Old Exams

The average litter size is larger for small family farms (<99 sows) than for large family farms. a. True b. False

b. False

Some pathogens (usually viruses) can evade the host animal defenses and can hide in the body. At some time, usually when the animal is under stress the pathogen can reemerge and cause a disease. This is called what? a. A latent infection b. Oncogenesis c. HPV d. Zoonosis e. Chicken pox

a. A latent infection the only one that could be a term for a reemergent disease, the others are specific terms or types of viruses

What is the difference between a locus and an allele? a. A locus is the location where the gene is found on the chromosome and the allele is the genetic code at that locus b. An allele is the location where the gene is found on the chromosome and the locus is the genetic code at that allele c. A locus is the specific chromosome that a gene is located on and an allele is where on the chromosome the gene is located

a. A locus is the location where the gene is found on the chromosome and the allele is the genetic code at that locus

Which one of the following category of people believe in using animals, but are concerned for the welfare of the animals that are being used? a. Animal welfarist b. Animal rightist c. Animal abolitionists d. Animal sentientist e. Animal anthrophorphist

a. Animal welfarist B and c are opposed to use of animals, d and e contain terms you have heard before, but don't relate to the question

Different species have evolved different physiological characteristics that are unique to that species. One physiological difference between species is penis shape. Which species has a cork-screw penis? One could also ask the question of which came first the corkscrew penis or the interdigitating prominences in the female cervix. a. Boar b. Horse c. Cock (chicken) d. Ram e. Bull

a. Boar

Which mineral has important structural functions? a. Calcium b. Magnesium c. Sodium d. Potassium e. Zinc

a. Calcium

Within the US, which species brings in the most cash receipts? It may, or may not be the one consumed in the highest quantity. a. Cattle b. Chicken c. Goats and Sheep d. Pig e. Fish

a. Cattle

The pharmaceutical industry has changed significantly over the last 20-30 years. They used to do all of the compound screening of thousands of chemical compounds in-house (within the company) and they had people with expertise in very specific areas. Thus, they bore all of the up front screening costs and risks (since they could screen hundreds of thousands of compounds to find 10 that were worth investigating further and they may (or may not) end up with one compound that would be worth trying to develop into a product. If they decided to go in a different direction (say from developing antibiotics to psychological or heart medicines) they had all of the people that were experts on antibiotics, but not in the new areas, so it was difficult for them to change directions quickly. Now they are more like venture capitalists, there is a small core group and they search for biotech companies or universities that are now doing all of the screening and taking all of the early risk (Purdue has a Drug Discovery building and also a drug manufacturing facility) and they either purchase biotech companies with promising products, or they license the compounds from the biotech company or university. Once they have identified a potential compound, they still have to do rigorous research to show efficacy (that it works) and safety. Instead of doing that research in-house, they contract with other independent companies to do that research. These are commonly called CROs. What does CRO stand for? a. Contract Research Organization b. Contract Regulatory Organization c. Collaborative Research Organization d. Community for Research Optimization e. Companies for Research Opportunities

a. Contract Research Organization

Many dairy producers use a service that keeps records and helps in decision making because it reports income, feed costs, breeding summaries, rolling yearly average for milk production and component production, and predicted genetic ability of parent's offspring. What is this service's abbreviation? a. DHI b. DHA c. ADH d. ADR e. DHS

a. DHI Dairy Heard Improvement

Which is generally considered to be a more acute and virulent (extremely severe or harmful) disease? a. Ebola b. Flu virus c. E. coli O157 d. Salmonella e. Lice

a. Ebola

The ability of one gene to mask the expression of another gene is called? a. Epistasis b. Epigenetics c. Epitope d. Diploid e. Locus

a. Epistasis

There are several welfare issues that the swine issue is facing. The industry is moving away from gestation crates, where the sow can only stand up or lie down for extended periods of time. This is primarily for the benefit of the producer, it is easier to see if the sow is in heat, to artificially inseminate the sow and to treat sick sows. Also, it eliminates sows from fighting or expending energy moving around. The alternative that animal welfare groups are pushing for is to use gestation pens, which allow sows to move around, but there is increased fighting. However, there is another crate system that also has been used for a long time where the sows are in these crates for about 4 weeks. This system has been around at least as long as gestation crates and will probably be around for a while because the main benefit is to the animals. What is this crate system? a. Farrowing crates b. Feeding crates c. Gestation crates d. Crates used during artificial insemination (AI) e. Aviary crates

a. Farrowing crates

Temperature influences the productivity and wellbeing of homeotherms and poikilotherms as well. Which type of animal expends energy to regulate it's body temperature? a. Homeotherms b. Poikilotherms

a. Homeotherms

Young animals do not have a developed immune system at birth/hatch and development of the immune system depends upon exposure to a wide variety of microorganisms for full development. This early exposure to a wide diversity of microorganisms and development of a robust immune system can influence immune function into adulthood. There is a hypothesis that the lack of exposure to a wide variety of microorganisms shortly after birth is one of the causes of many of the autoimmune diseases (asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, psoriasis and others) in humans. What is this hypothesis called? a. Hygiene hypothesisb. Immune memory hypothesis c. Autoimmune hypothesis d. Infant immune hypothesis e. Grinch hypothesis

a. Hygiene hypothesis I talked about this name when I talked about development of the immune system in class

The host (livestock, companion animals, you and I) have a lot of defenses against pathogens, ranging from epithelial (external - skin, internal mucosal epithelium) surfaces, low pH in the stomach, and my favorite pathogen defense the commensal (good or beneficial) bacteria. However, sometimes a pathogen can evade all of these defense systems and get into the blood stream. At this point the immune system takes over. There are two components to the immune system that have different response rates and different functions. Which one responds rapidly (within minutes or hours) in response to a pathogen invasion? a. Innate immune system component b. Adaptive immune system component

a. Innate immune system component

The broiler industry is the most highly integrated industry of all of the poultry industries. It is expensive to build new barns and in many areas where poultry farms exist, there are a number of private farms that can be convinced to raise poultry and the larger company contracts with these private companies to produce x amount of birds. What does the private farm bring to the contract? a. Labor and housing b. Labor, housing and feed c. Labor, housing and genetics d. Labor, housing, feed and genetics e. Labor, housing, feed, genetics and financing

a. Labor and housing

There have been a number of cycles in beef supply and prices. Are these cycles longer or shorter for beef than for pigs? Which has the longer life cycle??? a. Longer b. Shorter

a. Longer

Cholesterol is the precursor for a number of steroid hormones. Cholesterol is converted into progesterone, which then can be converted into either testosterone in males or estrogen in females? Which hormone is the primary hormone that stimulates testosterone production in the male? a. Luteinizing hormone b. Prostaglandin c. Growth hormone d. Follicle stimulating hormone e. Gonadotropin releasing hormone

a. Luteinizing hormone

Most of the top swine producing states are in the Midwest. Why did North Carolina become one of the top swine producing states in the 1990s, when it was not that important 30 years ago? a. NC wanted to increase industry and passed laws (decreased environmental regulations as well as financial benefits) to encourage the livestock industry to move to NC b. NC started growing more corn and soybeans so they didn't have to transport feed ingredients from the Midwest. Feed costs are over 50% of the cost of raising pigs. c. They export all of their all of their pigs d. Because pig production was not intensive before, thus they had room to grow e. It is the national headquarters for Tyson Farms

a. NC wanted to increase industry and passed laws (decreased environmental regulations as well as financial benefits) to encourage the livestock industry to move to NC

Where is most of the money generated from the race horse industry? a. Off-track and pari-mutuel betting b. Racing fees charged to race horse owners c. Admission and concession fees d. On-track betting e. Breeding programs and horse sales

a. Off-track and pari-mutuel betting

What is the function of the vas deferens? a. Passage of spermatozoa during ejaculation b. Site of development and maturation of spermatozoa c. Site of spermatozoa production d. Site of spermatozoa collection from the seminiferous tubules and transport to the epididymis e. Site that mature sperm collect prior to ejaculation

a. Passage of spermatozoa during ejaculation

There are costs associated with swine production, one can decide to either pay for labor or capital in a farm operation. Which type of farm operation pays more for labor costs (on a $/pig basis) a. Pasture system b. Intensive farrow to finish system c. Grow/finish system d. Rota cross breeding system e. Embryo transfer breeding system

a. Pasture system

Ah, hormones - substances secreted by a cell or gland acting on a target tissue (usually some distance away from where the hormone is secreted). There are hundreds of hormones which control every aspect of your body function. We did not talk very much about GnRH (which actually stimulates release of other reproductive hormones) and is produced in the hypothalamus, or oxytocin, which is also produced in the hypothalamus, but actually stored in the posterior pituitary gland. FSH stimulates follicle growth and LH stimulates ovulation in the female. Where are these hormones produced? a. Pituitary gland b. Hypothalamus c. Adrenal cortex d. Frontal cortex e. Cerebellum

a. Pituitary gland

Hormones are substances produced in one location of the body that have actions in other parts of the body. LH and FSHA are male hormones that are directly involved in reproduction. Although their action is on the testes where are these hormones produced? a. Pituitary gland b. Hippocampal region of the brain c. Adrenal glands d. Thyroid gland e. Pancreas

a. Pituitary gland

There are a lot of issues facing the human population in the future. The Department of Animal Sciences has people with expertise to address aspects of some, but not all of these issues. Which issue does the Department of Animal Sciences NOT have any expertise to address? a. Population b. Efficiency of animal production c. Feeding the world/food quality d. Animal health and well being e. Impact of animal production on the environment

a. Population

People talk about qualitative traits and quantitative traits. Some genes can be either dominant or recessive in their phenotypic expression. Which types of genes do we normally think about when we think about dominant and recessive genes? a. Qualitative genes b. Quantitative genes

a. Qualitative genes

Although dogs, cats and rodents have similar gestation lengths of 60-70 days, they reach sexual maturity at different ages and have different lifespans. Which companion animal species has the shortest lifespan? a. Rodent b. Cat c. Dog d. Elephant e. Macaw

a. Rodent I didn't talk about elephants or Macaws, but both have long lifespans. Of the ones that were in the ppt, or that I talked about, rodents have the shortest lifespan.

Where's the beef - as in which of the following states has the most of the large beef feedlots in the US? a. Texas b. Indiana c. Wyoming d. North Dakota e. Missouri

a. Texas the only state on the list in the ppt, the other states are more cow-calf states

During metabolism animal tissues produce reactive oxygen radicals which are thought to be damaging to tissues because they are oxidizing molecules. Thus, there is interest in providing animals (including humans) with antioxidents. Which vitamin is thought of as being a good antioxidant and is found in high quantities in cereal grains? It is also a fat soluble vitamin. a. Vitamin E b. Thiamine c. Riboflavin d. Vitamin Z e. Niacin

a. Vitamin E all you need to know was that this was the only fat soluble vitamin

Who was Thomas Malthus? a. The English cleric and scholar in the late 1700's who developed the theory of population growth overwhelming food resources unless there were interventions b. The English environmental scientist in the mid 1970's who developed the global warming theory c. The English physician that identified the cause of the Yersinia pestis epidemic and came up with a cure for it, thus ending the epidemic d. The Spanish ruler who funded Columbus to sail the oceans blue and discover the New World. e. The French population scientist that predicted that there would be 9 billion people on the earth by 2050

a. The English cleric and scholar in the late 1700's who developed the theory of population growth overwhelming food resources unless there were interventions

Suppose that you were breeding a Landrace male pig with a Duroc female pig (first, why would you do that since the Landrace have better maternal characteristics and the Duroc is more muscular) and then you mate offspring from that first cross (F1) with each other to produce a second set of offspring (F2). Which set of offspring would be more uniform in phenotype? a. The F1 generation b. The F2 generation

a. The F1 generation

At what time during the lactation cycle is the cow in a negative energy balance because she can't consume enough feed for the milk she is producing? a. The first three months b. The middle three months c. The last three months when the fetus is growing rapidly d. The dry period e. She is never in a negative energy balance

a. The first three months

Why do poultry producers limit light to growing laying hens (<20 wks of age)? a. To decrease egg laying prior to transfer to the egg laying facilities b. To keep them calm because they can't see things that may startle them c. So that they don't move around much and most of the energy goes into egg production d. Low light stimulates feed consumption, which then increases egg production e. They don't, they use high light to stimulate feed consumption so the hens will grow faster

a. To decrease egg laying prior to transfer to the egg laying facilities

1. There are a number of groups around the world that have been pushing for increased animal welfare. Many of them started in England and Europe. They vary from believing in the use of animals to believing that animals should never be owned or controlled. Many of the European countries are opposed to genetic engineering and a country in Africa refused food aid during a famine because they were more opposed to the use of GMOs than they were the survival of their people (there were probably some other political and economic reasons as well). Although there are economic competition aspects and there is concern that the GMO trait can cross with the wild relatives (concern mostly with plants that have herbicide resistant GMO genes), but also a genetically engineered salmon could escape and if successful, it could outcompete it's natural relatives. However, the main concern of individuals in Europe (not company or government) is a concern for the ethics of genetically modifying an organism (with a foreign gene). a. True b. False

a. True

Digestion and utilization of nutrients includes all of the following: Prehension (ingestion), chewing and swallowing, acid and enzymatic digestion (including both mammalian and microbial), absorption, circulation, cellular metabolism and elimination of waste products. a. True b. False

a. True

Early humans were hunter/gatherers and some stayed in regions where there was a plentiful supply of wild grains and animals during the Paleolithic period, but actual farming settlements, where people settled down and grew crops and livestock did not occur until the Neolithic period. True or False? a. True b. False

a. True

Mice can be housed in either static cages, wire bottomed cages or ventilated cages. The static cages are just plastic boxes with filers on the top and bedding in the bottom. Air enters and exits by gravity and mouse movement, so the odor and dander will accumulate in the cage and air. The wire cages are used for short term nutrition experiments where you don't want the mice to practice coprophage (eating their own feces, a way for them to digest their intestinal microbiota and get protein and vitamins), and the ventilated cages have individual vents for fresh air to go into the cages and the waste air to exit out of the cage. Both incoming and exiting air pass through HEPA filters. Most of the mice in Purdue facilities are in ventilated cages and are breathing HEPA filtered air. a. True b. False

a. True

Quantitative traits are controlled by many genes. Unfortunately, many of our production characteristics that we want to improve (birth weight, rate of gain, final body weight, etc.) are quantitative traits. Qualitative traits are controlled by one, or a few, genes. Polled vs horned cattle is an example of a qualitative trait. Matings between a male and female that are homozygous for having horns would result in all offspring having the same phenotype as the parents. a. True b. False

a. True

Ranking of the top foods produced globally changes depending on whether the ranking is based on total tons of product or the $ value of the product. Based on $ value, the top foods produced globally tend to be animal products. a. True b. false

a. True

It used to be processing plants were much smaller and they relied on auctions to obtain their animals. The problem with auctions was that the supply of animals was variable, they may have more than needed one day and not enough another day. Another problem was the variability of animal size and amount of muscling and fat. Now, the larger processing plants try to control their supply of animals by owning many of the feedlots or production facilities. a. True b. False

a. True PPT showed three ways processing plants purchase animals and I had discussed that auctions were minor because of lack of control of number and type of animals

Although the basic anatomy of sperm is similar (head, mid piece, tail), there are also differences in sperm morphology between species. All sperm have an acrosome or acrosomal cap which is involved in fertilization of the egg. What does the acrosome do? a. Upon contact with the ovum, it releases enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the ovum. The ovum then becomes recalcitrant to penetration by other sperm. b. It senses where the ovum is and helps the sperm home to the egg c. The shape helps sperm swim through viscous fluids d. It's only function is to carry the genetic material e. It produces hormones that stimulate fertilization of the ovum

a. Upon contact with the ovum, it releases enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the ovum. The ovum then becomes recalcitrant to penetration by other sperm.

Indiana is unique among the states in that their Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is located on the Purdue campus. This agency analyzes a lot of livestock and companion animal feeds to ensure that they contain the stated amount of ingredients (% CP, % fat, etc, any medications) and that they don't contain any toxic materials (or medicines not indicated on the label). Many food ingredients have been declared safe and are on a Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) list. If a pet food company wants to add a new feed ingredient that isn't on the GRAS list and they don't want to go through the expense of being able to make a health claim, can this organization rule to include the new feed ingredient in the GRAS listing? a. Yes b. No

a. Yes The other organization in the ppt and that I mentioned that can regulate animal food ingredients

Can instincts be modified by domestication? a. Yes b. No

a. Yes The salmon example demonstrated this concept

Pathogens are pretty much everywhere in one form or another. Which of the following is NOT a type of pathogen a. aflatoxin b. prion c. bacteria d. protozoa e. fungi

a. aflatoxin all of the others can be a type of pathogen, this is a toxin, it is in the name

Water is important for structural functions as well as for enzymatic reactions, but water composition of the body changes with age. The embryo is about 90% water, newborns are about 80% water and adults about 60% water. Dairy cows that are lactating can consume up to 42 gallons of water per day, about 32 gallons per day related to milk production. Pigs drink 3-5 gallons per day. Recommendations for humans is to drink 8 x 8 ounce glasses of water a day, which is about ½ gallon per day. Sudden loss of water can cause metabolic disturbances and even death. Many athletes have muscle cramps during games due to dehydration. How much water loss would lead to this type of disturbance of metabolic function? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20% e. 15%

b. 10%

Polymorphism means occurring in two different forms. In genetics it is usually describing a genetic mutation in the DNA code for a gene. Remember that DNA is read in units of three bases called codons. Each codon codes for a different amino acid (although there are some codon sequences that code for the same amino acid). The ribosome reads these codes to synthesize proteins. Polymorphisms can be a change in a single base (substitution) or additions or deletions of a single or multiple bases. Which would have a worse consequence, a single base substitution or a 2 base addition? a. Single base substitution b. 2 base addition

b. 2 base addition it would shift the reading frame and may cause misreading of the rest of the gene and possibly

Although some of you have never touched a horse and others may have a lot of horses, horses are considered companion animals and thus there are lots of people that own one horse, but relatively few that own a large herd of horses. The only place I have seen a lot of horses was in western Nebraska where they had several thousand wild horses in paddocks. They can't kill wild horses, so we pay $50 million/year to house these horses that are over reproducing in the wild. Since most horses are companion animals, what is the approximate (rounded up or down) average number of horses owned per individual? a. 1 horse/owner b. 3 horses/owner c. 6 horses/owner d. 9 horses/owner e. 20 horses/owner

b. 3 horses/owner

Cows in most dairies are housed in free stalls, but they are separated into 4 different parts of the barn. Do they feed the cows in the different sections different rations or the same ration? a. The same ration b. Different rations

b. Different rations

Which would have a broader TNZ (comfort) range? (By the way, it would also make a difference for either animal if it was cold, raining and the animal was outside) a. A two week old calf b. A high producing lactating dairy cow

b. A high producing lactating dairy cow High producing dairy cows would be consuming more feed and have a higher metabolic rate. A young calf doesn't have enough body reserves to generate excess body heat

Which immune system component has memory of prior pathogens and can thus mount a more rapid and extensive response to subsequent infections by that same pathogen? a. Innate immune system component b. Adaptive immune system component

b. Adaptive immune system component

From which cross would you expect to obtain greater gains in hybrid vigor for meat production (heterosis)? Back to genetics. Think in terms of what hetrosis is and what types of crosses would maximize this. Heterosis is maximized by differences between animals a. Angus and herford b. Angus and limousine c. Limousine and charolais

b. Angus and limousine

Timing of breeding is important in relation to when the female will ovulate because of the differences in viablility of sperm and ovum. When is it best to mate animals? a. One week prior to estrus b. At the beginning of estrus c. At the end of estrus d. 2 days after estrus e. Anytime before or after estrus is fine

b. At the beginning of estrus The ovum has shorter viability than the sperm, thus you want the sperm present before ovulation, but not too long before. Ovulation usually occurs towards the end of estrus.

Superovulation of a superior female means that hormones are used to stimulate multiple follicle development and oocyte release at the same time, thus getting more oocytes from the superior female. Suppose that you had a superior horse that had chronic laminitis and frequent colic so she could not carry a fetus to term (realize this is a scenario and the question is NOT whether these diseases would keep the mare from carrying a fetus to term). You would probably superovulate her and then flush her to get her ova to try to get as many of her superior offspring. After fertilizing the eggs with semen from superior sires, would you use other superior females or average females as surrogates to carry her offspring? a. Other superior females b. Average females

b. Average females The surrogate is carrying the fetus and is not contributing to the genetics of the offspring, so why waste a pregnancy of a superior animal, you would want to have her genetics in her offspring

What is outbreeding? a. Breeding animals outside (ranching) b. Breeding animals within a breed that are more distantly related than the average for the breed c. Breeding animals from different breeds d. Breeding animals that are more closely related than the average for the breed e. Breeding different species of animals (horses and donkeys to get mules)

b. Breeding animals within a breed that are more distantly related than the average for the breed

How do homeotherms generate heat? a. Cellular photosynthesis b. Cellular respiration c. Cellular phones d. Solar radiation e. Evaporation

b. Cellular respiration I was surprised that several responded with d and e, homeotherms can't generate solar radiation and evaporation is a way to get rid of heat

What is a rota-terminal crossbreeding system? a. Raising pigs on a rotary platform b. Crossbreeding the sow herd from several maternal sow breeds (white breeds such as Yorkshire, Landrace) and then having the terminal cross with a paternal meat breed (such as Hampshire, Duroc) and sending all of those offspring to market c. Crossbreeding several different boar breeds (such as Hampshire, Duroc) and several different maternal sow breeds (such as Yorkshire, Landrace) and then crossbreeding the paternal and maternal lines and sending all of those offspring to market d. Using purebreds and just rotating the terminal breeding between several paternal breeds (such as Hampshire, Duroc) and several maternal breeds (such as Yorkshire, Landrace) e. Breeding within several lines within a specific breed

b. Crossbreeding the sow herd from several maternal sow breeds (white breeds such as Yorkshire, Landrace) and then having the terminal cross with a paternal meat breed (such as Hampshire, Duroc) and sending all of those offspring to market

As with any industry, the meat processing industry wants to maximize profits. Using live weight (LW) is not a very accurate estimate of the amount of meat they will get from an animal and neither is dressing % (HCW/LW). Some animals have a lot of digesta and or fat. Carcass cutting yield is more accurate (lbs of meat/HCW) and those values are usually higher than dressing %. Animals are then given a yield grade (1-5) based on cutability yield. Higher cutability yield means more meat on the carcass and thus they would get a better yield grade. However, would the yield grade be numerically higher or lower for a high cutability yield. Do yield grades increase numerically with increasing cutability yield, or do they decrease. a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease A yield grade of 1 would indicate a high cuttability, whereas a yield grade of 5 would b a lower cutability or dressing %

When a lead scientist (PI for Principal Investigator) submits a research or teaching protocol to the IACUC committee for approval they have to show that they are using the minimum number of animals needed to show a statistically significant treatment effect and they have to show that they have searched for alternatives to using sentient (animals that can sense or feel) animals, or why they can't use lower sentient animals (mice vs monkeys, earthworms instead of mice). Because of this approach, most veterinary students learn animal anatomy on computers using programs where one can peal back layers of skin and muscle to see nerves and blood vessels. Thus, they use many fewer animals training veterinary students. Once they learn the anatomy, they still do dissect and practice surgery. Still, a wide variety of animal species are used for research, with rats and mice making up over 95% of the research animals. Of the non-rodent lab animals (cats, primates, dogs, etc.) has the number of these animals being used in research increased or decreased since the peak in the early 1990's? a. Increased b. Decreased

b. Decreased By the way, sentient means self aware, able to perceive or feel things, thus monkeys are more sentinent than are earthworms. Sentinel means guard who keeps watch. Thus in lab, Mary talked about sentinel rats who were used to monitor or guard against infections.

There are three systems for measuring the composition of feeds: the Proximate Analysis System, The Detergent System and Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR). NIR was developed using information from the other two more labor intensive systems that use very caustic chemicals and NIR can be used for either ruminant or nonruminant feed analysis. Which of the other two systems is used to analyze the composition of ruminant feeds? a. Proximate Analysis system b. Detergent system

b. Detergent system

The lower income populations in the US would not be hurt more than the highest 1% (term used for the richest 1% of the population) by an increase in food prices because the poor spend less money on food than do the wealthy. a. True b. False

b. False

You hear about the loss of the family farm and that the remaining farms are getting larger. It is true that we are losing family farms, but that has been happening since the mid 1930's. However, we still have a lot of small family farms where it is more of a lifestyle choice and people generally have day jobs to make ends meet. Because there are so many small farms, most of the food is produced by small farms. a. True b. False

b. False

Estrous is when the female is receptive to breeding. a. True b. False

b. False I had hoped that everyone would have known the difference between estrous and estrus, especially with the following question

The placenta develops from fetal tissues, surrounds the fetus and is filled with a fluid (amnionic). The amnionic fluid helps protect the fetus. Different species have differences in the number of places the placenta attaches to the uterine wall. Pigs and horses have many diffuse attachment points, ruminants have a number of relatively large attachment points, humans have one large attachment point, whereas dogs and cats have a zone of attachment. The blood vessels in the placenta connect directly to the uterine blood vessels to supply the fetus with nutrients and to get rid of fetal wastes. a. True b. False

b. False I had mentioned several times in class and help sessions that there is no mixing of fetal and maternal blood

One way the beef and pork processing plants try to ensure uniformity of animals coming into the plant is by having a base "ideal" animal and paying producers more if the carcass has a higher quality or yield grade and they discount carcasses that have worse quality or yield grades. What is this system called? a. Component pricing b. Grid pricing c. Monte Carol pricing d. Carrot & stick pricing e. Whole animal pricing

b. Grid pricing

What is the Primary reason that there are there more broiler chickens in the US than laying hens a. We import a lot of eggs b. Hens produce eggs almost every day, whereas broilers can only be harvested once c. Laying hens are culled from the flock frequently and they go into the d. There are actually more laying hens than broilers because broilers produce so much meat per bird e. Because they consume less feed

b. Hens produce eggs almost every day, whereas broilers can only be harvested once

Why was the Cornell gasoline brooder a major advancement in raising chickens? a. It allowed eggs to be candled automatically, thus speeding up egg processing b. It allowed producers to remove the eggs from the hens and incubate the eggs artificially, thus allowing the chickens to lay more eggs c. It was a new way to heat chicken houses and keep the chickens warm d. It made the chickens happy, so they didn't brood as much e. It allowed the broiler processors to mechanically process birds, so they didn't have to hire as many people to process the birds

b. It allowed producers to remove the eggs from the hens and incubate the eggs artificially, thus allowing the chickens to lay more eggs

What is molting? a. It is when you light a candle and the wax melts b. It is when feed is withheld for 10-14 days to decrease egg production and let the reproductive tract of the chicken rejuvenate c. It is the process of trimming beaks so that birds don't peck each other d. It is a method to cause the birds to lose their feathers so the feathers can be collected for pillows and other products with feathers in them e. It is used when feed supply is short as a means to save feed

b. It is when feed is withheld for 10-14 days to decrease egg production and let the reproductive tract of the chicken rejuvenate

After follicle rupture, the corpus hemorrhagicum is the empty follicle and then the corpus luteum develops. The corpus luteum then turns into the corpus albicans. What does the corpus luteum do? a. It produces LH b. It produces progesterone c. It fills in the empty follicle after ovulation with scar tissue d. It produces estrogen e. It produces oxytocin

b. It produces progesterone

Which would most likely use direct markets to sell beef cattle directly to processing plants? a. Small producer with 20 cattle b. Large feedlot with 75,000 head of cattle

b. Large feedlot with 75,000 head of cattle

Commercial sheep producers usually try to select breeding animals because of beneficial characteristics and no breed is real good with all of those characteristics. The white faced breeds tend to be better mothers (higher fertility, more milk, better mothering instincts) and other breeds tend to have poorer maternal characteristics but are more muscular. Which of the following sheep breeds tend to make better mothers and is typically one of the breeds used for their maternal characteristics in a cross breeding program? a. Katahdin b. Merino c. Hampshire d. Suffolk e. Angora

b. Merino

Some people believe that humor is therapeutic and can help people resist and/or recover from diseases. Some people also believe that humor and laughter is infectious and can be highly contagious. Does this mean that humor is a disease (as described in question 23)????? I hope you are infected with a little humor on this question, it is meant to be a little fun break. I personally don't think that humor is a disease (hint, hint) but I do hope it is infectious and highly contagious. a. Yes b. No

b. No

Domestication involves animal breeding, where there is selection of animals to be parents and setting up a mating system. Zoos use animal breeding to control or increase populations of interest. Are Zoos domesticating their exotic animal species? a. Yes b. No

b. No Full definition includes " so that its products or services are more useful to humans", zoos are primarily trying to conserve wild species

The udder is not completely sterile and we used to have a serious problem with brucellosis. Brucella is an intracellular parasite that causes a chronic inflammation with joint and muscle pain that persists for life. The diary industry had a program where brucellosis has pretty much been eradicated, but there are still other pathogens in milk that can cause diseases. Thus, most of the milk in the US is pasteurized (which kills most of the bacteria, increasing food safety and shelf life). Can raw (unpasteurized) milk be legally sold in the US? a. Yes b. No

b. No however, people can drink raw milk from their own cows, so some dairies that want to sell raw milk sell "shares" of their cows and then the partial owners can come in and pay fairly high prices for raw milk from "their" cows. If you do that, you want to inspect the dairy for sanitation

"Laboratory animal" has a broad definition based on what the animals are used for, not which species they are. Thus, if we raised rats strictly for food, those animals would not be considered lab animals, but if we used these rats (that were being raised for food) to test different diets, they would also be considered lab rats. Most agricultural universities are involved in animal research with livestock. The livestock are raised as a commercial enterprise and are just considered livestock and are covered by their farm SOP and are not under IACUC regulations and oversight. However, when their farm animal routine is disrupted for research or teaching purposes they are then considered lab animals from a regulatory standpoint and they have to have an approved protocol in order for them to be used for research or teaching. Thus, when our ANSC 245 students go out to the farm to clip baby pig teeth, those animals have to be covered by an approved protocol. However, when we go out to the pig farm and just observe pigs, do they have to be on an approved protocol? a. Yes b. No

b. No since we just observe animals at the farms, we do not need a protocol for ANSC 102.

A dairy cow has to produce calves to produce milk. Half of the calves are males and go into dairy beef feedlots and most of the females go back into the dairy herd as replacement cows. The average life span of a dairy cow is 3 years after she starts milking (she is about 2 years old at that time). When a cow is culled (removed) from the dairy herd, she usually ends up as soup or canned products. Do the dairies send these culled cows to a feedlot to fatten them up before sending them to the processing plant? a. Yes b. No

b. No they are older animals and even if you could put a lot of fat on them, they would not have the muscling of a beef animal and your return on feeding investment would not be worth it

Goats and sheep are used for many purposes, what is one of the following purposes that goats are used for, that sheep tend not to be used for? a. Milk b. Pack Animal c. Meat d. Showmanship e. Fiber

b. Pack Animal

So the question is still appropriate. Where's the beef - as in has the per capita beef consumption increased or decreased since the mid 1970's? a. Per capita beef consumption has increased b. Per capita beef consumption has decreased

b. Per capita beef consumption has decreased

One of the factors influencing the quality grade of a carcass is the age of the animal. Do they use chronological age or physiological age? a. Chronological age b. Physical age

b. Physical age

Females have different gestation lengths, to some extent reflecting the size of the offspring produced. Which of the following has the shortest gestation length? a. Human b. Pig c. Horse d. Ewe e. Cow

b. Pig Pigs are 3-3-3 (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days) and were the furtherest to the left in the ppt giving a visual concept of relative gestation lengths

Which term is used to indicate processing activities after slaughter? a. Antemortem b. Postmortem

b. Postmortem

Which types of traits are controlled by many genes? a. Qualitative traits b. Quantitative traits c. Homozygous genes d. Heterozygous genes e. Hybrid vigor

b. Quantitative traits

People keep pets for a variety of reasons and pet ownership can be categorized along these reasons. Which of the following categories would have the most problems with their pets because they are cute at birth, but are not really domesticated animals and can be aggressive as adults? a. Ornamental b. Status c. Playthings d. Hobby e. Worker/service

b. Status Lions, tigers, etc are exotic animals that people keep for pets that are dangerous when mature, it was under the status category in the ppt because that is why many movie stars, etc. get them.

Many sections of the intestinal tract secrete various things into the intestinal tract. In many cases the secretions contain enzymes and buffers (sodium bicarbonate or baking soda). Which section of the intestinal tract does NOT secrete buffers? a. Mouth b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Cecum e. Large intestine

b. Stomach buffers would neutralize the HCl that is produced in the stomach

Under which of the following conditions would a homeotherm (or even a poikilotherm) be more comfortable? a. LCT b. TNZ c. UCT

b. TNZ

You hear a lot of talk about farm programs, many wanting to discontinue them, others talk about their importance in maintaining a stable farm community. Although they have been modified in purpose and how they function, one of the most difficult things to do is eliminate government programs. Although we always had a small number of programs regulating imports and exports, when was there a large increase in farm programs? a. The 1800's with the homestead act to encourage people to move west and colonize the land b. The 1930's depression that resulted in the "New Deal" c. 1945 after WWII d. 1989 after the collapse of the USSR e. 2009 after the recession

b. The 1930's depression that resulted in the "New Deal"

What is parturition? a. The time from fertilization through giving birth b. The act of giving birth c. The act of giving milk after birth d. The length of the estrous cycle e. The time from one ovulation until the next ovulation

b. The act of giving birth

Young animals need to be protected from infectious agents (pathogens) between the time they are born and the time that they develop a functioning immune system (2-4 weeks). Birds have high levels of maternal antibodies in the egg yolk, but mammals get their maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the mother's milk when they drink the colostrum right after parturition. However the ability to obtain colostrum decreases after birth and if the infant doesn't get colostrum within the first 3 days (preferably within the first few hours), it will not receive the passive immunity (unless the farmer/hospital collects colostrum from other mothers and gives it to the infant). Why is there this rapid decline in the ability of the young to obtain colostrum? a. The infant is born with an active immune system and just needs a little jump start with colostrum b. The infant's intestinal tract is "leaky" and it can absorb large molecules like antibodies at birth, but this ability starts to diminish shortly after birth in reaction to antigens (antibodies, proteins, bacteria, etc.) in the colostrum c. The mothers brain sends signals to the mammary gland to secrete specific regulatory hormones into the colostrum and their sole function is to cause the infant to not drink any more colostrum d. A and B e. B and C

b. The infant's intestinal tract is "leaky" and it can absorb large molecules like antibodies at birth, but this ability starts to diminish shortly after birth in reaction to antigens (antibodies, proteins, bacteria, etc.) in the colostrum

Once an animal is slaughtered, the head and feet are removed, the hide or hair/feathers removed and the viscera (guts, lungs, heart, etc) is removed. Any animal whose meat is to be sold has to be inspected and this was insured by meat inspection acts. Which came first? a. The poultry products inspection act b. The meat inspection act

b. The meat inspection act

The major body types of cattle are the British breeds, the European breeds (both types being of the Bos genus and tarus species), and the African breeds, which are a different species, Bos and species indicus. Brahman are Bos indicus and do not put on a lot of meat, and don't fatten very well. If you had a cattle farm in south Florida, why would you use Brahman in a crossbreeding scheme? What advantage would the brahman bring to the program???? a. Because they don't have a lot of muscle, they don't eat a lot b. They are more resistant to heat and parasites c. Because of heterosis, they would increase the meat quality of the progeny d. They carry the myostatin gene defect which is advantageous for producing highly marbled beef e. They carry the calipage gene which increases the loin eye area, a high priced cut of meat

b. They are more resistant to heat and parasites

What is the function of the uterine horn? a. To produce mature oocytes b. To nurture the developing fetus c. Transport of sperm and ovum and the site of fertilization d. Site of semen deposition e. The site where the urethra connects to the vagina

b. To nurture the developing fetus

Animal shelters take in unwanted animals and try to have them adopted. To reduce the number of unwanted animals, they require all adopted animals to be neutered. Only 10% of the animals that arrive at shelters are neutered when they arrive. There are around 7.6 million animals enter shelters each year. Some of the animals that come into the shelters are too aggressive or have other issues and are not put up for adoption. In contrast to wild horses where we basically have feedlots for excess wild horses and maintain them for the rest of their lives at $45 million of your tax dollars/year, animals that are not adopted are euthanized. This doesn't take into account the number of unwanted animals that people take to their vet and have them euthanize them. So what ballpark % of the dogs that come into animal shelters are adopted? a. 15% b. 25% c. 35% d. 45% e. 55%

c. 35%

The number of pigs per litter has been increasing with time. Some, but not most, pigs can have over 12-14 pigs per litter (The record is around 33 piglets/litter). Which of the following production levels would be a realistic goal for a swine facility for the number of pigs weaned from a sow? a. 5 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11 e. 13

c. 9

One of the common trends in agriculture is that there are a lot of small farms, but most of the inventory is produced by the larger farms. In general, what level of farm income is required before the majority of income is directly from the farm (before on-farm income is more than off-farm income)? a. > $ 50,000 Gross Cash Farm Income, but less than b b. > $150,000 Gross Cash Farm Income, but is less than c c. > $350,000 Gross Cash Farm Income, but is less than d d. > $550,000 Gross Cash Farm Income, but is less than e e. > $850,000 Gross Cash Farm Income

c. > $350,000 Gross Cash Farm Income, but is less than d

Which causes more damage to the host animal a. The pathogen b. The host immune response c. A or B, it depends upon the situation

c. A or B, it depends upon the situation

Some environmentalists are concerned about raising goats in some areas of the world because they tend to be browsers. Thus, if they are not managed correctly for the amount of available food, they can destroy trees and shrubs, thus contributing to land degradation, especially in arid regions. Most of the goats (88%) are in two regions of the world. In which region/country would overgrazing be more likely to occur? Think in terms of the major goat areas and the environment/resources in those areas? a. North America b. Oceania c. Africa d. Europe e. South America

c. Africa Asia was the other major region and was not a choice

Environmentalists argue that we should not eat meat because it requires more land, more energy and more water to produce animals for human consumption. The primary argument for human consumption of animals is: a. Carnivores are nature's way of controlling herbivore populations, thus we should eat meat to reduce herbivore populations b. Herbivores have more flavor and it is a matter of choice c. Animals are a concentrated source of nutrients and consuming animal products is especially beneficial for young humans d. Animals are a way of utilizing plants that we would not be able to harvest any other way e. Animal production is a good way to make a living

c. Animals are a concentrated source of nutrients and consuming animal products is especially beneficial for young humans

When do commercial egg laying farms molt their birds? a. At 6 weeks of age b. At 20 weeks of age c. At 50 weeks of age d. At72 weeks of age

c. At 50 weeks of age

Ideally cow-calf producers would like for their calves to go directly into a feedlot. However, sometimes these animals are not heavy enough, they are still growing muscle. Feedlots are primarily wanting to add fat to the body. So these light animals are held out of the feedlot for a while and are fed cheaper grass until they are heavy enough to go into the feedlot. This process of holding animals out of the feedlot on pasture until they are heavy enough is called? a. Feeder b. Stocker c. Backgrounding d. Foregrounding e. Pasturing

c. Backgrounding

Which is the thickest tissue (tissue thickness, not compartment size) of the female reproductive tract? a. Vagina b. Vulva c. Cervix d. Vas deferens e. Infundibulum

c. Cervix

Microorganisms are normally associated with the host animal and some, but not all, can actually be beneficial to the host by inhibiting pathogens and by stimulating the immune system so that it is better able to handle pathogens. What is a generic name for these (my favorite) microorganisms? There are different terms for microbes which are thought to always be beneficial. This general term is for all microbes normally associated with the host. a. Probiotic b. Prebiotic c. Commensal d. Direct fed microbials e. Pathogens

c. Commensal

There are a number of ways that heat can be exchanged and, if available, animals will take advantage of these heat exchange mechanisms to gain/retain heat or lose heat. In confined operations (whether livestock, humane society, horse farm or zoo), the operation manager tries to provide some of these mechanisms. If a herd of horses is outside in Indiana in January (assuming the weather ever turns cold) and it is raining and they huddle together behind a barn as a wind break, what two heat exchange mechanisms are they primarily using (or avoiding) to keep warm? Hint, given the situation two of the mechanisms would be impossible. a. Radiation and evaporation b. Radiation and conduction c. Conduction and convection d. Convection and evaporation e. All of the above

c. Conduction and convection There would be no solar radiation on a rainy day and animals would not be sweating for evaporation in Jan. Thus, the only possible answer without either of those two would be c.

Hormones control many functions in the body. Related to the stomach, some hormones increase production of HCl in response to food in the stomach (primarily proteins) and others decrease production of HCl after the food has left the stomach. Which of the following hormones decreases HCl secretion in the stomach? a. Secretin b. Gastrin c. GIP or gastric inhibitory peptide d. Insulin e. HGH

c. GIP or gastric inhibitory peptide

Why would some feedlot operators specialize in raising Holstein calves as beef? a. Holstein have high levels of marbeling and thus have high quality meat b. Holsteins are very efficient in feed utilization, thus reducing feed costs c. Half of the dairy calves are males and they can be purchased cheaply and even though they only produce select or standard carcasses, one can make money raising them d. Holstein dairy cows once culled (removed) from the dairy herd make good feedlot cattle. e. Because they have not been selected for meat production, they are not grown out in feedlots

c. Half of the dairy calves are males and they can be purchased cheaply and even though they only produce select or standard carcasses, one can make money raising them

What is the major concern about monoculture farms? Once people are able to raise more than they need as subsistence farmers and start selling their excess production, they start to specialize in what they are efficient in producing and what they can get more money for. Thus, we have naturally moved to farms that raise one crop or type of livestock. These are called monoculture farms. Generally you can make more money if you specialize with a monoculture farm. However, sometimes what is good for the individual is not good for the greater good of society. What is the major argument against monoculture farming? a. As social tastes change, you may have picked the wrong crop/livestock to produce b. Government may implement regulations making it difficult to make a living with your monoculture farm c. If a disease comes in and wipes out your monoculture species, you don't have any other income stream and may go out of business. If that happens to a lot of farmers, it could result in famine d. Most people are using monoculture farming, so it must be OK e. Neighbors will be envious of you making a lot of money and will try to compete with you

c. If a disease comes in and wipes out your monoculture species, you don't have any other income stream and may go out of business. If that happens to a lot of farmers, it could result in famine

Both goats and sheep should be attractive to produce because the initial investment is low, labor requirements are low and there is an increasing demand from ethnic markets. So, why are numbers of both meat goats and meat sheep not increasing along with the increases in ethnic markets in the US? a. Ethnic markets are actually declining b. High wool prices c. Increasing competition for land d. Predators kill too many lambs, so it is difficult to raise enough animals e. Both are short day breeders

c. Increasing competition for land (make more money with other uses) and lack of markets

Early settlers let pigs roam free and only rounded them up 1-2 times per year. Although they may have used pigs for all of the possible answers below, which was the primary reason early settlers harvested pigs? a. Meat b. Hair for brushes c. Lard d. Manure to fertilize their small crops e. Boar tusks were used for simple digging utensils.

c. Lard

Historically the majority of dairy farms have been in the northern states because cows produce less milk in hotter climates and these states were close to major markets. Relatively recently California has taken over as the top milk producing state. However, traditionally the northern states were the major dairy states. What is the primary reason that the northern states were the top dairy states? a. Corn is a cool season grass and has a short growing season and does not grow as well in the south, thus there is less corn silage for feed in the south b. The dairy industry was imported from the Netherlands into the northern states and never fully migrated south c. Milk production is an energy intensive function and that generates a lot of heat. Thus, dairy cows tend to like cooler climates and milk production tends to drop if the temperature gets above 85F. hot humid weather can decrease milk production by 30% d. The dairy industry is a low risk industry in the north compared to the south e. During the Civil War (or War of Northern Aggression from a Southern perspective) the north could afford to pay for milk, thus there were more dairies in the north

c. Milk production is an energy intensive function and that generates a lot of heat. Thus, dairy cows tend to like cooler climates and milk production tends to drop if the temperature gets above 85F. hot humid weather can decrease milk production by 30%

Host damage can be caused by the pathogen or by the host immune response. Which of the following immune system factor can cause host mediated damage? a. Aflatoxin b. Shigatoxin c. Natural killer cells that kill infected host cells d. Norepinipherine e. Viral bursts which cause the host cells to lyse

c. Natural killer cells that kill infected host cells

Producers are very interested in being able to predict how much a superior male or female will influence their offspring, thus a lot of effort has been spent on predicting the heritability of traits of interest. The qualitative traits (horns, hair color) have high heritability estimates, but since the quantitative traits are usually affected by a number of genes, they are more difficult to select for. Thus, knowing which traits you want to put effort into changing is important. Which of the following traits has a large economic impact, but has very low heritability estimates for most species? Don't get confused with the difference between cattle and pigs, which trait typically has low heritability and is usually improved by crossbreeding? a. Carcass grade b. Weaning weight c. Number born alive/weaned d. Loin eye area e. % butterfat

c. Number born alive/weaned reproductive traits have low heritability values

Which animal genus has fused acrocentric karyotypes due to Robertsonian translocation, resulting in three metacentric chromosomes? a. Equine b. Bovine c. Ovine d. Caprine e. Feline

c. Ovine

The primary reason people have horses in the US now is for: a. Meat consumption b. Draft horse work c. Pleasure d. Tax loopholes e. Polo

c. Pleasure

What does PACUC stand for? a. Pets Always Care U Care too b. People Against Canine Use for Cancer research c. Purdue Animal Care and Use Committee d. Primate Animal Care and Use Committee e. Purdue Animal Caretaker and User Community

c. Purdue Animal Care and Use Committee

Stress prior to slaughter and processing can influence the quality of meat. Pork quality is determined by color, marbling and firmness. If you had your choice of PSE, RFN or DFD pork, which one would you choose? a. DFD b. PSE c. RFN

c. RFN

The lining of the intestinal tract has different structures depending upon the function of that section of the intestinal tract. For example, the gastric stomach has a very thick mucus layer to protect the lining against HCl, but doesn't have any structures to increase absorption. One structure that does increase surface area for absorption are the papillae. Which section of the intestinal tract are the papillae located? a. Esophagus b. Reticulum c. Rumen d. Cecum e. Colon

c. Rumen

Which of the following does NOT contribute to production of seminal fluid, this improving sperm viability? a. Prostate b. Bulbourehtral gland c. Seminiferous tubules d. Ampulla e. Seminal vesicles

c. Seminiferous tubules Seminiferous tubules are where the sperm are produced in the testes, all the rest are accessory sex glands that produce various components of the seminal fluid

There are different classes of carbohydrates based on the complexity of structure and type of monomer (unit or residue) it is composed of and the type of linkage between monomers. Which carbohydrate is a polymer composed of a large number of glucose monomers in the alpha linkage and is thus relatively easy to digest by mammalian enzymes? a. Pectin b. Cellulose c. Starch d. Glucose e. Hemicellulose

c. Starch

There are a number of selection methods that can be used to improve a herd. Which of the following would you use to rapidly select for a single highly heritable trait? a. Selection index method b. Independent culling level method c. Tandem method d. Expected Progeny Difference method e. Best linear unbiased prediction method

c. Tandem method

The Humane Slaughter Act of 1958 mandates that animals be exanguinated (bled out) as the means of causing death. What is also mandated to happen prior to exanguination? a. The animals should be washed b. The animals should be tranquilized c. The animals should be rendered unconscious d. The animals should be fed e. The animals should be prodded to ensure they are not down, disabled, diseased or already dead

c. The animals should be rendered unconscious

Most know that one should use older eggs if one wants to make hard boiled eggs, but fresh eggs if frying eggs and want the yolk to stand up. Why do you want to use older eggs for making hardboiled eggs? a. Older eggs are easier to remove from the shell b. Older eggs have the same nutritional quality as fresh eggs, so there is no reason to use older eggs for making hardboiled eggs c. The egg loses moisture over time and the albumin starts to degrade and shrink, thus increasing the size of the air sack, thus the eggs don't crack when heated d. Older eggs boil more quickly e. The chalazae start to degrade, thus making it easier for the yolk to move around in the egg during the hardboiling process

c. The egg loses moisture over time and the albumin starts to degrade and shrink, thus increasing the size of the air sack, thus the eggs don't crack when heated

Most sheep are placed into feed lots at around 70 lbs of age and are sold for slaughter around 125 lbs. However, some farmers intentionally develop their farm strategy to sell their lambs at 40-60 lbs each year. Why would a farmer intentionally sell all of their lambs at this lighter weight? a. All of the lambs got sick and the farmer wanted to get rid of them b. The economy declined and the farmer wanted to have fewer lambs c. The farmer had found an ethnic market where they wanted lambs at that weight d. There was a drought and the farmer didn't have enough food for the lambs e. Farmers would always want to sell heavier lambs, so they would not sell their lambs at a lighter weight

c. The farmer had found an ethnic market where they wanted lambs at that weight

The human population was relatively constant until ~5,000 BC and started increasing around the time of the invention of the wheel. Until then, most populations were semi-nomadic. As they started domesticating animals and crops, they were able to develop cities and then city states (and also social rules changed as the populations became more complex). Then we had the Era of Empires where countries started to explore and claim other lands as their own (Rome, Spain, France, England, the Netherlands, etc). What is the current era that we are in? a. The epidemic era b. The energy era c. The global era d. The immigrant era e. The laundry ERA

c. The global era

Fats contain 2.5 times as much energy as carbohydrates and proteins. This is related to where the energy of the molecules is stored that is extracted during oxidation of the molecules within cells. Why do fats contain more energy (which molecules contain the energy) than protein or carbohydrates? a. There are more carbon molecules in fats b. There are more oxygen molecules in fats c. There are more hydrogen molecules in fat d. Double bonds in the fatty acids increase the energy content e. There are more nitrogen molecules in fats

c. There are more hydrogen molecules in fat

What does TNZ stand for? a. Total Nuclear Zone b. Tropical Natural Zoology c. Thermal Neutral Zone d. Tropical Nature Zoo e. This question is Totally Nut Zzzzzz

c. Thermal Neutral Zone

Which type of RNA binds to amino acids and transports (or transferring) them to where proteins are translated to synthesize proteins? a. Small RNAs b. Messenger RNA c. Transfer RNA d. Ribosomal RNA e. Nucleosomal RNA

c. Transfer RNA

Reproductive traits have low heritability, yet fertility rates tend to decrease with extensive inbreeding. How would you increase fertility in a highly inbred herd? a. Make fertility your primary selection criterion b. Just cull the females with low fertility c. Use outbreeding or crossbreeding to improve fertility

c. Use outbreeding or crossbreeding to improve fertility

Sheep are seasonal (short day or fall) breeders. Thus, the more lambs a ewe has during a breeding season the more profit the farmer can make. Traditionally farmers want to have about a 175% lambing rate. They can do this if 75% of their ewes have twins (or less if some have triplets). Another way to increase the number of lambs/ewe is to use accelerated lambing on the whole herd. What is accelerated lambing? a. Weaning lambs early so the ewe can have another pregnancy b. Giving relaxin and oxytocin to accelerate parturition c. Using synchronizing hormones, light and temperature control so that ewes will have estrus out of season and one can get 3 lamb crop in two years d. Selecting breeds of sheep that aren't as strictly seasonal so that half of your herd can be bred in the spring and you have lambs at two different times of the year e. Buying pregnant ewes to add to your herd

c. Using synchronizing hormones, light and temperature control so that ewes will have estrus out of season and one can get 3 lamb crop in two years

Which of the infectious disease agents has to replicate (grow) inside the host cells (it does this by taking over and controlling the host systems)? a. Bacteria b. Protozoa c. Virus d. Heart worms e. Ticks

c. Virus in slide and discussed that this is a unique aspect of viruses

There is a lot of debate over global warming, but little has actually been done to address global warming. The concern is that the human population has expanded during a very small window of global temperature ranges and global temperatures increasing above this window will make it difficult for humans to exist without expensive adaptations to a hotter climate. Which of the following is NOT an argument supporting that global warming is occurring, or that humans have contributed to global warming, or that we should be concerned about global warming? a. Many of the global temperature records (since we started recording them) have occurred recently b. There is a strong correlation of increasing global temperatures and use of fossil fuels c. We have had ice ages and global warming frequently over the last 400,000 years, so what is the big deal? d. Associated with global warming is the increase in variation and extremes of weather. Storms may be more frequent and more violent, or areas that had plenty of rain will have much less. We are currently seeing more violent storms and droughts. e. The increasing temperatures are occurring much more rapidly than at any other time in history, thus the increase must be related to human activities.

c. We have had ice ages and global warming frequently over the last 400,000 years, so what is the big deal?

When did the greatest increase in vertical integration occur in the poultry business? a. 1860's b. 1890's c. 1910's d. 1960's e. 2005's

d. 1960's

The turkey toms are usually larger than the hens and are generally marketed in 18 weeks. Approximately what weight are the toms marketed? a. 16 lbs b. 18 lbs c. 20 lbs d. 24 lbs e. 30 lbs

d. 24 lbs

Body condition scores are a way to standardize subjective evaluation of the cow's energy status. There are target body condition scores for different stages of lactation. Having the wrong body condition score at the wrong time can affect not only milk production, but fertility and calving/metabolic diseases. What body condition score would you want a cow to be at for calving? a. 2.0 b. 2.5 c. 3.0 d. 3.5 e. 4.0

d. 3.5

Last year they found two local horses that were extremely emaciated. The horses were removed from the farm and the owner was fined and not allowed to have horses any more. One horse died from starvation and the other one recovered once placed in a rescue facility. These are contentious issues of who decides and who pays for these horses as they are recovering. Which of the following is also an issue for the horse industry? a. Humane slaughter b. Transportation stress c. Contagious health threats and emerging diseases d. All are issues for the horse industry e. None of the above

d. All are issues for the horse industry

What are reasons that a cow may be culled? a. Infertility b. Mastitis c. Low production d. All of the above e. A and C

d. All of the above

Which of the following are benefits of having pets? a. Relieving stress b. Emotional therapy c. Physical therapy as pet owners tend to be more active d. All of the above e. Only A and C

d. All of the above

Which of the following materials do beef byproducts end up being used for? In addition to the ppt slides, I had talked about all of the things that beef products go into, including roads, explosives, etc a. Pet foods b. Crayons c. Asphalt d. All of the above e. A and B, but not C

d. All of the above

Which breed of dairy cow produces the lowest amount of butter fat? a. Ayshire b. Brown Swiss c. Guernsey d. Holstein e. Jersey

d. Holstein Because Holsteins produce more fluid, the solids content is lower than for the other breeds, so fat, protein and lactose are lower in Holsteins

Sperm development requires a lower temperature than body temperature, thus for most species the testes are located outside of the body. However, temperature still needs to be maintained within a certain range, irrespective of the environmental temperature. Which of the following are mechanisms of temperature control for the testes? a. Heat exchange with intimate association of arteries and veins in the spermatic chord b. Contraction or relaxation of muscles in the spermatic chord c. Contraction or relaxation of muscles in the scrotum d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. All of the above Remember, if there is more than one correct alternative, you need to find the response that includes all of the correct alternatives. Since I had talked a lot about the heat exchange, it had to be one of the correct answers

Which of the following are functions of the female reproductive tract? a. Urination b. Production of mature oocyte c. Transport of sperm d. All of the above e. B and C, but not A

d. All of the above The urinary tract is part of the reproductive tract because it joins in the uterus and was included as part of the repro tract in the ppt slide

1. Obesity is associated with increased metabolic diseases such as heart disease, strokes, diabetes, some forms of cancer, etc. There is no one cause for obesity and these metabolic diseases. What are some of the contributing factors? a. Increased consumption of total calories, irrespective of the source b. Increased consumption of highly processed foods c. Decreased physical activity and increase in sedentary life style d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above also, long term exposure to these diets changes gene regulation making people more prone to obesity, which we did not talk about in class.

Because lab animals are used in research and some of the research can be painful, use of lab animals is highly regulated and requires more oversight and usually more people involved in the care and oversight of lab animal use, thus different positions require people to have varying levels of training and expertise. Which of the following positions would be a good entry level position in a lab animal facility? An entry level position is one that has little training or experience. a. Veterinarian b. Compliance officer c. Animal nutritionist d. Animal care technologist e. Building supervisor

d. Animal care technologist

Why do farmers use split-sex feeding with pigs? a. They don't want the pigs to breed b. The males would fight if they were mixed with the females c. There is no reason to split sex feed pigs and it is better to keep the litters together. d. Because barrows and gilts grow at different rates and have different nutritional requirements e. To decrease competition at the feed trough

d. Because barrows and gilts grow at different rates and have different nutritional requirements

1. Animals have taken different nutritional strategies (it decreases competition if all aren't trying to get the same food). Herbivores have different nutritional strategies for fermenting material based on how digestible/fermentable the material is. Some species are pregastric fermenters and others are hindgut fermenters. Within these two categories there are sub categories as well. All of the intestinal modifications are designed to increase the amount of time the fiber resides in the digestive tract so that intestinal microbes can have time to digest (ferment) the more resistant plant cell walls (made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). The cecum is a blind sack that allows the animal to hold material in the sack for a longer period of time. Which species is a cecal fermenter? a. Antelope b. Hippopotamus c. Hoatzin d. Capybara e. New world monkey

d. Capybara

Most companies want to sell as much product as possible and will advertise perceived benefits of using their product (whether valid or not). Thus there are regulatory groups that try to control what can and what cannot be claimed on a pet food label. Pet food companies can include any ingredient that is on the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list. However, If a pet food company wants to make a health claim, they have to show proof that the product does what they are claiming (which requires a long and expensive approval process). Thus some may state that the product has balanced omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids or wholesome antioxidants in the food without specifically claiming that their product provides any health benefits and allow the consumer to assume that it does because of the association with health benefit claims for these compounds. Which of the following regulatory agencies is responsible for monitoring health claims on pet food lables? a. Center for Disease Control (CDC) b. National Institute of Health (NIH) c. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) d. Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) e. Center for Nutritional Supplements (CNS)

d. Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) CVM is the only agency in the responses that were in the PPT or that I discussed regarding food labels.

Globally, several countries are the major producers of crops and livestock. Which country is the top pig producing country? a. The US b. Brazil c. Russia d. China e. The European Union

d. China

Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of gastric digestion? a. Cephalic phase b. Gastric phase c. Intestinal phase d. Colonic phase

d. Colonic phase

Which hormone causes the female to be receptive to breeding and decreases as progesterone concentration increases? a. LH b. FSH c. Oxytocin d. Estrogen e. GnRH

d. Estrogen

Obesity is an epidemic which negatively influences quality of life and increases medical costs. The % of the population that are defined as obese has increased dramatically since 1985. One of the factors causing obesity is that the tissues develop insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone that controls glucose utilization by tissues. Consumption of which of the following food sources is most closely correlated with the incidence of obesity? a. Meat, poultry, fish b. Dairy c. Fruits and vegetables d. Grains e. Fats and oils

d. Grains

Farm animals used for research are legally protected by a federally enacted law (Animal Welfare At and Regulations) and are oversight is administered by the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Other animals (primarily rodents and birds) are not protected by a federal law, but they are still protected by a lot of rules and oversight by government funding agencies such as NIH (National Institute of Health). Which of the following guidelines would be the primary document used to care for rodents? a. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Animals b. Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare c. Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Teaching and Research d. Guide for the care and use of Laboratory Animals e. Endangered Species Act

d. Guide for the care and use of Laboratory Animals there are only two guidelines and one specifically says agricultural animals, thus that one is not used for rodents

The endometrium (uterine lining) is thickest during which part of the estrous cycle and correlates with production of which hormone? a. The beginning of the cycle - when estrogen is high b. In the middle of the cycle - when estrogen is high c. At the end of the cycle when progesterone is high d. In the middle when progesterone is high e. At the end of the cycle when - when LH spikes

d. In the middle when progesterone is high Progesterone is the pregnancy hormone, which causes the uterine lining to increase blood supply and thus thickness. Progesterone is highest in the middle of the cycle.

Maple Leaf Farms is the largest duck producing company in the US. They use the Peking breed of ducks because they grow faster and are bigger than other breeds of ducks. Which state is the Maple Leaf Farms headquarters located in, thus making that state the number one duck producing state in the US? a. Georgia b. Texas c. California d. Indiana e. Ohio

d. Indiana

What is the term for a young goat that is less than 1 year of age? a. Buck b. Lamb c. Flock d. Kid e. Ewe

d. Kid

1. Although popularity of dog breeds changes from year to year, just like baby names, what was the most popular dog breed in 2015. a. Yorkshire Terrier b. Pit Bull c. Poodle d. Labrador Retriever e. Daschund

d. Labrador Retriever

Once a microorganism enters the body, which happens first, spread or multiplication? a. Microbes enter the blood stream and are spread through the body before they multiply b. Microbes multiply first and then spread c. Microbes spread and multiply at the same time d. Microbes have different strategies and it may vary greatly dependent on the microbes and host situation e. None of the above

d. Microbes have different strategies and it may vary greatly dependent on the microbes and host situation

There are thousands of animal rights organizations around the world. Some are major players, whereas others seem to primarily benefit the organizer of the "charity". There are many people that donate to these organizations and most of these organizations are well funded. Which of the following is a major player in the animal rights arena in the US? a. Southern Animal Rights Coalition (SARC) b. Last Chance for Animals (LCA) c. Almost Home Humane Shelter (AHHS) d. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) e. Animal Equality (AE)

d. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)

Globally, which species of livestock is the most popular meat? a. Cattle b. Chicken c. Goats and Sheep d. Pig e. Fish

d. Pig

Which hormone causes regression of the CL, either during the estrous cycle or to terminate pregnancy and cause parturition? a. Progesterone b. LH c. Estrogen d. Prostaglandin e. Prolactin

d. Prostaglandin

Cattle tend to grab mouthfuls of grass and quickly swallow without much chewing. It is thought in the wild, they would go out into relatively exposed grasslands to eat food and then go back to a more secluded place to chew their cud. Cattle do not throw up. However they do use reverse peristaltis to move food boluses from the reticulum to the mouth to reduce particle size of the feed that they ingest rapidly with little swallowing. What is this specific process of moving food from the reticulum to the mouth, chewing the cud and returning it to the reticulum/rumen called? a. Vomiting b. Remastication c. Reensalivation d. Rumination e. Regurgitation

d. Rumination

The cervix is a thick tissue that normally has a thick mucosal plug to prevent bacteria from getting into the uterus. Different species have different shapes of cervix. Which species has interdigitating prominences in the cervix? a. Queen b. Cow c. Bitch d. Sow e. Rabbit

d. Sow

Why have several of the European breeds actively tried to incorporate Angus genetics into their breed? a. The black hide is beneficial in hot climates b. The black hide is a PR gimmick because people associate black hides with high quality meat c. They have not changed the hide color requirements of the breed d. The crossbreeding improves the marbling and thus quality of the meat e. Fads have influenced the beef industry for a long time, they used to want short fat animals, then tall rangy animals. This is just another fad

d. The crossbreeding improves the marbling and thus quality of the meat several slides dedicated to this and discussed in class

The Department of Animal Sciences had identified four Grand Challenges that their faculty have expertise to address. What is the primary factor driving issues in the Grand Challenges that are facing Animal Agriculture? a. The rapid increase in land prices b. The rise of global corporations c. The decrease in number of people working on farms d. The increase in the human population e. Global climate change

d. The increase in the human population

One of the problems in defending ourselves from pathogens is that they want to survive as well and they try to evade or defense mechanisms. We (both humans and livestock) have problems every year with the flu viruses. It seems like even if we get a flu shot we still get the flu (however all of you should get the flu shot, even if it is not the "correct" vaccine for the current strain of flu virus, it will still stimulate the immune system and help prevent or reduce the severity of the flu you do get). Many flu viruses take over host cell machinery and are trying to produce as many new viruses as possible before they kill that cell to release the new viruses so the new viruses can infect other cells, or before the host mounts an immune response, thus they are sloppy and create a variety of different surface molecules in the new viruses. Which of the following is a primary way that viruses try to evade host detection? Do not consider latent infections because most flu bugs don't have a latent phase. Think in terms of how the adaptive immune system works and viruses live. a. Form biofilms which protect them from immune cells b. Hide in host cells for a long time c. The virus secretes compounds to minimize host response before they enter the host cell d. The virus changes surface molecules that the host immune system recognizes e. They don't have any special ways to evade host immune response

d. The virus changes surface molecules that the host immune system recognizes

The rumen microbes digest plant material and use the energy they produce to synthetize more cells. In this process, they have to get rid of end products of digestion (just like mammals do). Their major end product provides about 80% of the energy utilized by ruminants. What are these end products of microbial digestion? a. Methane b. Hydrogen sulfide c. Carbon dioxide d. VFA e. Nitrogen gas

d. VFA volatile fatty acids or fermentation acids (acetic, propionic and butyric)

What is a castrated male sheep called? a. Weather b. Barrow c. Steer d. Wether e. Eunuch

d. Wether

Which of the following are among the Five Freedoms listed by the Farm Animal Welfare Council of 1993? If more than two are correct answers, you need to select the greatest number of correct responses. a. Freedom from hunger and thirst b. Freedom from pain, injury or disease c. Freedom to express normal behavior d. A and B e. A, B and C

e. A, B and C A, b andc were all listed as part of the 5 freedoms

Most of the increase in the global population is predicted to occur in which region/country of the world? This country/region is expected to increase in population because it is expected that health care will reduce child and adult mortality rates. a. North America b. South America c. Western Europe d. Russia e. Africa

e. Africa

Animals also have an impact on the environment and as we increase animal production to feed the increasing human population, who will also have more income and will want to eat animal products, animals will have a greater impact on the environment. Increasing pet populations also has an impact on the environment. Although environmentalists claim that intensive agriculture has a greater impact on the environment, if the same number of animals was raised extensively, they would produce as much, if not more, environmental emissions, and use more land for production. What are some of the environmental impacts attributed to intensive livestock production? a. Increased odors, dust and gasses b. Increased eutrophication of lakes rivers and streams by potassium and nitrogen emissions in feces and urine c. Increased insect populations d. A and C e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Why do they not take carcass measurements for yield grades in poultry? a. There are too many of them and the processing lines go too fast to take measurements b. The poultry genetics is very uniform c. Because of the high control of nutrition and management, the birds are uniform d. Because the breast is the high value product, there is no reason to take measurements of the other parts e. All of the above

e. All of the above

The number of horses in the US is currently around 10 million. However, the number of horses in the US in 1910 was around 26.5 million and declined to around 2.2 million in 1970 and the types of horse breeds also changed from draft breeds to light breeds during this time period. What was the PRIMARY reason the horse numbers declined during this time period. a. Horsemeat was very popular during this time period b. An infectious disease hit the horse industry in the 1960's and wiped most of the horses out. Sort of like the black death in the mid 1300's in Europe decimated the human population. That is why all horses that go to shows or are sold have to have proof of a Coggins test c. Farms became smaller, so they didn't need as many horses d. With that many horses, the horse manure (and smell) on city streets was difficult to manage, so horses were banned from large cities e. As tractors and cars became more popular, there was less need for horses

e. As tractors and cars became more popular, there was less need for horses

This has been a good year for grain production in the US (good meaning high yields, but bad meaning that because of high supply relative to demand, farmers will get up to 20% less $ per bushel of grain). That means US farmers will increase exports of grains to other global markets at a low price. If global grain production is significantly increased, it may lower food prices in the grocery store a little (5%, which has occurred in the US, food prices are the currently lowest they have been for a long time), which is a nice surprise to most people in the US, but what effect would exporting extra grain to Ethiopia have for most people in Ethiopia. a. A majority of the food cost in the US is in the processing and marketing, so a 20% decrease in grain price at the farm has little effect on the price of the finished product b. Most Kenyans don't purchase processed foods, thus decreases in grain prices significantly decrease the amount of money they spend on food, or alternatively, they can buy more food or higher quality food (meat?). c. Because of the influx of low cost US grain, Ethiopian farmers can't make enough money to live on and some will go out of business, thus making the famine worse and causing Ethiopia to become more reliant of d. A and B e. B and C

e. B and C a is true, but irrelevant to the question. Because most Kenyans purchase more unprocessed grains, decreasing grain prices would allow them to spend more money on food or other items, but influxes of cheap grain would make it harder for local farmers to make a profit remember that you crossed out response d on your exam and moved e and f up to d and e

Which breed of the following is a draft breed of horse? a. Hackney b. P.O.A. c. Arabian d. Standardbred e. Belgian

e. Belgian

Which meat producing livestock industry is the most vertically integrated a. Beef b. Layers c. Turkey d. Swine e. Broilers

e. Broilers

Many people talk about draft horses (ones built for pulling things) and light breeds of horses (ones mostly used for pleasure or racing) and ponies. Sometimes people refer to breeds as being hot blooded or cold blooded horses. What is the difference between a "hot" blooded and "cold" blooded horse? a. Hot blooded horses have a slightly higher temperature than cold blooded horses b. Hot blooded horses were developed in warm climates (Arabia, S. America) c. Hot blooded horses are larger, thus produce more heat d. Shires are hot blooded horses e. Cold blooded horses have a more even temperament

e. Cold blooded horses have a more even temperament

Which of the following is NOT among the 4 D's that a vet inspecting in a processing plant may look for in the live animal? a. Down b. Disabled c. Diseased d. Dead e. Dirty

e. Dirty

There are a variety of different types of disease. Some are metabolic, some are infectious (caused by an infectious biological agent), some of the infective diseases are contagious (easily spread throughout a population) some are very pathogenic (make animals very sick or kills them) and others are not? Which of the following would be an infectious, highly contagious and highly pathogenic disease? Think about the definitions of the highlighted words and your choices and there can only be one correct answer. a. Diabeties b. Rabies c. Obesity d. Cancer e. Ebola

e. Ebola discussed in class how infectious, contagious and pathogenic this disease is

Back in the 1930's only 35% of the milk was sold as whole milk and there was a problem of dishonest individuals (happens in all industries) adding water to increase the volume of milk sold. To prevent this, Babcock devised a simple procedure to measure one of the milk components and subsequently milk price was based on milk having 4% of this component? (as this component has fallen out of favor and the nutritional value of other components is more recognized and rapid techniques for measuring all milk components were developed, milk is now priced on all of the milk solids components). What was this first milk component that was used to standardize milk pricing? a. Lactose b. Short Chain Fatty Acids c. Protein d. Sucrose e. Fat

e. Fat

Productivity of an animal is determined by a combination of factors. Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor (environment being the animals surroundings, not just weather) affecting productivity? a. Climate b. Disease c. Wind breaks d. Housing e. Genetics

e. Genetics All of the other options were related to environment in some way

Which is the appropriate term when referring to an immature female pig? a. Heifer b. Cow c. Guilt d. Filly e. Gilt

e. Gilt

Some animals have lived in extreme environments for a long time and have made physiological adaptations to help them survive those extreme environments. Australian Thorny Devils drink with their skin, North African Dorca Gazells never have to drink water or urinate (but they do if water is available), kangaroos lick their forelegs to increase evaporation to cool off and the fat in the camel hump allows them to go for long periods of time without food and they have very effective ways of retaining water (does that mean that Bactrian [double humped] camels can survive twice as long as Dromedary [single humped] camels - the above is not part of the question!!!). The question is - What is NOT an adaptation mechanism use by reindeer (or caribou) to survive in cold environments? a. Increased nasal turbinates size to warm and moisten the cold dry air b. Modulate hoof size, wider in the summer to walk across swampy areas and smaller and harder in the winter to break through the ice c. Develop a very long overcoat d. Develop a very dense undercoat (can be expanded by piloerection to trap air for increased insulation) e. Have high blood Na to allow for increased water intake

e. Have high blood Na to allow for increased water intake all of the above except 3 are used by reindeer, e is one of the adaptation mechanisms used by camels to adapt to extreme heat

Regarding genetics, the term homozygous means? a. An allele that masks the expression of other alleles b. Having two different alleles at a gene locus c. A discrete trait controlled by one or a few genes d. The location of a gene on the chromosomea. e. Having two identical alleles at a gene locus

e. Having two identical alleles at a gene locus

What are the three segments of the small intestine? a. Abomasum, omasum and reticulum b. Duodenum, cecum, colon c. Crop, proventriculus, cloaca d. Gizzard, ileum, cecum e. Ileum, duodenum, jejunum

e. Ileum, duodenum, jejunum

Heat stress is difficult for animals to handle, especially rapid changes in temperature. During the heat wave two summers ago poultry producers lost thousands of birds in spite of their efforts to minimize the heat effects (it is too expensive to provide air conditioning to them). Which of the following is NOT something animals would do to adjust to acute increases in temperature? It may help to think of what you would do if you were really hot and couldn't go into air conditioning. Think about whether each answer would help the animal get rid of heat or not. a. Pant b. Sweat (assuming they have sweat glands (poultry don't have them and pigs don't have many. My wife says she is sweating like a pig, so I think she isn't sweating, but I don't think that is what she means) c. Stretch out to increase body surface area d. Get in water e. Increase vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels.

e. Increase vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels. No, keeping the heat in the center of the body would make it more difficult to get rid of heat

Which of the following is not a very feasible way that we can increase food availability and quality to the human population by 2050? a. Using more GMO crops b. Improving farm management practices c. Decreasing food waste during the production, handling and storage phase of farm to fork d. Decreasing food waste during the distribution and consumption phase e. Increasing global meat consumption to the level of consumption in the US meat consumption takes more resources, so although it may improve nutritional status of the population, with limited resources, it would not increase food availability

e. Increasing global meat consumption to the level of consumption in the US meat consumption takes more resources, so although it may improve nutritional status of the population, with limited resources, it would not increase food availability

Behavior modification or training requires learning (relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiences), which also involves memory (processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve information). Which is NOT a component of training of an animal? a. Stimulus b. Response c. Reinforcement d. Repetition e. Instinct

e. Instinct

Although goat and cow milk composition is similar. Goat milk is thought to be more digestible because the fat micelles are smaller. Goat meat is thought to be healthier because it is lower in fat and saturated fat than other species, while being similar in protein content. This probably is due to being raised on pasture and not finished in a feedlot. Which of the following compounds is also higher in goat meat, and it is thought of as another beneficial aspect of goat meat? a. Calcium b. Vitamin D c. Growth Hormone d. Lactose e. Iron

e. Iron

Where's the beef - as in what happened to beef production in 1984 when there was a rapid decline and then rebounded over the next 4-5 years in beef production in the US? a. There was no sharp decline, it was just a general trend in decreased production b. A lot of cows were identified as having Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), thus people in the US were afraid to eat the meat and export markets suffered as well c. There was a major drought and then a number of cows died from E. coli O157-H7, thus decreasing the supply of beef cattle in the US d. Scientists identified a correlation with saturated fat and cholesterol (high in beef) with heart disease, so people reduced beef consumption e. Mad cow disease (BSE) was identified in a couple of cows in the US and there was a big scare that leading to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, thus consumption and export of beef produced in the US decreased

e. Mad cow disease (BSE) was identified in a couple of cows in the US and there was a big scare that leading to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, thus consumption and export of beef produced in the US decreased

Feathers are composed of amino acids and they have a relatively high amount of amino acids that form crosslinks with other amino acids. Birds have a lot of feathers and need amino acids for feathers in addition to their other nutritional requirements for tissue growth. Which essential amino acid is considered to be limiting in poultry? a. Valine b. Tryptophan c. Tyrosine d. Histidine e. Methionine sulfide crosslinking

e. Methionine sulfide crosslinking between proteins makes them more rigid (feathers, hair, connective tissue). Thus a hairy dog that sheds a lot would need more methionine in its diet than would a short hair dog that doesn't shed

Phytate is an organic form of a mineral in plants and phytate is not very digestible. Most livestock producers used to add inorganic forms of this mineral to animal diets, but then excess of this mineral would be applied to the land and when released by microbial enzymes, would leach into lakes and streams and cause eutrophication of these bodies of water (removing oxygen and killing fish and other animals). Today most producers add phytase enzymes to the diet. These enzymes degrade dietary phytate and make the mineral available to the animal, requiring much less inorganic mineral to be added to the diet. What is the mineral in bound up in phytate? a. Calcium b. Magnesium c. Iron d. Sodium e. Phosphorous

e. Phosphorous

There is a lot of controversy about meat consumption in developed countries. Avid animal rights people are opposed to humans owning pets, much less using animals for food. Avid environmentalists believe that too many environmental resources are used to produce meat and the medical industry believes that the high saturated fat content of the diet leads to metabolic diseases, heart attacks and strokes. However, the incidence of mental and physical retardation in malnourished children is decreased if they are given animal products. What nutritional component(s) of meat products is beneficial to these children? If two components are listed, both have to be beneficial in decreasing retardation to be correct. a. Fat b. Protein c. Vitamins d. Fat and vitamins e. Protein and vitamins

e. Protein and vitamins

What structure restricts passage of large particulate feed materials in cattle? Most fiber particles have to be reduced to a particle size of less than 1 mm to pass through this structure before they can move on through the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. a. Esophageal groove b. Ileocecal sphincter c. Abomasal sphincter d. Rectal sphincter e. Reticulo-omasal orface (opening)

e. Reticulo-omasal orface (opening)

Which of the following microorganisms is considered a food borne pathogen? a. Tuberculosis b. Antrax c. Rabies d. Lyme disease e. Salmonella

e. Salmonella the only one in the bolded list of (enteric or food borne) pathogens that I had indicated that you should be familiar with in the study guide

Which of the following is not one of the rules for genetic improvement? a. Having maximum genetic variation to select from b. Selection of important traits with moderate to high heritability c. Having accurate measurements of important traits d. Using selected animals effectively e. Selecting dominant vs recessive traits to try to improve quantitative traits

e. Selecting dominant vs recessive traits to try to improve quantitative traits

Plagues are caused by lot of different organisms, but two things most epidemics have in common are that they are contagious and the hosts move to different areas to infect large geographical areas. We have had concerns about the Ebola plague and although not really a plague, Zika is a concern now because of the impact on the fetus. The worst plague in history was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which inhabits fleas that tend to infect rats. Yersinia pestis would infect the fleas to the point they would block their guts and they would become more frantic to feed (thus biting more hosts) and they would basically vomit to try to clear their guts, thus spreading lots of the bacterium on the host. The fleas were so desperate that they also started to bite humans in addition to their normal rat hosts. As people traveled from place to place, they inadvertently brought the rats and their fleas with them. The epidemic killed between 30-60% of the population (75-200 million people). What is the common name of that plague? a. The white death b. The green death c. The yellow death d. The violent death e. The black death

e. The black death

There are a lot of factors that will influence whether the global population is greater than, or less than the predicted 9 billion people by 2050. Which of the following trends or actions would help reduce the global population to below the predicted 9 billion people by 2050? a. The current trend in increasing life expectancy b. The current trend in reducing child mortality rate c. Increasing food production d. Increasing environmental conservation programs e. The current trend in decreasing fertility rate a, b and c would increase population, whereas d isn't directly related to the question

e. The current trend in decreasing fertility rate a, b and c would increase population, whereas d isn't directly related to the question

Founder is a problem in horses. It is often called laminitis and is inflammation of a part of the hoof. If the inflammation is bad enough the pedal bone may either rotate or even sink and protrude through the sole of the hoof, thus making the horse lame (either temporarily or permanently). So, when a horse founders, what part of the hoof is inflamed? a. The frog b. The bulbar cushion c. The pastern bone d. The navicular bone e. The laminae

e. The laminae

Which of the following is NOT a reason the large beef feedlots are in the plains states? a. Feedlots are close to where most of the feed is produced b. Feedlots are far away from the human population, thus decreasing NIMBY (not in my back yard) opposition to the feedlots c. It is cheaper to ship the processed meats to the large human markets than it is to ship the live animals d. Good water supply e. The plains states have clay soils so the water runs out of the feedlots when it rains

e. The plains states have clay soils so the water runs out of the feedlots when it rains on ppt and I talked about how the sandy soils allowed the little rain there would sink in quickly, whereas with the rainfall and clay soils in Indiana, the animals would be covered in mud and have trouble walking to feed bunks

Animals can adjust to temperature changes by a number of mechanisms. Short term they can physically huddle or stretch out, they can get in groups or spread out, and they can vasoconstrict or dilate peripheral blood vessels to protect the inner core organs. Longer term adaptation mechanism include increasing or decreasing adipose levels and hair coat thickness. They can also adjust their basic metabolic rate (BMR) by increasing or decreasing two hormones that regulate BMR. Which hormones are these? a. Prolactin and GNRH b. Growth hormone and insulin c. FSH and LH d. Glucagon and epinephrine e. Thyroxin and corticosteroids

e. Thyroxin and corticosteroids I talked about many of these hormones in the reproduction section (thus familiarity with having seen the terms), but the only ones I talked about in the environment section that had any effect on basic metabolic rate were thyroxin and the corticosteroids.

In a breeding program, when would you want to maximize heterosis (hybrid vigor)? a. As you are trying to build your herd and want uniformity b. If you are trying to uncover deleterious genes c. To decrease costs of breeding program d. To increase the amount of homozygous loci, especially as a terminal cross e. To increase the amount of heterozygous loci, especially as a terminal cross outbreeding or crossbreeding

e. To increase the amount of heterozygous loci, especially as a terminal cross outbreeding or crossbreeding

Globally, which two species/industries have declined in consumption (for very different reasons) since the 1980's? a. Wild Fish and Pork b. Beef and Poultry c. Farmed Fish and Pork d. Mutton Farmed Fish e. Wild fish and Beef

e. Wild fish and Beef

Which of the following are careers in the companion animal industries? a. Animal assisted therapy b. Pet food research c. Banking d. Law enforcement e. All of the above

e. all of the above Again, if there is more than one correct response (a and b, and K 9 dogs) then the correct response is the one that contains all of them. Loan officers make loans to companion animal industries.

The companion animal industry has been growing rapidly over the last 25 years and thus there are an increasing number of job opportunities associated with the companion animal industry. Unfortunately, the number of hands on jobs where you work with animals every day is not increasing dramatically and the salaries for those types of jobs is not high. Most of the job growth, and higher salaries, occurs in industries supporting the companion animals. Which component of the companion animal industries accounts for the most expenditures? a. Pet services (grooming, boarding, training) b. Live animal purchases c. Veterinary care d. Companion animal supplies, medicines and services e. Food

e. food Highest amount in bar graph and aspect that I talked about more in lecture