Oceans Chapters 7-16
are generally small organisms that are carried by ocean currents, remaining suspended in seawater.
plankton
Seabirds may drink seawater, so to remove excess salt from their bodies, _____.
salt becomes concentrated by a gland over their eyes and is removed by either dripping out or being blown through their nasal passages
What type of wave behavior is shown in the illustration?
Diffraction
Which of the following are considered sea cows? (Mark all that apply.)
Dugongs Manatees
As Earth rotates through the two water bulges created by gravity and inertia, any point on its surface will experience ______ tidal high(s) and ______ tidal low(s) per rotation.
two; two
Phytoplankton use pigments to ______.
absorb energy from sunlight
Few species are found on sandy beaches in wave or surf areas because ______.
breaking waves produce an unstable benthic environment
Which of the following are flowering plants with true roots, stems, and leaves that live in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)
Eelgrass Turtle grass
Since autotrophic organisms require inorganic carbon for growth and heterotrophic organisms require organic carbon for growth, we can say that ______.
life is based on carbon
Tsunamis have ______ wavelengths and ______ periods.
long; long
An erosional coast ______ sediments, whereas a depositional coast ______ sediments.
loses; gains
The order Sirenia includes two members known as sea cows, the and the .
manatees dugongs
What is the direct source of energy for the transportation of beach materials?
waves
A(n) - estuary is shown in this image.
well mixed(goes west)
Organisms living in the pelagic zone that can move faster than the currents are called , and those that are unable to move faster than the currents are called .
1. nekton 2. plankton
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is also known as the ______.
West Wind Drift
Seals and sea lions belong to the , or "feather-footed" animals, named because of their four characteristic flippers.
pinnipeds
The ______ is the top predator in the Arctic, living up to twenty-five years, and possessing dense fur and blubber for insulation.
polar bear
Hot-vent communities ______.
were only recently discovered, in 1977 The discovery expedition was led by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
The images portray seasonal changes that occur off the west coast of the United States. Match the image part (a or b) to the correct season.
a - Summer b - Winter
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation is a current shift associated with changes in _______. (Select all that apply.)
atmospheric pressure water temperature winds precipitation
Some whales use strainers of to catch small prey such as krill, whereas others have to catch prey such as tuna.
baleen teeth
The installation of a(n) of the Elwha River cut off the sand supply that kept Ediz Hook, as seen in the photograph, in place. After a long time and a lot of money, this structure was removed.
dam
If there are increases in the size of fleets targeting a specific species and improvements in the fishing technology, then the catch per unit effort is expected to ______.
decrease over time, as the fishery heads toward collapse
The average number of large tanker spills per decade ______ from the 1970s to 2000s.
decreased significantly
The speed of a shallow-water wave depends only on ______.
depth
The image portrays a ______ shape.
dinoflagellate
Which of the following contribute significantly to the internal mixing of the ocean's water masses? (Mark all that apply.)
Tides Currents Wind-driven waves
What is the name given to a beach that connects the shore to an island, as shown in this image?
Tombolo
True or false: Representatives from every domain of life can be found in the oceans.
True
True or false: The classification of some estuaries may change seasonally.
True
True or false: Microbes are the most abundant organisms in the sea.
True Rationale: The vast majority of these microbes are less than only a few microns in size.
Which of the following are characteristics of the Arctic Ocean? (Mark all that apply.)
Two basins, the Eurasian and the Canadian, occupy the central portion of the ocean. About one-third of its area is covered by extensive continental shelves.
is a type of ocean pollution that is frequently caused by nutrient runoff from agriculture and from disposal of livestock and human waste, leading to the artificial enrichment of waters with a previous low nutrient level.
eutrophication
Tidal power is ______ when compared to other energy sources because of the complicated installation process and the periodic low-power production times.
expensive
The process of coral bleaching involves ______. (Mark all that apply.)
exposing the corals' white calcium carbonate skeleton the expulsion of zooxanthellae from the corals
The primary mechanism for one-way mixing, or entrainment, of the two different waters in a salt wedge estuary is from the ______.
high-salinity waters moving up into the river, raising the salinity of the seaward-moving fresh water
The whales in the image possesses baleen and are most likely ______ whales.
humpback
A low-oxygen, or ______, area forms in the northern Gulf of Mexico as a result of high levels of nitrogen introduction.
hypoxic
A(n) area in the ocean has low oxygen levels; it has also been called a dead zone because the area can no longer support most marine life.
hypoxic
Match the temperature-versus-depth profile figures to the correct zone.Match the temperature-versus-depth profile figures to the correct zone.
image (a): mid-latitudes image (b): low latitudes image (c): high latitudes
Sea otters live ______, and they eat ______.
in kelp beds; sea urchins
Marine pollution includes ______. (Mark all that apply.)
noise excess nutrients heavy metals
Runoff from land and upwelling are the two main ways ______.
nutrients are supplied to surface waters
The average depth of the ocean is less than one-twentieth of a tsunami's wavelength, so they are ______ waves.
shallow-water
The swimming marine invertebrate shown in the image is a .
squid
Currents in coastal waters associated with tides are called currents.
tidal
To create ______, currents in important locations are measured and then studied to determine how they are related to tidal changes.
tidal current tables
The energy to transport beach sediment comes from and the currents they produce.
waves
Which of the following are examples of marine reptiles? (Mark all that apply.)
Gavial Marine iguana Green turtle
Choose all the toxicants that are capable of degrading water quality.
Heavy metals Hydrocarbons Bacteria Pesticides
Match the ocean zone to its degree of light penetration.
1. euphotic zone: the area where there is enough light for the growth of photosynthetic organisms 2. aphotic zone: the area where no light penetrates 3. disphotic zone: where there is sufficient light to see but not enough to support photosynthesis
Identify the different areas of the pelagic zone.
A - Epipelagic B - Mesopelagic C - Bathypelagic D - Abyssopelagic
Using the image, match the letter to the correct part of the wave featured.
A - crest B - trough C - wave height D - wavelength
Which of the following characteristics correctly describe the Universal Sea State Code? (Choose all that apply.)
Based on the Beaufort Scale Ranges from 0 to 9 Describes sea conditions based on wind speed
The Universal Sea State Code is used internationally and relates wind speed to sea-surface conditions; it is adopted from the ______, initially created in 1806.
Beaufort Scale
Which of the following are true about fish distribution in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)
Fish populations are concentrated in shallow coastal areas. Fish can be found at all depths in the ocean. Fish can be found in all of the world's oceans.
Which of the following are types of seaweed? (Mark all that apply.)
Red algae Brown algae Green algae
Which of the following characteristics are true for bacterioplankton? (Mark all that apply.)
They have an enormous impact on biogeochemical cycles on our planet. They are unicellular. They possess no internal membrane-bound cell structure.
What happens to individual water particles in deep-water waves?
They move in a circular orbit but not toward the shore.
Ocean tides are ______, as they are the result of combining progressive and standing wave tides with diurnal and semidiurnal characteristics.
complex
Sea otters are ______. (Mark all that apply.)
considered keystone predators in kelp forests the smallest marine mammals
Of all the marine communities, ______ are the most diverse and structurally complex.
coral reefs
Encrusting red algae, which deposit calcium carbonate on the reefs, have been under attack by a previously unknown disease called ______.
coralline lethal orange disease
The lines shown on this image mark the locations of the tide crest at set time intervals.
cotidal
Layers of ocean water are associated with ______.
depth zones: surface, intermediate, deep, and bottom
A declinational tide is also known as a ______ tide.
diurnal
The Marine Mammal Protection Act includes ______. (Mark all that apply.)
a ban on the hunting and killing of marine mammals a ban on the importing of any marine mammals or their products
The result of swash and backwash is ______.
a zigzag movement of water along the swash zone
Most bony fish are ______ or cold-blooded, with the exception of the tuna and mackerel shark family, which are ______, or warm-blooded.
ectothermic; endothermic
Coasts classified as predominantly lose sediments, whereas depositional coasts predominantly gain sediments.`
erosional
The steepness of a wave is equal to ______.
height/length
Walruses live ____.
in the waters on both coasts of the Bering and Chukchi Seas
Waves formed at the pycnocline are called ______ waves.
internal
The process of coral bleaching ______.
is increasing in frequency and severity
Detritus is important in the mud flat and sandy shore ecosystems because it ______.
is the food source for many organisms found living in these soft substrates
Gyres are ______.
large, circular motion, wind-driven current systems
Large amounts of energy can be obtained from tides in places that have ______ tidal ranges or narrow channels with ______ tidal currents.
large; swift
Hypoxic waters can ______ slow-moving, bottom-dwelling organisms such as crabs, snails, clams, and worms.
suffocate
During this season, sand is frequently pushed back onto the beach from offshore bars.
summer
Cold seeps ______. (Select all that apply.)
support communities based on chemosynthesis have bacteria serving the role of primary producers
Ocean ______ is(are) influenced by wind, atmospheric circulation, and Earth's rotation.
surface currents
Due to ______, standing wave tide current movement is deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in a clockwise motion of the water. As a result, the position of the high-tide crest moves counterclockwise.
the Coriolis effect
Echolocation is ______.
the ability to use sound to picture the environment
Bioluminescence is ______.
the light some organisms are able to produce themselves
The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt describes ______.
the mass movement of warm and cold water in a vertical circulation pattern in the ocean
Overfishing is ______.
the removal of fish from a population at a faster rate than the population can reproduce
The ______ tide wave is discontinuous, can be considered a shallow-water wave, and is impacted by the Coriolis effect.
natural
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace are credited as being the first scientists to propose ______.
natural selection
Organisms that are best adapted to life in a particular environment are more likely to reproduce successfully. This is called ______.
natural selection
The three leading sources of plastic trash in the oceans are ______.
naval, merchant, and fishing vessels
Cyanobacteria play an important role in fixation.
nitrogen
In the ocean, the greatest amount of heat from incoming solar radiation would transfer to ______.
the top 10 cm of the surface
Marine is "the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment which results in deleterious effects" (World Health Organization).
pollution
Corals are colonial animals; an individual coral is called a(n) .
polyp
The diatom in the image has ______ symmetry and is a member of the ______ diatoms.
radial; centric
Vertical columnar flows, approximately 5 inches in diameter, called ______, develop and mix water vertically, causing a stair-step salinity and temperature change with depth.
salt fingers
Environmental conditions, such as those along an exposed coastline with heavy wave action, tend to create ______ deposits; whereas conditions in a shallow bay with reduced water motion tend to create ______ deposits.
sand; mud The particle size of mud is smaller than for sand, so mud tends to settle in areas of minimal water motion.
Octopuses are in general ______.
shy and nonaggressive
A(n) is a seismic sea wave, taken from the Japanese word meaning "harbor wave."
tsunami
Match the marine zone to its description.
1. pelagic: one of the two major zones; covers the water environment 2. benthic: one of the two major zones; covers the seafloor environment 3. neritic: a subdivision of a major zone; the ocean above the continental shelf 4. oceanic: a subdivision of a major zone; the open ocean away form the direct influence of land
Match each beach area with its corresponding shape and/or structure description.
1. spit: Extends outward into the water and runs parallel to the shore 2. hook: Extends outward from the shore in a wide, sweeping arc 3. tombolo: Extends outward from the shore and connects to a rock or an island
Select all the statements that are true in regard to the diversity of life in the oceans.
1. the oceans contain a representative from each kingdom 2. the oceans contain representatives from each of life's domains
The marine environment can be divided into two general zones, the zone, or water environment, and the zone, or seafloor environment.
1.pelagic 2.benthic
About % of bird species are considered marine.
3
How many bird species are marine?
3%
Tropical coral reefs account for about ______ of all marine species.
30 percent
The Deepwater Horizon spill released an estimated ______ barrels of oil.
4.9 million
In order for an organism to be classified as "marine," it must spend at least _____ percent of its life in the marine environment.
50
Charles Darwin and ______ are the two nineteenth-century English naturalists that first proposed natural selection.
Alfred Wallace
Which of the following characteristics are true about bony fish? (Select all that apply.)
All bony fish possess gills. Bony fish can hover in the water and swim backward. Most bony fish possess a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy.
______ water moves slowly ______ through the South Atlantic ocean basins west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, but the ______ water sinks and moves ______ along the east side of the Atlantic.
Antarctic bottom; north; North Atlantic deep; south
Where is the center of mass in the Earth-Moon system?
Approximately 1700 km beneath Earth's surface
Which of the following conditions would be the best for wave power development?
Areas where large-amplitude waves are common
Who are the primary users of tidal current tables published for coastal locations?
Boaters and sailors
Match the phytoplankton control term to the correct example of the factors that determine how quickly phytoplankton grow and reproduce.
Bottom-up control - Limits in sunlight or nutrients Top-down control - Predators grazing on phytoplankton
______ control of phytoplankton would determine how quickly the phytoplankton grow and reproduce, whereas ______ control would directly influence mortality rate.
Bottom-up; top-down
Which of the following describe beaches? (Select all that apply.)
Can be sand or gravel Dynamic
What is the most common type of waste found on beaches worldwide?
Cigarette butts
The main Antarctic current is called the Antarctic Current.
Circumpolar
Match the category of symbiosis to its correct example.
Commensalism - Barnacles living on whales Mutualism - Hydrothermal vent worms and chemosynthetic bacteria Parasitism - Worms found in the digestive system of fish
The ______ spill was the largest oil spill in U.S. history.
Deepwater Horizon
Which of the following is an example of a marine phytoplankton group that is estimated to be responsible for as much as 40% of marine primary productivity?
Diatoms
Which of the following are examples of marine phytoplankton? (Mark all that apply.)
Diatoms Coccolithophorids Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellates
Which of the following is correct regarding the rotation of the Moon?
Earth and Moon rotate together around a single center of mass.
Why does the Sun play a greater role as a tide producer in winter (Northern Hemisphere) than summer?
Earth is closer to the Sun during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
is the use of sound to picture the environment, and it is used by dolphins.
Echolocation
______ is a marine plant that has strap-shaped leaves and is found submerged and growing on mud and sand in the quiet waters of bays and estuaries along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
Eelgrass
True or false: Oil spills from tankers are the largest source of oil in the ocean.
False
True or false: The Gulf of Mexico contains the only dead zone that we know of at this time.
False
True or false: The Moon rotates around the center of Earth.
False
True or false: The center of mass of the Earth-Moon system is exactly halfway between the two.
False
Which of the following traits are common among sea snakes but not terrestrial snakes? (Mark all that apply.)
Flattened tail Ability to close the nostrils
Which of the following characteristics are found in sea turtles but not land turtles?
Front limbs flattened into paddles
The ______ oil spill is the world's greatest spill to date.
Gulf War
Rank the water levels of a mixed-tide system according to height. Put the highest water level on top.
Higher high water Lower high water Higher low water Lower low water
Match the seaweed physical characteristic to its correct definition.
Holdfast - Anchors the seaweed firmly to a solid base or substrate Stipe - A stemlike portion of the seaweed that is flexible Blade - Blade answer drop zone Photosynthetic organ that is thin and bathed on all sides by water correct toggle button unavailable Photosynthetic organ that is thin and bathed on all sides by water
The South Equatorial Current, West Australia Current, and Agulhas Current are all found in the ______ Ocean.
Indian
The ______ Ocean receives a fairly uniform mixture of Antarctic circumpolar water brought in by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Indian
Match the tsunami event with its description.
Krakatoa - Massive volcanic eruption in 1883 Sumatra - Mega-earthquake in Indian Ocean in 2004 Japanese - Mega-earthquake in Pacific Ocean in 2011 Alaska - Earthquake in northern Pacific in 1946
Which of the following are common adaptations for deep-sea bony fish species? (Mark all that apply.)
Light organs on their bodies Hinged jaws Large, needlelike teeth
Match the organisms to the correct adaptation that allows them to survive in the rocky intertidal.
Limpets - A muscular foot anchors them to the rocks. Barnacles - A strong cement secures them to the rocks. Mussels - Special threads attach them to the rocks.
What is the difference between low and high tides?
Low tide is the lowest height on the coast to which the tide reaches on a given day, and high tide is the highest point.
Songs that last up to thirty minutes and that change each breeding season are produced by which marine mammals?
Male humpback whales
Which of the following marine reptiles is a modern lizard, found in the Galápagos Islands, and has a flattened tail for swimming?
Marine iguana
______ are developed to conserve and protect some aspect of the marine environment, such as a historical artifact, threatened and endangered species, or breeding grounds for marine organisms, and there are a wide range of legal restrictions on human activity here. Areas where fishing and other consumptive-type activities are completely prohibited are referred to as ______.
Marine protected areas; marine reserves
Which of the following are ways to measure primary productivity? (Mark all that apply.)
Measure biomass at any given time and repeat the measurement again sometime later. Measure the amount of chlorophyll in some volume at two different time points. Measure the amount of oxygen produced or carbon dioxide consumed.
Which of the following occurs during a minus tide?
More of the beach is exposed than usual because the water level falls lower than the mean value.
______ are the single greatest source of oil in the marine environment.
Natural seeps
include approximately 5000 species of invertebrates and vertebrates capable of swimming freely through the neritic and pelagic environments.
Nekton
Which of the following species can exist in the deep-sea benthic environment? (Mark all that apply.)
Nematode worms Burrowing crustaceans Segmented worms
Match the whale suborder to its correct physical characteristic.
Odonticetes - possess teeth and jaws Mysticetes - Have moouths fitted with strainers of baleen
Which of the following are sources of oil spills in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)
Offshore oil well drilling Oil tanker accidents
Why do waves refract as they approach shore?
One end of the wave crest begins to feel bottom before the rest of the wave, and that end subsequently slows down first.
______ is most likely the first type of major human impact on the oceans.
Overfishing
______ is the removal of fish from a population faster than the population can reproduce.
Overfishing
Which of the following marine birds best fits this description: strong fliers, found mainly in coastal areas, and have a large beak with a pouch for catching fish?
Pelicans
______ diatoms are a bilaterally symmetrical species of diatom that are elongated and shaped like cigar boxes.
Pennate
______ use sunlight and inorganic compounds to generate organic matter.
Photoautotrophs
If the density of the local ocean water is 1.02 g/mL, what organisms below will tend to sink?
Plankton with a density of 1.10 g/mL
What is the primary impetus for understanding the circulation systems of estuaries in order to keep them healthy and productive?
Population pressures on estuaries are high.
What are the two types of energy in a wave?
Potential Kinetic
______ is the creation of organic material from inorganic nutrients using light energy.
Primary production
Which of the following statements correctly describe differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (Select all that apply.)
Prokaryotes likely evolved first and have an older fossil record. Eukaryotes have a more complex cell structure.
Which of the following are examples of marine birds? (Mark all that apply.)
Puffins Terns Pelicans
What controls the rate of mixing in a salt wedge estuary?
Rate of river discharge
Polar bears are found in ______. (Mark all that apply.)
Russia Canada Greenland the United States
What type of estuary is shown in this image? (Hint: The darker the color, the more dense the water.)
Salt wedge estuary
This photo of , California, is showing the dredging of sand necessary to keep the harbor open. The structures were built without considering the effect of the longshore current and drift.
Santa Barbara
behavior has evolved independently in the majority of fish species because it may confuse predators, enhance foraging, and save energy by swimming together.
Schooling
______ are a type of marine plant that can remain completely submerged in the ocean.
Sea grasses
Swimming marine invertebrates include which of the following? (Mark all that apply.)
Squid Large shrimp
Which of the historic tsunamis was responsible for the most deaths?
Sumatra, 2004
The tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the and the on Earth's oceans.
Sun Moon
______ limits primary production in the ocean.
Temperature Lack of adequate amounts of inorganic nutrients Lack of adequate sunlight
______ is famous for its large tidal range of 11.7 m (35 ft), which is created by the matching of the tidal period to this narrow bay's natural oscillation period.
The Bay of Fundy
Which of the following statements correctly describe the history of Ediz Hook? (Select all that apply.)
The construction of bulkheads along cliffs blocked sediment supply to the hook. The hook is naturally supplied with sediment from the Elwha River. The hook originally formed from glacial sediments that were reworked as sea level rose.
Why does a wide surf zone provide more protection from large storm waves than a narrow surf zone?
The energy of the waves is expended over a longer distance before reaching shore.
Which of the following statements regarding tsunamis are true? (Select all that apply.)
The period of a tsunami wave is long. The wavelength of a tsunami is extremely long.
Which of these best describe algae?
They are aquatic, photosynthetic organisms.
What is the relationship between individual wave speed (C) and group wave speed (V) for shallow-water waves?
They are equal.
Which of these describe coccolithophorids? (Select all that apply.)
They are larger phytoplankton. They are generally located in moderate to low nutrient waters.
Which of the following statements are true regarding seals and sea lions? (Mark all that apply.)
They both have four characteristic flippers. They both need to rest and breed on land. They both have hair and blubber.
Which of the following statements are true regarding walruses? (Mark all that apply.)
They have no external ears. Both males and females have tusks.
Which of the following characteristics are true for octopuses? (Mark all that apply.)
They live in caves or dens. They have eight arms. They are carnivores.
True or false: The majority of the world's population lives within 100 km (60 mi) of a coastline.
True
What measurements are necessary to define a current? (Mark all that apply.)
Water direction Water speed
Select all the characteristics that are true of the Indian Ocean.
Water is brought into the Indian Ocean by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. In the subtropics, a lens of warm, salty water occurs at the surface.
Which seabird characteristics enable them to swim or dive in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)
Webbed feet Ability to pull in their feathers close to their bodies to squeeze out trapped air Feathers that are waterproofed by an oily secretion called preen
What type of estuary has strong tidal mixing and low river flow, which creates an overall seaward flow of water?
Well-mixed
Mark all the currents that are found in the Indian Ocean.
West Australia Current Agulhas Current South Equatorial Current
The "biological pump" involves ______. (Mark all that apply.)
a draw-down, or transfer, of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean phytoplankton photosynthesis whereby they generate organic carbon that can be exported from surface waters to other depths in the ocean
The melon of a dolphin ______.
acts like a lens to concentrate clicking sounds into a beam
Accurate daily tide predictions are created using ______.
actual local measurements and astronomical data
The ratio of reflected radiation to incident radiation is called ______.
albedo
are marine organisms with simple tissues; they do not produce flowers or seeds, and they do not have roots.
algae
When a wave moves shoreward, it "feels bottom" and slows down. What other changes accompany the change in speed? (Select all that apply.)
an increase in steepness an increase in height a reduction in wavelength
This type of phytoplankton built of plate of calcium carbonate is a ______.
coccolithophorid
During periods of glaciation, the oceans experience a(n) ______ change in sea level, as the water is tied up in ice. Subsequently, when the ice melts, worldwide sea levels go back up.q
eustatic
Polyps are ______.
individual coral animals
The Indonesian Throughflow transports large amounts of relatively ______ and ______ water to the Indian Ocean.
warm; fresh
are caused by the gravitational attraction between Earth's oceans with the Sun and the Moon.
Tides
Deep-water form reefs at temperatures down to 4°C and at depths of up to 2000 meters.
corals
The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is primarily caused by too much ______.
nitrogen
Bacterioplankton are directly involved in recycling nutrients, especially and .
nitrogen carbon
The ecosystem-based fishery management approach differs from the maximum sustainable yield approach because it ______. (Mark all that apply.)
-acknowledges uncertainties in the system -acknowledges diverse societal uses of fish stocks, including fishing, recreation, and tourism
Average surface waters in the Arctic can be as cold as ______.
-1°C Rationale: the salinity allows the water to reach temperatures below the freezing point of fresh water. Waters can form that are much colder than this.
The average temperature range for 90% of the ocean is very constant and varies only from about ______.
-1°C to 4°C (30°F to 40°F)
Which of the following environmental conditions is most likely to create a sand deposit versus a mud deposit?
An exposed coastline with heavy wave action
True or false: A tsunami is a tidal wave.
False
Mariculture
The growing or farming of marine plants and animals
True or false: Every estuary is easily classified into four categories
false
A tidal bore is a ______.
fast-moving, rising tide
True or false: Episodic waves are created from a well-understood set of conditions.
False
Aquaculture
The growing or farming of animals and plants in a water environment
Food webs describe the ______.
flow of nutrients and food between different groups of organisms
When a deep-water wave approaches shore, it transitions to a shallow-water wave, and the water particle orbits change shape as they interact with the land. What is this interaction commonly known as?
"Feeling bottom"
When a narrow, fast-moving current moves into or through slower-moving water, the current oscillates and develops waves along its boundary that are known as meanders. The meanders break off to form , or pockets of water moving with a circular motion.
eddies
Which of the following statements correctly describe progressive wind waves? (Choose all that apply.)
Progress in a particular direction generated by wind restored by gravity
wind waves are deep-water, generated by wind, restored by gravity, and move in a particular direction.
Progressive
The South Equatorial Current, Brazil Current, and Benguela Current are all found in the ______.
South Atlantic
Which of the following characteristics are true of the Pacific Ocean? (Mark all that apply.)
There is no large source of deep water similar to that found in the North Atlantic. The deeper water of the South Pacific Ocean is the water of the Antarctic circumpolar flow.
Langmuir cells are ______.
composed of paired right- and left-handed helices that form shallow circulation convergence zones
Movement of water through the entire Great Ocean Conveyor Belt ______.
could take as long as 1000 years or more
During a harmful , both toxic and nuisance phytoplankton increase dramatically in number.
algal blooms
In general, the temperature of seawater ______ with depth.
decreases
Waves may off a physical barrier, creating different types of interference patterns with incoming waves.
reflect
A wave with no progressive motion is called a wave.
standing
Which of the following are small, shrimplike crustaceans that are widespread in the world's oceans? (Mark all that apply.)
Euphausiids Copepods Krill
Which of the following are examples of ways humans have played a role in introducing species to new geographic areas in time spans that far exceed a natural rate of species expansion? (Mark all that apply.)
European sailors coming to settle the North American continent had barnacles and snails attached to their boats. The steel hulls of today's modern ships fill and discharge ballast water before and after transoceanic crossings.
True or false: Tidal motion only affects the uppermost portion of the ocean.
False
True or false: The deep-sea benthic environment is completely devoid of life.
False Many species of organisms can exist on the deep-sea floor, including nematode worms, burrowing crustaceans, and segmented worms.
True or false: Global climate is driven solely by interaction between the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
False Rationale: Interactions between the atmosphere and hydrosphere are important drivers of climate, but interactions between those two and the cryosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and anthrosphere drive climate as well.
Match the whale species to its correct suborder.
Sperm whale - Odontocetes Blue whale - Mysticetes
Match the term to its correct characteristic.
Submerged rocky bottoms - Regions that are always underwater Intertidal zones -Regions that are exposed periodically between high and low tides
Select the largest single habitat on Earth.
The marine environment
Which of the following factors describe the natural tide wave as compared to the water-covered model tide wave? (Select all that apply.)
The natural tide wave is discontinuous. The natural tide wave can oscillate in ocean basins like a standing wave. The Coriolis effect plays a role in natural tide wave behavior.
How did a bright green tropical seaweed, Caulerpa taxifolia, get into the Mediterranean Sea?
The seaweed escaped during a routine tank cleaning at Monaco's aquarium.
What types of information are provided by a tide table? (Select all that apply.)
The water levels of high and low water Date and time of high-water levels Date and time of low-water levels
What happens to waves that move through a barrier with a small opening?
The waves are diffracted, and wave energy is spread out.
Why are astronomical data alone not enough to predict daily tides?
There are so many specific factors to consider that actual measurements are needed.
Which of the following are characteristics of sea stars? (Mark all that apply.)
They live in the lower littoral zone. They possess tube feet that are operated by a water-vascular system. They extrude their stomachs through their mouths and begin the digestion of prey outside of their bodies.
Why is understanding ocean tides complex? (Select all that apply.)
They result from different types of tides interacting. They can be created by the combination of both standing and progressive waves.
What happens to waves that are reflected off of a physical barrier?
They return in the general opposite direction from where they came and create different types of interference patterns with incoming waves.
How can a bird or a reptile be considered a "marine" animal?
They spend at least 50% of their lives in the marine environment.
Biomechanics involves the study of how ______.
chemistry and physics affect basic biological characteristics
The idea of a common ancestor in the theory of evolution explains that ______.
all life on Earth evolved from one organism
A sea creature with a swimbladder will ______ affected by a drastic change in pressure.
be adversely
An accumulation of sand along the shore is called a(n) .
beach
Unlike most fishes, most sharks ______.
bear live young
The light generated by organisms themselves is called ______.
bioluminescence
Research into factors such as how size and shape affect an organism's transportation of mass and energy is conducted in the field of ______.
biomechanics
Nekton are oceanic organisms that are _____. (Mark all that apply.)
capable of directing their movement through the neritic and pelagic environments either invertebrates or vertebrates
Primary production in the ocean involves phytoplankton, which require ______ to carry out the process of photosynthesis. (Mark all that apply.)
carbon dioxide sunlight inorganic nutrients
The gravitational force, or ______ force, of the Sun or the Moon holds Earth in orbit.
centripetal
Whales belong to a group of mammals called .
cetaceans
Toxicants introduced to the ocean include _____. (Mark all that apply.)
chemical compounds heavy metals excessive concentrations of nutrients
One indirect impact of fishing that has been observed is a shift in fishing focus from large apex predators to species at lower trophic levels. This phenomenon is called ______.
fishing down the food web
Most of the plastic trash coming from the commercial fishing industry is ______.
fishing gear
What features are found on primary coasts, are U-shaped narrow channels, and are formed by glacial erosion and, later, sea-level rise.
fjords
Marine snakes have _____ tails, but terrestrial snakes do not.
flattened
time is the length of time needed for an estuary to exchange its water.
flushing
describe the flow of nutrients and food between different groups of organisms.
food webs
The production of organic material from inorganic nutrients using light energy is termed production.
primary
Phytoplankton primary is controlled by temperature, light levels, and inorganic nutrient concentrations.
productivity
The most dramatic differences in salinity occur near estuaries. This is because of the ______.
proximity to freshwater sources
Internal waves can be found at the ______.
pycnocline below the water surface
Over many tidal cycles, the net movement of water in a partially mixed estuary is toward the at the surface and toward the land at depth.
sea
Factors that influence the salinity of surface waters include ______. (Select all that apply.)
seasonal changes climate temperature circulation patterns
As a result of the 1972 Clean Water Act, sewage must be treated at the ______ level before being released.
secondary
Natural is the process in which those organisms best suited for their environment are more likely to reproduce successfully.
selection
The two high and two low tides experienced by a point on Earth's surface, as it rotates through the water bulges created by inertia and gravity, result in a ______ pattern.
semidiurnal tide
The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is caused by ______. (Select all that apply.)
sewage animal manure nitrogen-based fertilizers
Tsunamis are ______ waves.
shallow-water
An organism with an average density greater than that of surrounding seawater will tend to .
sink
An organism's ability to exchange heat with the environment using conductive transport is limited mainly by the ______ of the organism.
size
Plankton are ______.
small organisms that tend to be moved by currents from place to place while suspended in seawater
The most abundant organisms in the ocean are the ______ organisms.
smallest
The deeper the tide pool and the greater the volume of water, the more ______ the environment after its isolation from a receding tide.
stable
Phytoplankton is equal to the total biomass of the phytoplankton community at any instant in time.
standing stock
The total biomass of the phytoplankton community at any instant is referred to as the phytoplankton ______.
standing stock
Water rushing up onto the beach is called ______, and the resulting water moving back to the sea is called ______.
swash; backwash
Primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers represent different steps in the transfer of carbon and nutrients, and each step represents a different ______.
trophic level
The major zones of surface water convergence occur where? (Mark all that apply.)
- 30-40 degrees N and S - 50 degrees N and S - the equator
All life can be divided into two groups of organisms based on how they derive energy and carbon for growth. are able to make their own organic matter from sunlight or chemical energy, but must consume preexisting organic matter.
1. autotrophs 2. heterotrophs
Match the word to the correct blank in the phrase describing one of the three types of secondary coasts.
1. erosion: Formed through ______ by waves, currents, or the dissolving action of seawater 2. tides: Formed from wave, ______, or current deposits 3. Created through marine plant or ______ activity
In the disphotic zone, there is some light but not enough to support photosynthesis. However, in the zone, above there is enough light, and in the zone, below there is no light.
1. euphotic 2. aphotic
Select all the statements that apply to prokaryotes.
1. fossil examples date back at least 3.5 billion years 2. bacteria and archaea belong to the group 3. they possess a simple cell architecture
Order the zones of the sea floor. Place the shallowest zone on top.
1. littoral 2. bathyal 3. abyssal 4. hadal
Identify the two main mechanisms that allow nutrients to enter the surface waters.
1. nutrient runoff from land 2. upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters
The average number of large tanker spills per decade was ______ per year in the 1970s and ______ per year in the 2000s.
24; 3
Which of the following is a predator that has been shown to experience population outbreaks that threaten coral polyps?
Acanthaster, the crown of thorns starfish
Which of the following are impacts of plastics on marine animals? (Mark all that apply.)
Animals may ingest plastics, mistaking them for prey. Animals may become entangled in plastics.
is the growing or farming of animals and plants in a water environment, but the term is specifically used for the growing or farming of marine plants and animals. (Use only one word per blank.)
Aquaculture Mariculture
______ fringe about one-sixth of the world's coastlines and provide habitat for tens of thousands of fish and other organisms.
Coral reefs
Of all the causes for tsunamis listed below, which is the most common?
Displacement of Earth's crust below the sea surface
Match the tide with its description.
Diurnal - One high tide and one low tide occur each day Semidiurnal - Two high tides and two low tides occur each day Semidiurnal mixed - High tides and low tides reach different levels
Which of the following statements correctly describe the Santa Barbara, California, harbor project? (Select all that apply.)
Dredge pumps are used to keep the harbor open. The longshore current was blocked. A jetty and breakwater were constructed to form a boat harbor.
What is the name of the method by which oceanographers study tides as they occur naturally?
Dynamic tidal analysis
The sea surface is elevated in the interior of the major current gyres because ______.
Ekman transport results in wind-driven surface water being deflected toward the center
Match a way that oceanographers analyze tides with its correct description.
Equilibrium tidal theory - Tides are mathematically ideal wave forms and behave uniformly. Dynamic tidal analysis - Tides are natural and are modified by landmasses, basin geometry, and Earth's rotation.
Which of the following is not an important reason for understanding net circulation patterns within estuaries?
Estuaries have not been developed and may contain important natural resources.
Which of the following characteristic is true regarding jawless fish?
Evolutionarily, they are the most primitive of fishes.
Copepods and euphausiids are ______. (Mark all that apply.)
Found throughout the world's oceans Able to consume more than half of their body weight each day. basically herbivorous
spend their entire lives as plankton, but spend only a portion of their lives as plankton.
Holoplankton Meroplankton
Match each general category of zooplankton to its correct description.
Holoplankton - Spend their entire lives as plankton Meroplankton - Spend only a portion of their lives as plankton
Which of the following are characteristics of the periwinkle snail that allow it to survive in the rocky intertidal? (Choose all that apply.)
It can seal its shell closed to prevent moisture loss.It is an air-breather.
What is an estuary?
It is a type of semienclosed body of salt water in a coastal zone.
Which of these statements correctly describe the surf zone? (Choose all that apply.)
It is along the coast. It is shallow. It is variable in width.
Which of the following are characteristics of the periwinkle snail that allow it to survive in the rocky intertidal? (Choose all that apply.)
It is an air-breather. It can seal its shell closed to prevent moisture loss.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the Sun tide? (Choose all that apply.)
It is weaker than the Moon tide. The tidal day of the Sun is shorter than the tidal day of the Moon.
Why do seabirds breed in dense colonies (as large as a million or more birds) on islands, cliffs, or headlands?
It provides them with protection from land predators.
______ are the largest of the algae, have a strong stipe and holdfast, and are able to colonize rocky points in fast currents or heavy surf.
Kelps
Which of the following are examples of marine plants? (Mark all that apply.)
Mangroves Cordgrasses Seagrasses
Why are marine wetlands referred to as "nursery" areas?
Marine wetland habitats provide food and shelter for many marine organisms during their larval and juvenile life stages.
Which of the following are true regarding marine wetlands? (Mark all that apply.)
Marine wetlands are important spawning areas for marine fish. Marine wetlands are important for the life cycle of many commercially valuable species such as crabs, shrimp, and oysters.
Which of the following characteristics are true about sharks? (Mark all that apply.)
Receptors along the shark's sides are sensitive to touch, vibration, currents, sound, and pressure. Sharkskin is extremely abrasive, like sandpaper. Sharks have an acute sense of smell.
What is the net circulation of the water in a partially mixed estuary?
Seaward at the top and landward at depth
Which of the following are true of marine mammals? (Mark all that apply.)
Some marine mammals return to land to give birth. All marine mammals are warm-blooded. All marine mammals have hair at some point during their development.
What were the sources of the oil spills that occurred as a result of the Gulf War? (Mark all that apply.)
Some oil was deliberately released. Bombing of some sites led to oil being released. Some oil spilled from a refinery that was damaged in the battle.
Which of the following waves is one that does not progress?
Standing wave
Why is the Sun tide less influential to Earth than the Moon tide?
The Sun is very far away from Earth.
What is taxonomy?
The classification of organisms based on morphology
Identify the positive feedback mechanism in the list below.
The formation of sea ice increases the albedo, decreasing heat absorption and leading to more cooling and sea ice formation. Rationale: The change (sea ice formation) results in more sea ice formation, thus making the increase in albedo a positive feedback mechanism.
What do cotidal lines represent?
The location of the tide crest at set time intervals
Which of the following is the best definition of the surf zone?
The shallow area along the coast where waves slow, steepen, and break
Choose the reasons why tidal power generally is more expensive to generate than other energy sources. (Select all that apply.)
The tides do not continuously have the same amount of energy available. The locations that work to create tidal power are often remote. The installation of the power systems can be complicated.
What is the flushing time in relationship to an estuary?
The time it takes for the estuary to exchange its water
Which marine organisms are most sensitive to changes in pH?
Those that use CaCO3 to create shells
______ tend to maintain a volume of seawater above the receding tide line and are found along rocky shores.
Tide pools
______ account for somewhere between one-quarter and one-third of all marine species.
Tropical coral reefs
Select the statement below that best represents how all life on Earth is most likely related.
all life on Earth likely shares one common ancestor
With the world's demand for seafood on the rise but declines in harvests of wild fish stocks occurring, the market has become the fastest-growing area of global food production.
aquaculture
Tidal motion occurs ______.
at all depths
Countershading is a ______.
color pattern where a marine organism's back is dark and the underside is light
A beach that is in dynamic equilibrium ______.
does not appear to change
A beach that appears not to change is likely in a state of ______ equilibrium, with the loss of sand equaling the gain of new sand.
dynamic
As seawater temperature decreases, the density of seawater ______.
increases
In regard to the Atlantic cod fishery, the two major factors that led to its collapse were ______.
increasing fishing technology and increases in the size of the fishing fleets
Fish farming is the fastest-growing area of global food production, as a result of ______.
increasing global demand for seafood and a declining wild fish harvest
Biologists have noted that patterns form as algae and animals sort themselves out over the intertidal zone according to their ability to cope with stresses that accompany exposure, turbulence, loss of water, and food web dynamics. This grouping pattern is called ______ zonation.
intertidal
The purpose of whaling in the 1700s and 1800s was to hunt whales for their and .
oil baleen
Whaling was conducted in the 1700s and 1800s in order to get ______ from whales. (Mark all that apply.)
oil baleen
A diurnal tide has high and low tide(s) each day, whereas a semidiurnal tide has high and low tide(s) each day.
one two
A declinational, or diurnal, tide includes ______ low tide(s) and ______ high tide(s) each day.
one; one
Because of the "biological pump," ______. (Mark all that apply.)
organic compounds sink deeper in the water column, serving as food for other organisms organic matter generated from the phytoplankton is transferred through the food web
Molecular transport works best across ______ distances.
shorter
Plastic bottles, plastic bags, and cans are types of ______ waste that pollute beaches and coastal areas.
solid
During a harmful algal bloom, ______. (Mark all that apply.)
some marine organisms may die from exposure to toxins toxic phytoplankton increase in number and may discolor the water
Off the west coast of North America, ______ winter winds lead to downwelling, and ______ summer winds cause upwelling.
southerly; northerly
Intertidal zonation is a pattern that forms as algae and animals sort themselves out according to ______. (Mark all that apply.)
their ability to deal with water loss their ability to cope with exposure to sun and air their ability to cope with wave turbulence
Through the process of photosynthesis, autotrophs respire organic carbon obtained from ______, whereas heterotrophs respire organic carbon obtained from ______.
their own fixation of carbon; consuming organic matter
For many years, Boston Harbor received sewage effluent in a variety of stages and became seriously polluted. The 1972 Clean Water Act mandated a(n) ______.
upgrade of sewage treatment to the secondary treatment level
Because sea stars are ______, other organisms such as scallops, clams, and sea urchins respond by getting away from them as rapidly as possible.
voracious predators
Marine organisms can be grouped by size and habitat. Match the group name to its description.
1. Plankton: Organisms that are generally small and unable to move faster than the currents 2. Nekton: Organisms that are larger and able to move faster than the currents 3. Benthos: Organisms of various size living on or in the sea floor
Imagine that you are walking from land toward the ocean. In what order would you encounter the following three beach areas? Put the first area on top.
1. backshore 2. foreshore 3. offshore
Match the area of the beach to its correct description.
1. backshore: Dry region of the beach that is rarely submerged 2. foreshore: Extends from the dry beach area to the low-tide level 3. offshore: The shallow-water area seaward of low-tide level
Match the structure used to protect beaches to its correct description.
1. breakwater: Built parallel to shore to protect the coast from wave energy 2. jetty: Built perpendicular to shore to protect the coast from wave energy 3. groin: Built perpendicular to shore to trap sand carried in longshore transport
Rank the following vertical areas of the pelagic zone according to how much light is available. Put them in order as they occur in the water column.
1. epipelagic zone 2. mesopelagic zone 3. bathypelagic zone 4. abyssopelagic zone
The movement of water and sediments toward the shore is called current and transport, whereas the resulting movement of water and sediments parallel to the shore is called current and transport.
1. onshore 2. longshore
Match the term associated with wave movement and sediment transport along the beach to its correct description.
1. onshore current: landward motion of water 2. onshore transport: Landward movement of sediment 3. longshore current: Motion of water parallel to shore 4. longshore transport: movement of sediment parallel to shore
Match each seafloor zone to its description.
1. supra littoral: the splash zone, an area only covered by wave spray during the highest spring tides 2. littoral: the intertidal zone, the area covered and uncovered daily by the tides 3. sublittoral: the area from the lowest low tide to the edge of the continental shelf 4. bathyal and abyssal: areas of complete darkness and without seasonal change
Berms are low terraces found on the backshore area of beaches. Match the specific type of berm to its correct description.
1. winter berm: Formed during severe storms; closer to the coastline 2. summer berm: Formed by gentle waves; closer to the water
If you were interested in creating energy from tides, which of the following two situations would you look for?
A location with a large tidal range A place with swift tidal currents in a narrow channel
Match the term to its correct definition.
A water type - Water samples that plot very near each other on a temperature-salinity diagram, possessing values within a narrow temperature and salinity range A water mass - A large body of water that has similar values of temperature and salinity throughout it
Match the term with its correct description.
Breaker - Formed in the surf zone when water particle orbital motion is slowed at the bottom Plunger - Dramatic wave that breaks with a sudden loss of energy and splash Spiller - More common wave that collapses gradually with turbulent water and bubbles
Match the marine mammal species with its correct form of communication.
Humpback whales - Long songs Female gray whales - Series of grunts Weddell seals - Squeaks
In 1972, the U.S. Congress established the ______, which includes a ban on the hunting and killing of all marine mammals and of the importation of any marine mammal or their products.
Marine Mammal Protection Act
Hot-vent communities ______. (Select all that apply.)
are concentrated throughout the world's oceans at regions where there is seafloor spreading are densely populated with animals
Deep-water corals form large reefs ______.
at temperatures down to 4°C
The variety of life in a given area is referred to as ______.
biological diversity
The catching of reef fish can be damaging to corals when fishermen use ______. (Select all that apply.)
boats with anchors that drag along the reef explosives sodium cyanide
A tidal is created when a fast-moving rising tide moves toward land in the form of a spilling wave front.
bore
We say life on Earth is carbon-based. We say this because ______.
both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms require carbon for growth Rationale: Autotrophic organisms require inorganic carbon, and heterotrophic organisms require organic carbon.
Plungers and spillers are known as , which form in the surf zone as water particle motion is affected by the shallowing of water depth.
breakers
Which of the following structures is used to protect beaches from wave energy and is built parallel to shore?
breakwater
Which of the following can be found at a coast? (Select all that apply.)
cliffs dunes beaches bays river mouths
The major difference between climate and weather is ______.
climate is the long-term average of weather
The land edge that is affected by marine processes is known generally as the ______.
coast
Nutrients are more prevalent in ______, making this region much more productive than the ______.
coastal areas due to river and land runoff; open ocean
The standing wave tide in an ocean basin is changed by the Coriolis effect and results in the tide crest rotating ______ around an ocean basin and the tidal current rotating ______.
counterclockwise; clockwise
A fish with a dark back and light underside is said to have a color pattern called .
countershading
The sudden rise or fall of Earth's below the ocean is the primary cause of tsunamis.
crust
The movement of water associated with flood and ebb tides is known as tidal ______.
currents
The ______ fishery management approach views the entire ecosystem as relevant to managing a fishery and allows for the diverse societal uses of fish stocks, including fishing, recreation, tourism, and overall ecosystem health.
ecosystem-based
Unlike in the intertidal zone, organisms do not suffer from ______ in the submerged rocky bottom region.
dessication Dessication refers to how animals can dry out when left exposed to the air for an extended period of time.
A main food source for sand dollars in the mud flats and sandy shores is ______.
detritus
Human activities that directly threaten coral reefs include ______. (Mark all that apply.)
dragging boat anchors increased land runoff of sediments, as a result of development and deforestation trampling by careless sport divers the release of human and animal waste into coastal waters
Benthic organisms that live on or attached to rocky areas and firm sediments are collectively called , whereas animals that live buried in the substrate and are associated with soft sediments, such as mud or sand, are collectively called .
epifauna, infauna
Fish are concentrated in the oceans' upwelling areas, shallow coastal areas, and ______.
estuaries
A(n) is a semi-enclosed body of salt water with a free connection to the ocean, and it has a freshwater source that dilutes the salinity of the water.
estuary
Which of the following is not a secondary coast? One that is formed ______.
from river, glacier, or wind deposits
Oil and seeps occur where faulting has fractured the sea bottom, and hydrocarbons are seeping up onto the surface of the sea floor.
gas
The main difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs is autotrophs can ______.
generate their own organic food source, and heterotrophs cannot
Fjords found along the coasts of Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska were formed by ______.
glacial scouring
The centripetal force is constant and equal to the ______ force of the Sun or the Moon acting at Earth's center.
gravitational
Large, circular motion, wind-driven current systems are known as ______.
gyres
Estuaries found in bays located near 30°N and 30°S ______. (Select all that apply.)
have high evaporation rates are known as inverse estuaries
Fish and other aquatic animals swimming in hypoxic waters can ______.
have trouble breathing because the water is so low in oxygen
The Bay of Fundy is famous for ______.
having a very large tidal range
The greatest height to which a tide rises is known as tide, whereas the lowest point is known as tide (on any given day). (Remember to use only one word per blank.)
high low
A mixed-tide system has two different high-water levels and two different low-water levels per day. The highs are called high water, and the lows are called high water.
higher lower
Seaweeds are attached to the ocean floor by a basal organ known as a that anchors the seaweed firmly to a solid base or substrate.
holdfast
Marine mammals are ______, which means they can maintain a near-constant body temperature, frequently well above the mean water temperature in which they live.
homeotherms
Marine protected areas ______, and marine reserves ______.
include a wide range of legal restrictions on human activity; are focused on prohibiting fishing and other consumptive activities
Estuaries in regions of high evaporation are sometimes called estuaries because the net circulation pattern is of high-density water flowing out to the ocean at depth, while ocean water flows landward at the surface.
inverse
fish have a sucking mouth with teeth or dental plates and lack paired fins and stomachs.
jawless
One example of a toothed whale is the whale featured in the image.
killer
Phytoplankton primary productivity is controlled by ______. (Mark all that apply.)
light levels temperature inorganic nutrient concentrations
As a result of an unstable benthic environment in exposed, sandy beach regions where waves or surf occur, ______ numbers of species can be found.
low Few algae species can attach to such a shifting substrate, and thus limited numbers of grazers are found.
Cyanobacteria are the most abundant phytoplankton in ______.
low-nutrient open-ocean environments
Marine organisms ______ will not be grossly affected by changes in pressure.
made of watery tissues
The environment represents the single largest habitat on Earth.
marine
When marine mammals become entangled in plastic fishing nets, it is frequently fatal because ______.
marine mammals must come to the surface for air
The bulbous, fatty, rounded structure on the forehead of a dolphin is called the ______.
melon
A(n) tide occurs when the low-tide water level falls below the mean value.
minus
What type of tide occurs when the Moon is in the positions marked by the straight arrows in this image? Please give one word as your answer.
neap(West) or spring(North)
Organisms living in the pelagic zone that can move faster than the currents are called , and those that are unable to move faster than the currents are called .
nekton plankton
Seabirds get protection from predation during breeding season by _____.
nesting on islands, cliffs, or headlands
Nutrient regeneration occurs when ______.
organisms decompose and nutrients are released back into seawater in the same ratio that they were taken up
The relationship of production and consumption provides a straightforward way to measure primary productivity. The answers are two different gases.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
Marine creatures that use CaCO3 to create shells are most sensitive to changes in levels in water, but the changes also affect fish larvae and organisms that photosynthesize.
pH
What type of estuary has a strong net seaward flow of fresh water and a strong inflow of seawater at depth?
partially mixed
The estuary shown in this image has a circulation system that rapidly exchanges water between the estuary and the ocean.
partially mixed(some west, some east)
In the process of , carbon is fixed, but in the process of , carbon molecules are broken down and used as an energy source.
photosynthesis; respiration
Photoautotrophs include ______. (Select all that apply.)
phytoplankton macroalgae marine plants
Chlorophyll a is a type of ______ found in phytoplankton that absorbs light primarily in the ______ region of the spectrum.
pigment; blue and red
The most common type of pollutant on U.S. beaches is ______.
plastic
The most common type of pollutant on U.S. beaches is debris. (Use only one word per blank.)
plastic
Sea turtles frequently mistake ______ for their jellyfish prey and ingest them, causing the turtles to get sick or die.
plastic bags
The cell wall of dinoflagellates is composed of cellulose, and some species form ______ structures on their cell walls.
plate-like
Waves bend, or , as they approach the shore at an angle, causing the more forward part of the wave crest to slow down.
refract
Nutrient occurs when an organism dies and decomposes, releasing nutrients back into the system in the same ratio they were removed.
regeneration
Biological diversity refers to the ______.
richness and variety of life found on our planet
currents are caused by the quick seaward flow of water, usually near the beach.
rip
Water that accumulates against the beach due to wave action commonly returns to the sea in narrow, swift-flowing regions known as ______.
rip currents
What type of estuary occurs within the mouth of a river flowing directly into salt water? Here fresh water flows out to sea at the surface, and denser seawater flows upstream along the river bottom.
salt wedge
Schooling has evolved independently in the majority of fish species because it ______. (Mark all that apply.)
saves energy reduces individual encounters with predators may confuse predators may enhance foraging success
turtles cannot retract their heads into their shells, but turtles can.
sea land
The of a wave is equal to its wavelength divided by its period.
speed
Oil that occur in the ocean are associated with both the drilling practices at offshore wells and the bulk transportation of oil to different countries.
spills
"Fishing down the food web" describes the fishing practice of ______.
taking the largest fish first, and when those are gone, then the next largest, and so on
A coast line with ____ has the best potential to be developed for wave power
tall waves
The classification of organisms based on shared traits is .
taxonomy
To adapt to a scarce food supply in the deep sea, some species of fish have ______. (Mark all that apply.)
teeth that point inward to lessen the potential for prey to escape expandable guts hinged jaws
The motion, or flow, of water in the ocean resulting from variations in water density is called ______.
thermohaline circulation
give the dates, times, and high- and low-water levels at primary tide stations.
tide tables
A ______ is a substance such as heavy metals, chemical compounds, and excessive concentrations of nutrients that degrades the environment and is harmful to organisms.
toxicant
Hydrocarbons, bacteria, chlorine, and pesticides are all examples of that degrade water quality.
toxicants
In a pyramid-shaped transfer of energy and organic material from primary producers to apex predators, a food chain is observed whereby energy is linearly transferred from one to the next.
trophic level
Researchers carefully monitor the North Atlantic Oscillations because ______.
understanding them would improve our ability to predict climate
Coastal areas are generally more productive than the open ocean because ______. (Mark all that apply.)
upwelled, deep water brings nutrient-rich water to the surface runoff from land supplies nutrients to these regions fresh water can stabilize the water column, keeping the phytoplankton in well-illuminated surface waters
A ______ surf zone offer more protection from waves because the energy is dissipated over a ______ distance.
wider; longer
A summer berm is formed by gentle waves in spring and summer, whereas a(n) , or storm berm is formed higher up on the beach by strong storm waves.
winter
During what time of the year is it more likely for large storm waves to carry sand from the beach and deposit it in offshore bars?
winter
The Sun's role in producing tides is greater during the Northern Hemisphere because Earth is closer to the Sun at this time of year.
winter
The majority of the world's population lives ______.
within 100 km of a coastline
Another word for the term eustatic is _______.
worldwide
Dead zones have been reported ______.
worldwide
______ waves are abnormally high waves that are created by a special combination of questionable circumstances, appear suddenly, and appear unrelated to local sea conditions.
Episodic
Western intensification of currents traveling from low to high latitudes is related to the ______. (Mark all that apply.)
-the friction between landmasses and ocean water currents-the changing strength and direction of the east-west wind field (trade winds and westerlies) with latitude
A convenient unit for reporting transport volume of the ocean's currents is the Sverdrup. A Sverdrup equals ______.
1 million cubic meters per second
The total salinity range of 75% of the ocean is between ______.
34.5 and 35.0 parts per thousand (ppt)
The ______ Ocean is covered by extensive continental shelves and is made up of two basins, the Eurasian to the east and the Canadian to the west.
Arctic
Match the component of the following equation to calculate the speed of a wave to its correct description.
C - Speed L - Wavelength T - Wave period
Match the the type of interference, experienced when a wave train collides with another wave train, with its correct description.
Constructive interference - Similar waves approach from opposite directions, and their crests coincide. Destructive interference - Similar waves approach from opposite directions, and one's crests coincide with the other's troughs.
______ waters are more closely associated with downwelling, whereas _____ waters are more closely associated with upwelling.
Convergent; divergent
Match the wave term to its correct description.
Crest - Highest point of a wave Trough - Lowest point of a wave Period - Time for two crests or troughs to pass a stationary point Frequency - How many wave cycles pass a stationary point in 1 second Steepness - Wave height/wavelength
Match the zone to its correct characteristics.
Downwelling zone - Known for containing oxygen-rich water Upwelling zone - Known for containing low oxygen-content, nutrient-rich water
True or false: The Arctic Ocean gyre is centered on the North Pole.
False
True or false: The water particles in deep-water waves are moving toward shore.
False
True or false: There are five major divergence zones in the ocean, including at the equator, two subtropical convergences, and two at about 50° N and S.
False
Which of the following are restoring forces that influence waves? (Select all that apply.)
Gravity Surface tension
Mark all of the following currents that are found in the North Atlantic.
Gulf Stream North Equatorial Current Florida Current
Match the correct latitude with the characteristics for the temperature-verses-depth profile for that zone.
High latitudes - ChoiceThere is no permanent thermocline; however, weak seasonal thermoclines can develop in the summer. There is no permanent thermocline; however, weak seasonal thermoclines can develop in the summer. Mid-latitudes - Significant seasonal variation occurs here in the temperature-versus-depth profile. Significant seasonal variation occurs here in the temperature-versus-depth profile. Low latitudes - There is no development of a seasonal thermocline, and the three temperature layers are quite stable.
Which of the following factors drive ocean surface currents? (Select all that apply.)
Internal inertia Wind Coriolis effect
Mark all of the major Pacific Ocean surface currents.
Kuroshio Current North Equatorial Current California Current
Windrows, or streaks of foam and surface debris that are seen trailing off in the direction the wind is blowing, mark the convergence zones of shallow circulation cells known as cells.
Langmuir
What happens when wave trains traveling in the same direction join together in phase—that is, wave crest coincides with wave crest?
Large-amplitude waves can be created.
Match the water mass of the Atlantic Ocean with its correct characteristics.
North Atlantic deep water - This water sinks and moves southward from the Norwegian Sea along the east side of the Atlantic. Antarctic bottom water - This water mass is the densest water in the ocean and sinks to the ocean floor. It moves slowly northward through the deep South Atlantic ocean basins west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Mediterranean intermediate water - This water possesses an intermediate water density and flows out of the Strait of Gibraltar for about 1500 miles before being lost through modification and mixing.
Over the depth of an Ekman spiral, the water moves 90° to the right in the Hemisphere and 90° to the left in the Hemisphere.
Northern Southern
The Ocean has very sluggish deep-water flows with conditions below 6600 ft being very uniform, and its residence time for deep water is about twice that of deep water in the Atlantic.
Pacific
The Oyashio Current, Alaska Current, and Humbolt Current are all found in the ______ Ocean.
Pacific
There are many forces that influence waves; they are classified as either generating or restoring forces. Select all of the following that are generating forces.
Physical displacement Pressure differences Wind Earthquakes
Match the water column type to the correct definition.
Stable water column - A column of water where the density increases with depth Unstable water column - A column of water that consists of higher-density water on top of lower-density water
The unit used to measure the transport volume of an ocean current is the ______.
Sverdrup
As a result of Ekman transport, a portion of wind-driven surface water is deflected toward the center of each large gyre, causing ______.
a convergent lens of surface water to become elevated above the equilibrium sea level
Each layer of the ocean receives its characteristic salinity, temperature, and density ______.
at the surface
Sensors used to directly measure current speed and direction at fixed locations are called ______.
current meters
Most waves in the open ocean are -water waves that transition into -water waves when they approach the coast. (Use only one word per blank.)
deep shallow
Wind-generated gravity waves are divided into two categories based on the ______ of the water they travel in comparison to their wavelength.
depth
Speed of current flow may not be directly related to surface wind speed but can be affected by the ______. (Mark all that apply.)
depth and width of the current presence of another current rotation of Earth
The speed of a deep-water wave (Cdeep) is ______ proportional to its period (T) and wavelength (L). Cdeep = 1.56 T or Cdeep = 1.25 √L
directly
Areas of thermohaline circulation where water sinks are called zones and areas of rising waters are called zones.
downwelling upwelling
One technique for measuring currents involves using ______ with postcards in them and asking the finder to record the time of discovery and location and return the postcard.
drift bottles
The types of energy in a wave come from the ______ of the wave (potential) and the ______ of the water particles in their orbits (kinetic).
elevation; motion
The larger the wavelength, and the longer the period, the the speed of a wave.
faster
The distance over water that the wind blows in the same direction is called .
fetch
The North Atlantic Oscillation possesses pools of warm and cool surface water that have an estimated life span of ______.
four to ten years
Seawater density is ______ to temperature and ______ to salinity.
inversely proportional; directly proportional
In general, a water ______ refers to a larger body of water than that defined as a water ______, but both show similar values of temperature and salinity.
mass; type
The group speed of a wave train is ______ that of an individual wave and is the speed at which wave energy is transported away from its source in deep water.
one-half
Eddies are ______.
pockets of water moving in a circular motion
Circulation in the Arctic Ocean is driven by the ______, which produce a large, ______ gyre.
polar easterlies; clockwise
The surface current acted upon by the Coriolis effect is deflected to the ______ of the driving wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and to the ______ in the Southern Hemisphere.
right; left
The total range of 75% of the ocean is between 34.5 and 35.0 parts per thousand (ppt).
salinity
Group speed is ______ the speed of each individual wave in a wave train.
slower than
When the cross-sectional area of a current expands, the current ______.
slows down, because flow is distributed over the width and depth of the current
In regard to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, cold and wet conditions are associated with a(n) ______ current flow, and warm and dry conditions are associated with a(n) ______ flow.
southern; northern
To measure and define a current, you need to know the water's and . (Use only one word per blank.)
speed direction
Wave trains are packets of waves with similar ______ and ______. (Select two.)
speed period
If the density of water increases with depth, the water column from the surface to that depth is ______. If there is higher-density water on top of lower-density water, the water column is ______.
stable; unstable
The maximum possible height for a given wavelength is the measurement of a wave's .
steepness
Thermohaline circulation is a motion, or flow, of ocean water caused by variations in density due to differences in and .
temperature salinity
Wave are groups of waves with approximately the same period and speed.
trains
In the image, variations in the average height of the sea surface are shown. Red indicates the highest elevations and green and blue the lowest. It is observed that the peak of water height is found on the ______ side of the ocean basins.
western
The currents of the Indonesian Throughflow generally flow in a ______ direction.
westward
