heat on earth, which are true

-Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas -Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes -Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes

The observation that one subtropical current is faster, narrower, and deeper than its counterparts is an example of which of the following?

-Western intensification

Which of the following statement are true regarding acidic and alkaline substances

-pH stands for power of hydrogen -pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution -Blood, eggs, and seawater have a similar pH, adding support to the theory that life original evolved in the ocean

At what latitude on Earth is the speed of rotation the greatest

0 degrees

The trade winds are one type of prevailing wind pattern, how many other are there

2

The average salinity of seawater is

3.5%

Examine the accompanying tables. Calculate how much less water is contained in saturated air at a polar location with a temp of -10C compared to a tropical location with a temp of 40C.

45 grams

Trade winds occur in which of the following regions

5 to 30 degrees

How deep you would need to dive to reach a water temp of 19 C

550 meters

How do hydrogen bonds define the three state of matter in water?

???

Which of the following will cause the highest pressure at the surface

A column of cool, dense air

Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure surface

A column of warm, less dense air

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination

A current is run through positive.....

The thermocline is

A steep temperature gradient in the ocean that spearers deeper cold water from warmer upper water

Lowest Salinity

AAIW

The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the

Albedo

Of the following statements about subtropical gyres, which are true

All BUT all subtropical gyres flow in a clockwise direction

Where does rain occur in a cold front

Along and behind

Which of the following best defines heat capacity

Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius

Of the following statements about the tilt of Earths axis, which one is true?

An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers

Lowest Temp

Antarctic Bottom Water

Which has the highest density

Antarctic Bottom Water

Which of the following is the only current to completely circumscribe Earth

Antarctic Circumpolar

Earths polar regions are classified as deserts because

Cold, dry sinking air in the polar high regions produce little precipitation

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off into the warm water south of the current, the eddy is called

Cold-core eddy or ring

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest?

Continent to ocea

Downing can result from

Converging surface currents

What is the air that sinks at latitudes of 30 degrees north and south like?

Cool and dry

The air in the center of the eye of the hurrican is ____ air moving ______

Cool dry; downward

What term is used to describe the effect on air movement produced by earths rotation

Coriolis effect

An increase in seawater density can be caused by a ______ in temperature or an _______ in salinity

Decrease, increase

Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and

Differences in the heat capacities of ocean and land

Converging surface waters are areas of ________ and _______ productivity

Downwelling, low

Weather (short term-conditions of air temp, wind speed/direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure) occurs because

Earths surface is heated unevenly by the sun

The observation that ships and icebergs in the southern hemishphere float to the left of the wind direction is an example of which of the following?

Ekman transport

The doldrums occur in which of the following regions

Equatorial

Which statement accurately describes the thermostatic effect of water on climate moderation?

Evaporation in the tropics has a cooling effect on ocean temperature

The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere

From northwest to southeast

Which of the following two factors cause geostrophic circulation with a gyre?

Gravity and the Coriolis Effect

Deep water circulation brings oxygen from the surface to the deep ocean because of

Greater dissolution of oxygen in colder water than warmer water

Tropical depressions

Have wind speeds below 38 mph

Tropical Storms

Have wind speeds between 38-74 mph Given names Half or more become hurri

Hurricanes

Have wind speeds in excess of 74 mph

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

High heat capacity

Which of the following currents is responsible for Peru becoming the largest producer of fish, from the sea, in the world

Humboldt Current

Covalent bonds of water molecule

In-between hydrogen and oxygen

Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater help prevent a goiter

Iodine

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons

Ions

What makes water a polar molecule

It has a positie hydrogen side and a negative oxygen side

When does Brazil experience the longest night of the year

June 21st

Which of the following substance releases the most hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Lemon juice

What common household item

Lightbulb

Why does the west coast of Africa have high biological productivity

Lots of coastal upwelling High concentration of nutrients

What is the overall effect of the stronger than normal trade winds typical of La Nina Conditions

Lowering of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions

Highest temp

NACSW

The gulf stream transport water into

North Atlantic

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?

Ocean to atmosphere

Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions

Poles

Which of the following substances are there equal number of hydrogen and hyrdoxide atoms

Pure water

Layer of rapidly changing density with depth is called a: (DENSITY)

Pycnocline

Where does rain occur in a warm front

Rain occurs along and in front of a warm front

Why does rain occur near a cold front

Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain

Which type of ice found in the marine envirnoment does not form from freezing seawater

Shelf ic

Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues a possible consequence could be

Slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water

Which of the following releases the most hydroxide ions

Sodium hydroxide

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to

Storm Surge

The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the following?

Subtropical convergence

Sources of deep water in the ocean include all of the following except

Subtropical convergences

The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:

Temp and water vapor content

The state of matter in which water exists in primarily determined by

Temperature

Two controlling factors that affect water density

Temperature and salinity

What is a front

The boundary between two air masses of different temperatures

In comparision to wind energy, ocean currents can generate more clean, renewable energy because

The density of water is greater than that of air

Which of the following best defines temperature

The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substances molecule

What would you expect weather to be like on the eastern coast of Australia if the western coast of South America were experience unusually warm, wet weather?

The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually dry weather

Why do ionic compounds dissolve readily in water

The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water

Which attributes of the water molecule arise from the unique bend in its geometry?

The hydrogen end has a positive charge and the oxygen end has a negative

Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is correct

The magnitude of the Coriolis effect depends on how long the object is in motion

Which statement accurately describes the interaction between a water molecule and sodium chloride as it dissolves?

The negative oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive sodium ion

What is the Walker Circulation Cell

The path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and aback to high pressure, in the South Pacific, under normal conditions

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of

The polarity of water molecules

Layer of rapid changing temperature with depth: (TEMPERATURE)

Thermocline

Cold currents flowing _______ on the ________ sides of the continents produce arid conditions

Toward the equator; western

Under which conditions are droughts and wildfires common in Australia

Under El Nino conditions

Why does the water molecule have polarity

Water is geometrically bent to give one side, or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge

Why is water able to dissolve salt?

Water molecules are polar and are attracted to the electrically charged ions that form salt

Which of the following best describes reverse osmosis

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane....

The largest of the great ocean surface currents is the

West Wind drift

Which of the following current goes all the way around the world without being interrupted by land

West wind drift

The temperate regions are characterized by

Westerly Winds

Why are tropical cyclones not likely to occur in the mid-latitude regions

Westerly winds steer cyclones into cooler ocean water

Why is it colder in winter than in summer

When the Northern or Southern hemisphere of Earth is tilted away from the sun it is winter because that part of Earthrecieves less direct sunlight

Which of the following reasons is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent

When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules

What determines whether a front is cold or warm

Which air mass is moving

IN which direction would trade winds move at the poles if Earth rotated in the opposite direction

Wind near the north pole would move to the north east and the wind near the south pole would move southeast

Why does upwelling occur along the west coast of South America under normal conditions?

Winds moving westward in the South Pacific drive ocean current toward the west; deep water rises to replace water drive westward

Compared to western boundary current, eastern boundary currents are

broad and slow

What type of force is the Coriolis effect

fictitious

The prevailing westerly winds blow from which of the following directions in the Northern hemisphere

from Southwest to Northeast

The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes compared to higher latitudes is

greater

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows _______ salinity at the surface and _________ salinity at depth

increased, decreased

The surface tension of water

is relatively high

Earths atmosphere is heated primarily by

re-radiation of solar energy from earths surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a

seabreeze

The thickness of sea ice is limited primarily by

the insulating nature of ice

Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the US atlantic and Gulf coast, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of west coast hurricanes is that

the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the need

Equatorial currents are driven by the_______

trade winds

Diverging surface waters are areas of _______ and _______ productivity

upwelling, high

Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by __________ and modified by _________

wind; Coriolis effect and land

Of the following conditions, which are related to strong El Nino events?

-Increased abundance of hurricanes in the easter Pacific -Increase in sea surface temperature and destruction of coral reefs in the eastern Pacific -Higher sea levels in the eastern Pacific Ocean associated with warmer water

Which of the following statements is true of water in a solid state?

-It is rigid and forms a three dimensional crystalline shape -Water molecules in ice remain in a relatively fixed position....

Of the following surface current, which one transport large volumes of warm water to higher latitudes

-Kurishio Current -The Gulf Strem -Brazil Current KGB

Of the following physical properties of the atmosphere, which are true?

-Low pressure at the surface is associated with rising air -Warm air holds more water vapor than cool air -Air always moves from high-pressure regions toward low-pressure regions -The air temperature is warmer near Earth's surface than in the upper part of the troposphere

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly

-NOT free-drifting argo floats

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?

-Not* doppler flow meters

Which factors below drive and shape the pattern of surface currents

-Shape of ocean basin -Coriolis Effect -Wind

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and formation of ice, which are true?

-Waters maximum density is at 4 degree celsius -Water at 2 degree celsius is less dense than at 4 degrees -Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why it floats -As the temp of water decreases from 4 to 0 degrees celsius, its density decreases

The average albedo of Earth's Surface is about

30%

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules

Are non polar whereas water molecules are polar

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the Ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower

Deep Ocean Currents are primarily driven by

Density Differences

Thermohaline circulation is driven by

Density difference

Deep Ocean currents are drive primarily by

Density differences

As salinity increase, its

Density increases

On what days do all locations on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and night

Equinox's

Which of the following processes cause sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn

Evaporation

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale

Evaporation

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?

Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited

Deep-water currents move _______ volumes of water and are much ________ than surface currents

Larger, slower

Highest Salinity

MIW

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called

Molecules

The higher the salinity of fluid, the _______ the light lit up

More

Lowest density

NACSW

Warm currents flowing ________ on the ________ sides of continents produce warm, humid conditions

Polewards, eastern

The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the

Saffir-Simpson Scale

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser where it condenses as Freshwater

In which beaker did the light shine the brightest

Seawater

Freeze seperation

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times

The El Nino Southern Oscillation can best be described as

The relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antartica

Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves to the east and the the other to the west

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient rich bottom water through

Upwelling

All of the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except:

Warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink to ward the earths surface

The air surrounding the eye of the hurricane

Warm moist; upward

The density curve for high latitudes shows ______ density at the surface and ________ density at the depth

decreased, increased

Which direction do ocean currents in the South Pacific move under El Nino conditions

eastward

Ocean frontal systems that spin off from currents such as the Gulf Stream, akin to atmospheric storms, are known as

eddies

If all the water in the ocean evaporated and only the solid salt was left behind how much salt would there be

enough to form a layer 1-inch thick coating on the ocean floor

Fluctuations in the flow of the Gulf stream currents result in curving loops of water known as

meanders

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, wind always are deflected

to the right of their original direction

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the

troposphere