Online school first eight chapters

Vygotsky's Socioculture theory

focused on the impacts of sociocultural factors -key insight is that children's thinking develops through dialogues with more capable persons -many learn specific intellectual skills valued by their culture -zone of proximal development -Scafoolding During collaboration with others children learn important cultural beliefs and values -children rely on adults to help them understand the world and noticed that adults unconsciously adjust their behavior to give children the information they need to solve problems that interest the child (learn about society and culture)

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

food

feedback is most effective when it is

frequent, immediate, and detailed

Inductive

going from specific facts or observations to general principles

Shaping

gradual molding of responses to a desired person -successive approximation: ever closer matches to a desired response are reinforced during shaping

Asian- American families

group oriented, interdependence for individual behavior can bring pride or shame to the family hard work, moral behavior, and achievement -by age 5: obedience, self control, and self discipline

The hippocampus is important in memory formation because it

grows new neurons and makes new connections in the brain.

High IQ reveals potential not

guaranteed success

Perceptual barriers

habits leading to failure to identify important elements of a problem

Steven Hawking, Lou Gehrig's disease ravaged his spinal cord, short circuiting messages between his brain and

his muscles

Developmental level

his or her current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development -heredity, environment, and your own behavior (each tightly interwoven with others)

In 1700s Austrian doctor Franz Mesmer dealt with what topic

hypnosis

Nonstate theorists

hypnosis is not a distinct state at all -instead of blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, and role-playing -self hypnosis-auto suggestion -hypnotist merely helps the person follow suggestions (alter sensations, perceptions, thought, feelings, and behaviors)

Which part of the brain is responsible for hunger, thirst, sex, body temperature, and endocrine secretion?

hypothalamus

concepts

ideas that reresent categories of objects or events

Parental styles

identifiable patterns of parental care taking and interaction with children

synthesia

images cross over normal sensory barriers

Dream symbols

images that have deeper symbolic meaning

To be effective, punishment should be

immediate

The chief characteristic of hypnosis is

increased suggestibiltiy

In an experiment study the effects of study skills training on academic achievement, the study skills training would be

independent variable

Neurons

individual nerve cells making up the nervous system -eyes, muscles, and other senses are sent to the brain to be interrupted -messages must then be sent back to muscle fibers

Genetic Disorders

inherited from parents -sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, albinism

verbal Intelligence

intelligence measured by answering questions involving vocab, general info, arithmetic, and other language or symbol oriented tasks

Performance (nonverbal) intelligence

intelligence measured by solving puzzles, assembling, objects, completing pictures, and other nonverbal tasks

Separation Anxiety disorder

intense fear of separation sometimes enough to where they have to seek help from a professional

New memories either alter existing memory traces or make it harder to "locate" earlier memories, according to which explanation of forgetting?

interference

Neural Networks

interlinked collections of neurons that process information in or nervous systems

Neurons are 100 billion

interlinked nerurons -sustained by 10 times as many glial cells (cells that support neurons in a variety of ways, especially in the brain) neurons carry input from sense of the brain and other carry from the brain to the muscles and glands

Illogical

intutiive, assocative, or personal

Nearness

is they are close they tend to be grouped

Intuitive thought

it makes little use of reasoning or logic (language symbolic)

If electric charges rises to about -50 millivolts the neuron will reach

its threshold or trigger point for firing

Self Recording

keeping records of response frequencies, a form of feedback can make all difference in the world -when you honestly observe yourself you are more likely to engage in desired behavior instead of undesired behavior

Problem is solved by rote, algorithm

learned set of rules that always leads to an answer

Rote Learning/ Rote Rehearsal

learning by simple repetition (not very effective way to study)

Operant conditioning (instrumental learning)

learning is based on the consequences of responding

Behavior therapy

learning principles to change problem behaviors such as overeating, fears, or temper tantrums

cranial nerves

leave the brain directly without passing through the spinal cord

more than 90% of the population uses what side for the brain for language

left

students who are gifted in math tend to be

left handed or ambidextrous

Advantage right

left have more birth traumas and higher rate of allergies people with mix handedness may be at risk for immune related diseases right hand people don't live longer there are just less lefties

Illusion

length, position, motion, curvature, or direction is consistently misjudged -distorted perceptions of stimuli that exist

Natural animal communication is quite

limited -lacks the productive quality of human language -some animals have been taught to communicate with symbols of various kinds -Kanzi (monkey) has been taught through LEXI-GRAMS a way ti communicate through geometric symbols -his sentences follow correct word order -his vocab and ability to invent a simple grammar are on par with a 2 year old

Pons

look like a small bump on the brain, acts as a bridge between the medulla and the other brain areas (sleep and arousal)

what happens with fetal alcohol to the baby

low birth weight, bodily defects, emotional, behavioral, and mental disabilities

Information bits

meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases

Random Assignment

means that a participant has an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group -balances personal differences in two groups -number of men and women and other characteristics all randomly given for a group

digit span test-

measure of short term and attention

dependent variables

measures the result of the experiment -reveal the effects of the independent variables have on behavior -revealed by measures of performance, such as test scores

Rote Learning

mechanical repetition and memorization -more lasting and flexible when they don't use rote learning and discover facts and principles on their own

Hindbrain consists of

medulla, pons, brainstem, cerebellum, reticular formation,

Sigmuch Freuds Pioneering Approach four dream processes

mental filters that disguise the meanings of dreams

The second step of perception is perceptual constructions which are

mental models of the external events, that are actively created by the brain -sensory information can be interpreted in many ways (can be misconstrued a they are filtered through our needs, expectations, attitudes, blue and beliefs)

Preconventional Moral reasoning

moral thinking is guide by the consequences of actions -more characteristics of young children and deliquents

creative people have a greater than average range of knowledge and interest

more fluent in combining ideas from various sources

Experimental Processing

more or less passively, effortlessly, and automatically soaking up the experience -watching TV -more perception as well as learning, intuition, and creativity depends on this processing NOT if you want to learn something

Encoding Strategy Elaborative Processing

more you rehearse the better you will remember -look for connections to existing knowledge

Encoding Strategy Beware Serial position

most errors in the middle of the things you need to remember

Caffeine

most frequently used, can cause trembling hands, increase alertness, coffee, soda, chocolate, cocoa, non prescription drugs -many result in unhealthy defended (caffeinism) can intensify anxiety, headache and flu like symptoms in withdrawal -can cause high blood pressure, bladder cancer, and heart problems -pregnant woman can cause abby t ave miscarriage if too much caffeine

creates a bell shape, Normal curve

most scores fall close to average and few are found at the extremes

How does one promote secure attachment

mother who is accepting and sensitive to her baby's signals and rhythms -a family that has warm family atmosphere and sensitive mothering and fathering produces very secure children

Repression

motivated forgetting -painful or embarrassing moments are held out of consciousness -major psychological defense we use against emotional threats

William Dromhoff came up with what

neurocognitive Dream theory

Many involuntary, autonomic nervous system (fight or flight) can be linked with

new stimuli and situations

Smell is Taste is

olfaction gustatory

Mindfulness meditation

open or excessive (embrace a total awareness of the world) -actually harder to attain than concentrative

The items actually selected for an intelligence test provide which type of definition of intelligence?

operational

Enkephalines

opiate like neural regulators relieve pain and stress

adrenal cortex

outer core, produces carticoids (salt balance/ adjust to stress/ secondary source of sex hormones) -oversecretion can cause Virilism (exaggerated male characteristics) --if oversecretion early it can cause premature puberty

stapes is connected to the cochlea called the

oval window

Experiential processing

passive, effortless, and automatic thinking

Abraham maslow believed that some people

perceive themselves and others with usual accuracy -alive, open, healthy, and freedom from criticizing and a surrender to experience

Psychophysics

physical energy (such as sound waves/electromagnetic radiation) is measured and related to dimensions of the resulting sensations we experience (such as loudness or brightness)

addiction is caused by withdrawal symptoms

physical illeness that follows removal of a drug

Power Assertion

physical punishment or show of force, such as taking toys or privilege

images

picture like mental respresnations

improving environments in which children learn and grow is the main way we can ensure ha thy reach their full

potential

If a mother smokes heavily during pregnancy, it is more likely that the infant will be born

premature and underweight

Recognition

previously learned material is correctly identified -can be amazingly accurate for pictures and photographs -normally superior to recall -depends the distractor used if its similar to the correct item, memory may be poor but it its not similar, memory to produce a false positive, false sense of recognition

Cerebellum

primarily regulates posture, muscle tone, and muscular coordination (stores memories) -if cerebellum is damaged walking, running, playing, feeding themselves becoming very difficult tasks

Information from eyes normally activate the brain's _____________________________________, creating an image

primary visual area

logical

proceeding from given information to conclusions in the basis of explicit rules

Consolidation

process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain

the trillion connection allows you to

process immense amounts of information producing intelligence and consciousness

Primary reinforcers

produce comfort, end discomfort, or fill an immediate physical need: they are natural, nonlearned, and rooted in biology -food/water -psychoactive drugs -intracranial self stimulation (direct activation of pleasure centers in the brain)

Besides limitations surveys

produce valuable information and powerful research tool (science is a powerful way of asking questions about the world and getting trustworthy answers)

Publish results in

professional journals able to replicate which makes it more credible

The DSM-5 has specific criteria and guidelines that help psychologists to determine the particular mental illness that a client is exhibiting. The use of the diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 illustrates the use of

prototypes

Shrink is a

psychiatrist

Cognitive Learning does not require

punishment or reinforcement

Intuition

quick, impulsive thought Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky studied how to make decisions in the face of uncertainty

Study in a specific place

quiet, well lit area, habit of studying will be linked to one area

parasympathetic branch

quiets the body and returns it to a lower level of arousal -most active after an emotional event -keeps heart rate, breathing, digestion at moderate levels

Places _____________ endorphin levels (pain and stress cause the release)

raise

REM is the acronym that stands for

rapid eye movement

Illumination

rapid insight or series of insights the aha expereience

Babies have remarkable capability of

rapid learning/ fluid intelligence

John Watson classically conditioned a little boy named Albert to fear

rats

Essay Test

read carefully and answer thoroughly, be direct an get to the point

General Test Taking

read directions thoroughly, survey before you test, easy questions first, time wisely read questions

A history exam that requires students to "Discuss economic factors that contributed to World War I" is measuring

recall

Naming Santa's reindeer with no hints or clues is measuring memory by

recall

Kinesthetic senses

receptors in muscles and joints that detect body position and movement

Vestibular sense

receptors in the inner ear for balance, gravity, and acceleration

Roger Sperry won a Nobel peace prize for

recognizing the left and right hemispheres perform differently on tests, language, perception, and other capabilities

Unconscious sensory data and selective attention

reduce flow of sensory information to the brain to a manageable level

Drug tolerance

reduced réponse to a drug (larger and larger doses get the desired effect

Systematic Desensitization

reducing fear of anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

observer effect

refers to changes in subject behavior caused by awareness of being observed -hidden cameras to observe

Self Actualization

refers to developing one's potential fully and becoming the best person possible

Originality

refers to how novel or unusual your ideas are

Deprivation

refers to lack of normal nutrition, stimulation, comfort, or love -mute, intellectually disabled -can occur with families in poverty - poor parents may not be able to give their kids necessities and resources and also stress of poverty can be hard on parents with result in marriage problems and poorer parent child relationships

Cognition

refers to processing a mental representation of a problem or situation

Control

refers to the ability to alter the conditions that affect behavior - must be used wisely and humanely

Hue

refers to the basic color categories of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (from a narrow band are very saturated or pure)

Heredity (nature)

refers to the genetic transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children -large numbers of personal features are set at conception -nucleus of every human ell contains DNA

Zone of Proximal Development

refers to the range of tasks a child cannot yet master alone but that she r he can accomplish with the guidance of a more capable partner

Environment (nurture)

refers to the sum of all external conditions that affect a person -babies have less dendrites and synapses but is plastic (capable of being altered by experience)

Self esteem

regard yourself as a worthwhile person

Pineal gland

regulate rhythms and sleep cycles -releases melatonin- daily cycles of light and dark (levels rise at night)

oxytocin

regulates many behaviors generally involved in happiness

Thyroid gland

regulates metabolism - metabolism- rate at which energy is produced and expanded in the body hyperthyroidim hypothyroidism epinephrine norepinephrine

From encoding to retrieval in long term memory -to successfully encode a more elaborate network you ave to understand

reinforcement

Learn to expect that a certain responses will have a certain effect at certain times- particular responses is associated with

reinforcement

Social Reinforcers

reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person -attention and approval can change the behavior of people

Partial reinforcement

reinforcer do not follow every response

Self Reference

relate new facts, terms and concepts, to your own experiences and information you already know well - new ideas more meaningful and easier to remember

observer bias

related problem in which observers see what they expect to see or record only specific details

Endorphins

released by the pituitary gland

Confirmation Bias

remember or notice things that confirm our expectations and forget the rest -psychic mediums

paradoxical intention

remove pressures to go to sleep just allow yourself to sleep when you feel like it

Life is a mixture of _______________________ and _____________________ events

rewarding and punishing

what happens during question

reword each topic heading into one or more questions, prepares you to read with a purpose

Produce sound waves which are

rhythmic movements in air molecules

What side controls what in the brain

right controls left and left controls right -damages to one side may cause spatial neglect which is when the patient pays no attention to one of visual space

An experiment is performed to test the effects of sleep deprivation on rote memory. In this experiment, the dependent variable is

rote memory scores

Health in adulthood

routine wear and tear some can face cancer or heart attack -many adults learn to work smarter both physically and mentally

Transformation rules

rules by which a simple declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms

Social Norm

rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group - appreciation of the fuller spectrum of human diversity can enrich your life as well as your understanding of psychology

Meridian Community College has a total of 4,000 students. One hundred of these students are surveyed about the programs offered at the college. The 100 students surveyed would constitute the

sample

Children imitate what someone does more than what someone

says -through modeling kids learn attitudes, gestures, emotions, personalty traits, fear, anxiety, and bad habits

Psychology

scientific study of overt behaviors and mental processes (covert behavior) - any observable action or response- overt -covert: is private or mental events (thinking/dreaming) 1000 years old psyche- mind; logos- knowledge

The bedtime distress that occurs when babies are left alone at night can sometimes be eased with the presence of a stuffed animal or favorite blanket, which are known as

security objects

Barbiturates

sedative drug that depress the brain activity -amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, tuinal -calm patients or induce sleep -higher doses can cause mental confusion pr hallucinations -overdose frist cause loss of consciousness then mess up brain enters that control breathing and heart rate and intimately you die

Biological Perspective

seeks to explain behavior in terms of biological principles such as brain processes, evolution, and genetics -how it relates to feelings and behavior neurosciences Evolutionary Psychology

Actions are automatic-

seem to happen without effort

Selective encoding

selection information that is relevant to a problem while ignoring distractions

Color Weakness

(partial color blindness)a person can not see certain colors -8 percent of caucausion males, less than 1 percent female are red green color blind -yellow and blue is very rare -green light is brighter than red light for those who are color blind while driving and the green is blue green

Intellectual disability

(scores are far below) begins an IQ of approximately 70 or below -a person's ability to perform adaptive behaviors to more important in evaluating the disability -genetic abnormalities (genes, extra genes) -fetal damage -birth injuries -postnatal problems

introspection

(wundt) looking inward to probe his reactions to various stimuli -by insisting on systematic observation and measurement, off to a good start

Each resting neuron has an electrical charge of about ____________ millivolts at the axon

-60 to -70

Operant Conditioning Who? What?

-Edward Thorndike (North America) -consequences of responding -Positive or negative response determines whether you will do something again or not

Sensorimotor stages (0-2 years)

-Newborns cannot create mental images -Object Permanence -Learn to coordinate information from his senses with his motor movements -childs conceptions are becoming more stable

Piaget today

-children continuously gain specific knowledge they do not undergo stage like leaps -growth in connections between brain cells occurs in waves paralleling some of the stages -infants begin forming representations of the world very early in life -THEORY of the MIND

Somesthetic Senses

sensations produced by the skin, muskies, joints, viscera, and organs of balance

GHB

CNS depressant that relaxes and sedates the body -produce euphoria, socialize, and mild loss of inhibitions -abuse: nausea, loss of muscle contraction, and sleep or unconsciousness -overdose is common and it messes up gag reflex so you to to die in your own vomit -it is now classified as a controlled substance and cause brain damage and withdrawals have hallucinations and anxiety -often manufactured at home from products gotten on internet -degreasing solvent mixed with drain cleaner

Many biases of psychology because of the number of

Caucasian males but now its a better reflection of human diversity

Researcher Bias

Changes in participants behavior caused by the unintended influences of a researcher's actions

Sleep Stages Stage 4 (final)

Deep sleep- deepest level of normal sleep in about an hour, pure slow delta waves, state of oblivion

LESS invasive techniques:

EEG, PET scan, and fMRI

Jason's parents reward him with a play break after he has worked on his homework for 20 minutes. After 20 more minutes of study, Jason receives another play break. Jason is on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed Interval

Memory must pass through:

sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory summarized by the Shiffrin model of memory -encoded, stored, and retrieved in each of the three memories

what is the only emotion newborn infants clearly express

General excitement -first basic split is pleasant and unpleasant (several emotions as early as 10 weeks) -interest is the first infant expression -emotions are hardwired by heredity and related to evolution

Sleep deprivation psychosis

severe sleep loss/ loss of contact with reality -delusions, hallucinations (luckily rarely occur)

Stage seven Middle Adulthood

Generativity vs Stagnation: a conflict in which self interest is countered by an interest in guiding the next generation - include concerns for the welfare of others and the society as a whole -stagnation- one's own needs and comforts

Some cultures don't view the mental abilities assessed by

IQ tests

reasons for experimenting with drugs (4)

short term use base don curiosity, social recreational- occasional social use for pleasure or relation, situational- use to cope with a specific problem, intensive daily use with elements of dependence -last 3 are dangerous with no matter what drug

Negative Transfer

skills developed in one situation conflict with those required to master a new task -learning to back a car with a trailer attached -usually brief and occurs less than positive -most likely to occur if a new response must be made to an old stimulus

what happens during review

skim back cover, check your memory by reciting and quizzing again

what happens during Survey

skim through the module before you begin to read (look at headings, caption, and summaries) get an overall picture

hypothyroidism

sleepiness, slowness, and obesity

Model

someone who serves as an example -so someone can learn new responses -learn to carry out or avoid previously learned response -learn a general rule that can be applied to various situations

John B Watson

soon realized he could study the overt behaviors of animals -observed the relationship between stimuli and an animals' response -Adopted Ivan Pavlov's concept of conditioning (learned reaction to a specific response) to explain most behavior -helped make psych a natural selection

ear canal

sound waves collide with the tympanic membrane (eardrum) setting in in motion

Moral Development

starts in childhood and continues into adulthood/ the development of values, beliefs, and thinking abilities that act as a guide regarding what is acceptable behavior

Amphetamines

stimulant, speed bunnies -treat childhood hyperactivity and overdoes of depressant drugs -illicit use is widespread for people hoping t stay awake and think it can improve mental and physical perfomance (address/Ritalin used to treat ADHD) -methamphetamine -many abusers take ever larger doses to get the desired effects -can cause damage to the brain, heart attacks, stroke, depression, aggression -a smokable form of meth (ice) is used and causes a huge dependence today

Attention is also frequently related to contrast or change in

stimulation (unexpected)

Retrieval cues

stimuli associated with a memory. retrieval cues usually enhance memory -the presence of appropriate cues always enhances memory

Stimulus control

stimuli that consistently precede a rewarded response tend to influence when and where the response will occur

Discriminative stimuli

stimuli that precede reinforced and non-reinforced responses -the main one today is police cars (when you see you slow down) -telephone ringtones for certain people -drug sniffing dogs begin trained

We pick up phones that are ringing, but rarely answer phones that are silent, and we go when the light is green, not when it is red. These are examples of

stimulus control

Behaviorism

study of behavior (John Watson)

positive psychology

study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior

Ablation

surgical removal of parts of the brain -when behavior or sensory capacity changes, we gain insight of the purpose of the missing part

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations for social-recreational drinkers to "pace" their drinking? a. Practice how to politely but firmly refuse drinks. b. Drink slowly and eat while drinking. c. If drinking hard liquor, make every other drink a beer or a glass of wine. d. Limit drinking primarily to the first hour of a party.

If drinking hard liquor, make every other drink a beer or a glass of wine.

Hippocampus acts as a sort of

switching station between short term and long term memory -grows new neurons and by making new connections within the brain -if damaged anterograde amnesia develops

Which of the following is provided by a language and stands for objects and ideas?

symbols

Your instructor announces a "pop" test. You have not read the chapter yet. Your heart and breathing rate increases, and your mouth becomes dry. Which nervous system was responsible for this reaction?

sympathetic

theory

system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that summarizes existing data and predicts future observations - good theories summarize observations, explain them, allow prediction, and guide further research

Positive Transfer

takes place when mastery of one task aids mastery of a second task -surfing and skateboarding skills transfer to snowboarding

Waves of greater amplitude are

taller, carry more energy, and cause the colors we see to appear brighter to more intense

Token Reinforcer

tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, etc.. -major advantage is they don't lose reinforcement value as quickly as primary reinforcement

smell is very important in

taste

Wernicke's Area

temporal lobe brain area that is related to language comprehension -damaged its receptive aphasia

similarity

tend to be similar in size, shape, color, tend to be grouped

Clearest Advantage of left handed people

tend to experience less language loss after damage to the either brain hemisphere, and they recover more easily because of the milder lateralization

Hypothesis

tentative statement about or the explanation of an event or relationship

The brain structure that is part of the forebrain and acts as a relay to sort and send sensory information to the cerebral cortex is the

thalamus

Forebrain keys parts are the

thalamus and hypothalamus

A specialist who studies emotional and behavioral reactions to death and dying is called a

thanatologist

The tendency of hypnotized subjects to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary is called

the basic suggestion effect

Conservation

the concept that mass, weight, and volume remain unchanged when the shape of objects change

Social Development

the development of self awareness, attachments to parents or caregivers, and relationships with other children and adults

Resting Potential

the electrical charge of inactive neuron -messages arriving from other neurons constantly raise and lower the resting potential

Psychoanalysis

the first fully developed psychotherapy, or talking cure (emotional problems) -a Freudian approach to psychotherapy that emphasizes exploring unconscious conflicts

Determinism

the ideas that behavior is determined by forces beyond our control however humanities stress free will- our ability to make free choices -love, belonging, creativity

A student can expect the teacher to answer his questions more completely if he comes to her office during her office hours than asking her the questions in the cafeteria. Learning to expect that a particular response will have a certain effect at one time and not another illustrates

the informational view of operant conditioning

Temperament refers to

the inherited, physical core of one's personality

According to the network model of memory, the time required to answer questions about objects, events, or individuals depends on

the length of the chain of associations that connects them.

Retina

the light sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye

Synapse

the microscopic space between two neurons, over which messages pass

Absolute threshold

the minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation

Humans have a large cerebral cortex which is what does it do

the outer layer of the brain 70% of the neurons in the CNS largest brain structure and the ability to speak, make tools, and complex skills come from this

Law of effect

the probability of a response is altered by the effect it has had

If asked, "Which is more probable? A. The New York Yankees will not be in the lead after the first half of the baseball season but will win their division. B. The New York Yankees will not be in the lead after the first half of the baseball season." Most people would answer A, although A is less likely to be true than B. According to Tversky and Kahneman, such faulty conclusions are based on

the representativeness heuristic.

Spontaneous Recovery

the return of a learned response after apparent extinction

Structuralism What is it Who

the school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements Edward Titchener

Shape constancy

the shape of an object remains stable even though the shape of its retinal image changes

size distance invariance-

the size of an object's image is precisely related to its distance from the eye

Coefficient of Correlation

the strength and direction of a relationship -calculated by a number between +1 (positive correlation and -1 (perfect negative)

Semantics

the study of meaning in words and language -words get a ton of their meaning from the context so word order does matter -plays a huge role in defining ethnic groups and communities

Developmental Psychology

the study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities, involves every stage of life from conception to death, or womb to tomb -heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) also affects us throughout our lifetime -the person you are today reflects a continuous interaction between the two

Framed

the way a problem is stated -very important to wight the pros and cons and look at the wording because it may trick you -framing decisions so narrowly greatly increases the risk of making a poor choice

psychology is involved in

therapy, emotion, and intelligence aging, wisdom, sexuality, and death persuasion, creativity, and intelligence

If distractors are very similar to the correct item on a multiple choice test,

there will be a lack of recognition for the information

Placebos have such a strong effect on people because

they alter people's expectations

What effect do neurotransmitters from one neuron have on the next neuron?

they may excite or inhibit it

Hyperthyroidism

thin ,nervous

use images to

think, solve, and remember problems -make a decision solve a problem change feelings improve skill or prepare for an action aid memory

Critical Thinking

thinkers pause to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize what they are reading

the more children interact with parents, the faster they learn

thinking abilities

wisdom represents

thinking, intelligence, creativity, and originality

Somnambulist

those who sleep walk avoid obstacles, descend stairs, and may step put of open window or in front of cars -eyes normally open, but blank face and shuffling feet -occurs during stage 3 and 4 of sleep -sleep talking occurs mostly in NREM sleep

Reflective Processing

thought that is active, effortful, and controlled -actively thinking about something and effortfully control your thoughts to focus on the matter at hand

lagauge is productive, generate new

thoughts and ideas

Both Thrichomatic theory and Opponent process theory are correct

three color applies theory applies to the retina which has three different types of cones

Vestibular system: Semicircular canals are

three fluid filled tubes that control balance

Neurons are

tiny and need a microscope to see

conscious mean

to be aware

transformations

to manipulate those images or ideas in their minds

Learning has a powerful impact on ____________________ perception.

top down

Acquisiton

training, a conditioned response must be established and strengthened -NS IS FOLLOWED BY US as this is strengthened NS increasingly elicits UR then it becomes CS capable of eliciting a CR -the optimal delay between CS and US is from .5 seconds to about 5 seconds

Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are

tranquilizers

Many stimuli can not be sensed because we lack the sensory receptors to

transduce their energy

We have no real conscious control over what energy ranges our sense can

transduce, analyze, or encode -you can control selective attention

The primary function of the senses is to act as biological

transducers -each sense translates a specific type of external energy into patterns of activity (action potentials in neurons

Relearning

typically by the most sensitive measure of memory -measured by a savings score- the amount of time it takes to relearn the info

Age 7 we see more adult like trend because they can understand transformations Egocentric thought-

unable to take the viewpoint of others (seem selfish)

classical conditioning depends on

unconditioned reflex responses

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the

unconditioned stimulus

psychologist Barbara Fredericton said negative emotions generally narrow our perceptual focus or spotlight increasing the likelihood of

unintentional blindness

Unconditioned response

unlearned response (reflex)

Test of creativity

unusual tests (uses of a product) consequences test - list the consequences that would follow a basic change in the world -anti grams test give word and asked ah many new words they can make by rearranging the letters -also must be high quality and relevant to solving the original problem

Brain structure and pieces of puzzle learned a lot based on dissections but they can now

use CT scans and MRI scans

Variable Interval Schedule

variation on a fixed interval schedule (VI 30 means reinforcement is available after an interval that averages 30 seconds) -slow/steady response rates and tremendous resistance to extinction

Perform an Experiment

vary a condition you think might affect behavior -create two or more groups of subjects. These groups should be like in all ways except the condition you are varying -record whether varying the condition has any effect on behavior

manifest content

visible meaning

Opponent Process theory

vision analyzes colors into either or messages -can produce red or green, yellow or blue -coding one color in the pair seems to block the other from coming through -afterimages are visual sensations that persist after a stimulus is removed

Peripheral vision

vision at the edges of the visual field -rod vision is best 20 degrees from center of the eye -sensitive to movement in the peripheral -tunnel vison- can't see out of peripherals

Language development is closely reated ot maturation begin with _______

vowels the babbling stage (b,d,n,and g)

After being adopted, the children who were raised in severely overcrowded orphanages where they got little attention, showed all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for a. avoiding eye contact with others. b. wanting to be constantly held by their adoptive parents. c. being poorly attached to their adoptive parents. d. wandering off with strangers.

wanting to be constantly held by their adoptive parents.

Max Wertheimer

was the first to advance the Gestalt Principle Gestalt- form, pattern, whole inspired a type of psychotherapy

Understanding the goal

we can state the causes of behavior -when we can explain an event

Representative heuristics

we tend to give a choice greater weight if it seems to be Representative of what we already know

Stage four 6-12 years (Erikson)

Industry or inferiority: a conflict in the middle childhood centered around a lack of support for industrious behavior, which can result in feelings of inferiority - industry if they win praise for productive activities -inferiority if they are regarded as messy or childish -teachers, laminates help shape attitudes towards oneself

Stage three 3-5 years (Erikson)

Initiative and guilt: a conflict between learning to take initiative and overcoming feeling of guilt about doing so -initiative by giving children freedom to question and use imagination -guilt by parents criticize severely

Stage eight Late Adulthood

Integrity or Despair: between feelings of integrity and the despair of viewing previous life events with regret -if they are in despair death and aging are a threat of fear and depression

Stage six Young Adulthood

Intimacy or Isolation: the challenge of overcoming a sense of isolation by establishing intimacy with others

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Is US stops following CS conditioning will fade away

Peoples ar better recognizing ttheir own races unless they are in a positive model and they can determine it much better other race effect is

we typically have more experience with people in our own race

inactive synaptic connections may

weaken and even die

Neurotransmitter

when an action potential reaches the tips of axon terminals, they are released into the synaptic gap (chemicals that alter activity in neurons) -when chemical molecules cross over the synapse, they attach to special receiving areas on the next neuron

Stroke occurs

when an artery carrying blood in the brain bleed or becomes blocked, casuign soem brain tissues to die

Motherese/parentese

when talking to infants the parents use exaggerated pattern of speaking -raise voice, use short and simple sentences, and repeat themselves -trying to help baby learn -it has a musical quality making it comforting -comfort-low tone voice -attention to something=high pitched rising melody -environmental factors help influence whether a person develops simple or sophisticated language skills

Perception

when the brain organizes sensations into meaningful patterns

Relationship between STM and LTM

when we want to use knoweledge from LTM to answer a question, the information is returned to STM

Overlearning

when you continue studying beyond your initial mastery of a topic - plan to do extra study and review after you think you are prepared

Classical Conditioning Who? What is it?

Ivav Pavlov -before we respond -begins with stimulus that triggers a behavior as a response -when a puff of air goes towards your eye you blink -Antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with one that does -learning has occurred when the new stimulus also will elicit response

Levels of Moral Development was discovered by

Kohlberg

Mental images are created in reverse brain areas in which memories are stored and signals back to the visual cortex,

where once again an image is created

dendrites

which look like tree roots, are neuron fibers that receive messages from other neurons

career in adulthood

while peak earnings commonly grow during the year so do the growing expenses -difficulties of unemployment can pose such serious challenges to adult well being -many adults derive identity from work

Probing dreams

who was in the dream social interactions activities taking place striving the dream about good fortune emotions were present in the dream physical surroundings -continue dream as waking fantasy

Lift satisfaction doesn't actually decline

with age

drug dependence insomnia

withdrawal from sleep pills

Withdrawal of love

withholding affection by refusing to speak to a child, leaving, rejecting the child, or acting as they are unlovable

other sources of error for eyewitness

wording of questions postevent information attitudes expectation alcohol intoxication cross racial perception weapon focus accuracy confidence exposure time unconscious transference color perception and stress (many have been put in jail falsely but thanks to DNA we can get them out)

Functional Solution

workable solutions -solving a problem requires strategy, if a small number of you could use random search strategy

Psychoanalysts

you must have an MD or PhD degree plus further training in Freudian Psychoanalysis -physician or a psychologist may become a psychoanalyst by learning a specific type of psychotherapy

Self testing

you pose questions to yourself -use quizzes only to see how much you know instead of using it as a way to study

Behavioral Contraction

you state a specific problem behavior you want to control or a goal you want to achieve -also state the rewards you will receive, privileges, and punishment then sign it if you and someone you trust (remember in the end you can get professional help)

Life satisfaction is when

your life is close to ideal, excellent, satisfied, gotten the important things in life, change almost nothing

LISAN- what each one is and details about each letter

Lead- don't follow, read assigned things before class and use reflective questions Idea- find the main idea because the examples or explanations follow Signal Words- listen to see where the discussion is going Actively Listen- Get involved and ask questions (anything that helps you stay active, alert, and engaged) Note Taking- be selective and write key info and points to review daily (fill in gaps while reviewing)

LISAN stands for

Lead. Idea. Signal Words. Actively Listen. Note Taking.

The glass will have the following features

Linear Perspective relative size height in picture plane light and shadow overlap texture gradients aerial perspective relative motion

Information that is important or meaningful is received from STM and encoded in

Long term memory

African American families

Loyalty, interdependence among family members, security, developing a positive racial identity, fairly strict discipline/ self reliance/ ability to take care of oneself

TO find out about indivudal neurons we would use a

Micro-electrode recording (extremely thin glass tube filled with salty fluid which detects the neuron)

Delay Evaluation

More likely to be creative when given ideas you can play with and not worried about being evaluated (avoid criticizing your efforts)

REM sleeping and daydreaming

Vivid dreams, last longer, more detailed dreams -brain areas associated with imagery and emotion becomes more active in REM sleep -when dreaming heart beat irregularly, blood pressure and breathing waver, sexually aroused -body becomes completely still (paralyzed in bed) -lack of muscle paralysis drying sleep is REM behavior disorder

Pain carried by large nerve fibers is sharp, bright, and fast seems to come from specific body areas

Warning system -hard for people with congenital pain insensitivity to have empathy for the pain of others

Weschler Test

Weschler intelligence scale- single intelligence score score for performance intelligence verbal intelligence

Culture Fair

a test that is designed to minimize the importance of skills an knowledge that may be more common in some cultures that others -not can be entirely free of influence but are used to help those from other countries and people of poorer or minorities also

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by

a thick band of axon fibers called the Corpus Callosum

Insight

a thinker who suddenly solves a problem -recognizing a problem

Sensitive Period

a time when children are more susceptible to particular types of environmental influences

Define Critical thinking

a type of reflection that involves asking whether a particular belief can be supported by scientific theory and observation - willing to challenge conventional wisdom by asking hard questions

Variable Ratio Schedule

a varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer (VR4 on average rewarded every 4 responses) -high response rates, greater resistance to extinction than fixed ratio schedules)

Cognitive Behaviorism

a view that combines conditioning and cognition (thinking) to explain behavior

Humanism

a view that focuses on subjective human experience -human potentials, ideals, and problems

Weekly time schedule

a written plan to allocate times for study, work, and leisure activities

Stimulus Discrimination

ability to respond differently to various stimuli -most children quickly learn to discriminate voice tones associated with punishment or praise and affection

Children's thinking is less

abstract than adults -base on things they can touch or examples

Long Term Memory

acts as a lasting storehouse for knowledge -store early limitless amount of information -more you know the easier it is to add new information to memory

Gestural Language American Sign Language has made a breakthrough with many people people who can not

actually speak the verbal language -some people believe speech evolved from sign language -sign languages naturally arise out of a need to communicate visually (defines a specific community and personal identity)

Selection occurs because sensory receptors do not transduce

all energies they encounter

Maternal Influences

all the effects a mother has on her child- have a greater impact (physical/emotional care) -fathers are spending more time with their children but the mother is the caretaker and nurturing especially of young children

Association areas

all the surrounding areas combine and process information -damage to the left hemisphere may suffer from aphasia (an impaired ability to use language)

Echolocation for bats

allow them to fly in total darkness in avoiding collisions and catch insects

Hypnosis definition

altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and an increased openness to suggestion

During a CER, an area called the _____________ becomes more active and produces feelings of _____________ (limbic system which controls other emotions also)

amygdala fear

Deviation IQ

an IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group- that is far above or below average the peron's score is relative to other scores

Suppression

an active, conscious attempt to put something out of mind

Single Blind Experiment

an arrangement in which participants remain unaware if they are the experimental group or the control group

Activation synthesis hypothesis is

an attempt to exploit how dream content is affected by motor commands in the brain that occur during sleep but are not carried out -brain searches through stored memories and manufactures (synthesis) of a dream -dreams are usually meaningless -doesn't rule out the possibility that we can find meaning in some dreams

Scientific Observation

an empirical investigation (direct observation) structered to answer questions about the world in a systematic (carefully planned) and inter subjective fashion (more than one observer can confirm them)

aphasia

an impaired ability to use language

Placebo

an inactive substance given in the place of a drug in psychological research or by physicians who want to treat a complaint by suggestion -alter our expectations (conscious and unconscious) about our emotional and physicians reactions

Insecure Ambivalent Attachment

anxious emotional bond -seek to be near the mother but angrily resists contact with her (those who are poorly attached from not being payed attention to will leave a lasting emotional impact on their lives

variable

any condition that can change and that might affect the outcome of the experiment

Punisher

any consequence that reduces the frequency of a target behavior -can be either the onset of an unpleasant event (positive reinforcement) or the removal of a pleasant state of affairs (negative punishment)

Operant Reinforcer

any event that follows a response and increases its probability of occurring again

Premack Principle

any high frequency response can be used to reinforce a low frequency response -anything done can serve as a reinforcement

psychodynamic theory

any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces

adrenal glands

arouse the body, regulate salt balance, adjust the body to stress, and affect sexual functioning

Primary Auditory area

auditory information is sent via the auditory nerve to this (auditory information is first registered)

Involuntary changes in heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and sweating are controlled by the

autonomic system

Downside of Punishment

aversive -so become feared, resented, or disliked encourage escape and avoidance learning Aggression -those in pain have a tendency to lash out -may feel goof when they release anger and frustration -physically punished children are MORE aggressive

A reflective listener

avoids distractions and skillfully gathers ideas

Remember your dreams or write them down

awaken gradually after Rem period set an alarm clock make your first dream record review again and again permanent dream diary/ remember drugs mess up dreams

Neurotransmitters are released at the

axon terminals

Occipital lobes

back of the brain and area of the cortex concerned with vision

Long term procedural memories are stored in the ______________ and the _________________ (muscular cordination)

basal ganglia cerebellum

Skill memories register in the lower brain areas (2 are?)

basal ganglia and the cerebellum

Sweet and bitter tastes appear to be

based on a lock-and-key match between molecules and the receptors.

Relational concepts

based on how an object relates to something else, or how its feature relate to one another -larger, above, left, right

Mental images are not flat mental rotation is partly

based on imagined movements (mentally pick up an objecy and turn it around or even fold it)

Perceptual features

basic elements of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, and edges, or colors -visual pop out is an example -some experiments show an actual decrease n brain cells that are tuned to the missing features

Regarding how they perceive the world, East Asians tend to

be collectivist

People prone to repression tend to

be extremely sensitive to emotional events

. Dying persons need to share their feelings and to discuss death openly If someone is dying :

be yourself and relate person to person be ready to listen again and again be respectful be genuine be comfortable with silence be aware of feelings and nonverbal cues

Accommodation

bending of the lens to focus on nearby objects

Encoding Strategy Encode Retrieval cues

best are those present duing encoding helps to elaborate as you learn

Encoding Strategy overlearn

better when you overlearn or continue to study beyond mastery

Where contains the most of the neurons and computing

brain

Neuropeptides

brain chemicals, such as enkephalins and endorphin, that regulate the activity of neurons -effects memory, pain, emotion, basic progresses

Axon Terminals

bulb-shaped structures at the ends of axons that form synapses with the dendrites and somas of other neurons -allow information to pass from neuron to neuron

Psychological dilemmas are major events in many lives you can or cant anticipate trouble spots in your own life

can

Timing of Reinforcement For humans

can anticipate future reward reinforced throughout time response chain

rods

can detect colors and is black and white (much more sensitive to light-dim light)

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

can form mental images or ideas but cannot easily use transformations -why they use intuitive thought

muscle fibers are made up of effector cells which are

capable of producing is response

Among other things the scientific method is based on

careful collection of evidence, accurate description and measurement repeatable results

Carol Gilligan pointed out that Kohlber's level of development is concerned mainly with justice but she believes there is also a level of

caring -males define as a justice or autonomy -women defined it as a concern for relationships (caring) -now it is clear men and women are equally capable

Hair cells are part of the organ of corti

center part of the cochlea -stereocilia atop the hairs brush against the tectorial membrane when waves ripple through the fluid surround organ of corti

An appraisal of ESP rhine uses zener card and only made 5 out of 25 hits showing this stuff really isn't real but

chance

texture gradients

changes in texture contribute ot perception

Research Participant Bias

changes in the behavior of research participants caused by the unintended influence over their own expectations

Accommodation

changes in the shape of the lens of the eye

Altered state of consciousness

changes occur in the quality and pattern of mental activity -distinct shifts in perception, emotions, memories, etc.. -heightened self awareness is an important feature of ASC -Sensory overload (raves), monotonous stimulation (highway hypnosis), unusual physical conditions (fever sleep loss) restricted sensory input (isolation long periods of time)

Communication between neurons is considered to be a(n) ____ change involving ____.

chemical, neurotransmitters

Ehen struck visual pigments bleach or break down How physically or chemically

chemically

Lock and Key theory of olfaction

chemicals produce odors when part of a molecule matches a hole of the same shape -scents are identified by location and the number of activated receptors tells brain strength of odor

Jean Piaget

children's cognitive skills progress through a series of maturalization stages

Lsicensed Psychologist

chooses to use a particular type of therapy is not the same as someone trained solely in that technique

After Phineas Gage's accident in which a metal rod entered his brain, the doctors kept notes on his behavior, used tests to measure various responses, and interviewed Phineas and those who knew him. His brain injury was studied using a(n)

clinical case study

Emotional Attachments

close emotional bonds, with their primary caregivers -self awareness and awareness of others

visions acts as as data reduction system that selects and analyzes information in order to

code and send to the brain only the most important info

In time abuser problems become much worse but if they feel better it becomes

compulsive

An idea representing a category of related objects or events is called a(n)

concept

syntax

concerns rules for word order

Central Nervous System

consists of blood brain and spinal cord

Spaced practice

consists of large number of relatively short study session

Experimental group

consists of participants exposed to the independent variable

Language

consists of words or symbols and rules for combining them -thinking however involves attention, pattern recognition, memory, decision making, intuition, and knowledge

consciousness

consists of your sensations and perceptions of external events as well as your self aware of mental events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about your experiences and yourself -based on you own subjective- first person experience -psychologist adopted a third person objective and it is used to study the brain and behavior to help them understand the mind and consciousness which are basically private phenomena

Harlow's finding that baby monkeys preferred the terry cloth surrogate mother to a wire mother demonstrated the importance of which of the following in the formation of emotional attachments?

contact comfort

The top scorers on intellectual tests who were over 65 were people who

continued to work

Elaine is reinforced with a gold star for every math problem on her worksheet that she correctly completes. This is an example of

continuous reinforcement

psychologist prefer controlled experiences because case studies

control groups (limits conclusions that can be drawn from clinical observation

Light and shadow

create clear patterns of light and shadow

_________________________ are especially apparent with respect to the meaning attached to child's behavior

cultural differences

Adolescence

culturally define period between childhood and adulthood -Adult status in north america -taking responsibility for oneself -making independent decisions -becoming financially independent

Goal setting

defined and measurable outcomes

observational record

detailed summary of data and observations

Inside the cochlea are hair cells

detect waves in fluid

Vestibular system Crista

detects movement in semicircular canal and stimulates hair cells and signals head rotations

The study of changes in behavior from conception to death encompasses the field known as

developmental psychology

Transducers

devices that convert one kind of energy into another

Electrical Stimulation of the brain

direct electrical stimulation and activation of brain tissue -ESB can call forth behavior with astonishing power -details of emotions and behaviors elected by ESB are modified by personality and circumstances

Animal Model

discover principles that apply to the human -interested in any living creature -behavioral studies can help us better care for domesticated animals and those in zoos as well as conserve endangered animals in the wild

Binge drinking

downing five or more drinks in a short time

Dark Adaptation

dramatic increase in retinal sensitivity to light that occurs after a person enters the dark -30-35 minutes of complete darkness or reach maximum visual sensitivity (100,000 more times sensitive to light)

A single perspective is unlikely to explain fully a complex human behavior, they are eclectic meaning

draw insights from a variety of perspectives

altered state

dreaming, daydreaming, (drastic-result of a stroke or brain damage)

symbolization

dreams are often expressed din images that are symbolic rather than literal -what feelings or ideas dream image might symbolize

Fritz Perls Gestalt theory

dreams are special messages about what is missing in our lives -filling in gaps in personal experiences -take the part of or to speak the part of the characters in the dream

Operant conditioning is strengthened by

each time as response is followed by satisfying state of affairs and weakened if followed by unsatisfying affairs

Which one of the following sequences is the correct one for audition

eardrum, ossicles, cochlea, and hair cells

Feeling of knowing

easy to observe and people can not often recall beforehand if they are likely to remember something

Remembering takes

effort

Inhibitions are enhanced or reduced while sleeping

ehances

Flashbulb Memory

especially vivid memories created at a time of high emotions -9/11 -JFK assassination -Activated the limbic system that processes info -heightened activity in the limbic system forms intense memory consolidation -can be both negative and positive events -can be wrong (crystallize into consistent, land,arks in life)

Psi phenomena

evenst that seem to defy accepted scientific laws 3 basic forms -telepathy clairvoyance precognition

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System work together to cordinate the body's internal reaction to

events in the world outside the body

Consequences

events that follow the behavior -both antecedents and consequences are key to understanding associative learning (before and after)

Antecedants

events that precede behavior

the modern field is an

ever changing vista of people and ideas that help you better understand yourself and others

Denotative meaning

exact definition

The most powerful psychological research tool is

experiment

Psychosocial dilemma

conflict between persona impluses and the social world -resolving each dilemma creates a new balance between a person and society

Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb due to environmental conditions are known as

congenital problems

Brainstem

consists mainly of the medulla and the cerebellum

the pleasant, reassuring feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm, especially their mother, is referred to as

contact comfort

Medulla

contains centers for the reflex control of vital life functions (heart rate, breathing, swallowing) can be very dangerous if anything messes up the medulla

Unconscious

contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person -many of these thoughts are repressed -all thoughts determined by unconscious processes

Polygenic characteristics

controlled by many genes working in combination -genes can switch off and on at certain ages -heredity experts a powerful influence throughout maturation

Dominant Gene

controls will appear every time the gene is present

A politician campaigning on a law-and-order platform is appealing to people at what level of moral development?

conventional

Most older children and adults exhibit moral reasoning at which level of moral development?

conventional

Learned Barriers

conventions about uses, meanings, possibilities, taboos

linear persepctive

convergence of parallel lines in the environment

Specific signals establish a pattern of

conversation turn taking (alternate sending and receiving of messages)

Sensory Coding

converting important features of the word into messages understood by the brain

Must ___________ to be hypnotized

cooperate

long term memories are stored in the __________ of the brain

cortex

Internet survey

cost effective and reach large groups of people biased samples can limit web based research (not easy to control who answers the online questionnaires)

The problem with television violence is that children may become more aggressive through

observational learning

make a special effort to minimize bias by keeping an

observational record

Zelda is experiencing more and more blind spots in her vision as her inoperable brain tumor increases. The brain tumor would be in her

occipital lobe

The frequency of sound waves (number of waves per second) corresponds to

pitch (higher or lower tone of sound)

"Master gland" is the what galnd

pituitary gland and influences other glands

Identity formation is a key challenge for adolescents after they have obtained the stage of formal operations they are better able to ask questions about their

place in the world and morals and values

John recently took what he thought was a pain reliever and reports less shoulder pain. However, the pill he took was only a sugar pill. This best illustrates the

placebo effect

height in picture plane

placed higher seem to be more distant

Schedule of Partial Reinforcement

plans for determining which responses will be reinforced

Arab-American Family

polite, obedient, disciplines, and conforming spanking, teasing, or shaming in front of others fathers are strong authority figures and demand obedience so family will not be shamed success, generosity, hospitality are highly values, hard work, thrift, educational achievement family over individual

Cocaine

powerful central nervous system stimulant extracted from the leaves of coca plants -feelings of alertness, energy, pleasure -the effects of amphetamines last longer than cocaine (metabolized quicker) -risk having convulsions or heart attack or the first time use -increases dopmaineand noradrenaline (arouses the brain and dopamine- pleasure) -withdrawal causes depression, fatigue, boredom, and anhedonia- inability to feel pleasure

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

prediction that prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true -others tend to live up or down to the expectations for them

At least two categories of long term memory

procedural memory (skill memory) declarative memory (fact memory)

3 types of long term memory

procedural, 2 types of declarative (Semantic, episodic)

function of REM sleep

sharpen to complete the consolidation of our memories -Daytime stress tends to increase REM sleep -short and retain memories especially those for solving problems

Visual acuity

sharpness -cones are mainly found at the center of the eye

Maintenance rehearsal

silently repeating or mentally reviewing information to hold it longer in the short term memory

thinking relies heavily on language because it encodes or translates words into

symbols that are easy to manipulate

Observational Learning (modeling)

watching and intimidating the actions of another person or noting the consequences of those actions -anything that can be learned from direct experience can be learned by observation

The visible spectrum which is the spread of electromagnetic energies to which the eye respond is made up of a narrow range of

wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

Bottom up processing

we begin with small sensory units (features) and build upward in a complete

According to Freud, if a lonely person dreams of romance and a student who is angry with a teacher dreams of embarrassing the teacher in class, these would examples of

wish fulfillment

On which section of the Stanford-Binet (SB5) are subjects asked to correctly remember the order of colored beads seen, to repeat a series of digits forward and backward, and to name the last word in each sentence after hearing several sentences read?

working memory

Vygotsky realized that some tasks are just beyond a child's reach. However, children receiving sensitive guidance from skilled partners could make rapid progress. Interactions like this are most helpful when they take place within a child's

zone of proximal development

Term Schedule

A written plan that lists the dates of all major assignments for each of your classes for an entire term

connector neuron

a neuron that links two others

Cones

5 million and work best in bright light (color sensation and fine details)

intelligence is less than ________% hereditary

50

Left brain

95% use for language, speaking, writing, math, judging time, and coordination of complex movements analysis- break down info sequentially- in order, small details

Attention Deficit/ hyperactivity disorder

A behavioral problem characterized by shot attention span, restless movement, and impaired learning capacity -may produce slight improvement but has many side effects and may offset creativity

A 10-year-old child with a mental age of 10 would have an IQ of

100

Tend to support _____________________ focus on continuity of dreams and waking thought

Neurocognitive theory's -dream actions are also very similar -dreams abut flying or floating do reflect activation synthesis hypothesis theory -some dreams still are believed to have deeper meaning, there seems to be little doubt that dreams can make a difference in our lives

Regarding intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Studies that used actual blood group testing found no significant correlations between ethnic ancestry and IQ scores. b. Improving the environments in which children learn and grow is the main way in which we can ensure that they reach their full potential. c. Since genes are fixed at birth, there is little that can be done regarding the genetic aspect of intelligence. d. What psychologist Robert Sternberg calls analytic intelligence is often seen by minority cultures as more important than what Sternberg calls practical intelligence.

What psychologist Robert Sternberg calls analytic intelligence is often seen by minority cultures as more important than what Sternberg calls practical intelligence.

Storage in LTM

When activated some brain areas seemed to produce vivid memories of long forgotten events -many events never get past sensory or short term memory -long term memories are only relatively permanent

Critical Thinking Principles

Willingness to actively reflect on ideas true knowledge comes from constantly revising our understanding of the world 1. Few truths transcend the need for logical analysis and empirical testing - apply rules of logic, evidence, and scientific method 2. Critical Thinkers often wonder what it would take to show that a truth is a false - actively seek to falsify beliefs, including their own 3. Authority or claimed expertise does not automatically make an idea true or false 4. Judging the quality of evidence is crucial 5. Critical thinking requires an open mind

Nightmare

a bad dream that takes place during REM sleep -get rid by writing in a journal in big detail, change the dream how you want it 0imagery rehearsal of new dream

Intellectual determination

a desire to know to excel and persevere, persistent and motivated

The cones of the retina

number about five million in each human eye

Flexibility

number of times you shift from one class of possible uses to another

Regarding "reverse vision," which of the following statements is TRUE? a. "Reverse vision" occurs when a person uses a hallucinogenic drug that prevents normal mental imagery. b. "Reverse vision" is the common name for synesthesia. c. "Reverse vision" occurs when one forms any mental image. d. "Reverse vision" is the process involved when a person experiences eidetic imagery.

"Reverse vision" occurs when one forms any mental image.

experiment is

a formal trial undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis about the causes of behavior

Sensations

a sensory impression, also the process of detecting physical energies with the sense organs

Memory

a series of active system that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information

The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is termed

acquisition

Informational View

perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment

the symbols we call words are based on

phonemes (basic speech sound)

tiny channels or holes called ion channels do what

pierce the axon membrane

rods are insensitive to extremely ______ light so you can move into the dark without having to adapt

red

USE SQ4R method in psychology

- ask yourself a lot of questions - read terms printed in bold and define when they appear - figures and tables will help you quickly -study guides -point by point summary to help identify the big ideas and principles

phosphenes

- visual sensations caused by mechanical excitation of the retina

What are the variables affecting punishment

-depends on timing, consistency, and intensity -works best if its immediate after the response is made and given every time this response occurs -Intense punishment may permanently suppress responding, even fro actions as simple as eating while mild punishment is temporary (slows responding but not rapid extinction)

Rehearsing Information in STM

-Maintenance rehearsal -disappears rapidly if not rehearsal (12-18 sec) -sensitive to interruption or displacement -can handle only small amounts of information it can be difficult to multitask but also keeps our mind from storing useless information

Emotions also cloud judgement

-even low stress can subtly influence how we think and act -fear, anxiety, dislike can eliminate possibilities from consideration to promote to the top of he list

Live more creatively

-find something that surprises you everyday, try to surprise at least one person everyday -if something sparks your interest allow it -seek challenges making a commitment to doing things well, think and relax, do what you enjoy, look at problems from different viewpoints -MUST be ready to seek new ways of doing things

what exactly is action potential/ what happens

-ion channels pierce the axon membrane -gates pop open -channels first open near the soma -then it goes gate after gate opens down the length of the axon as the action potential zips along ALL or nothing event -after each nerve impulse the cell briefly dips below the resting level and becomes less willing or ready to fire

For learning to take place

-must pay attention to the model -reproduce the modeled behavior -if a model if successful at a task or rewarded for a response that learner is more likely to imitate the behavior -normal reinforcement or feedback determines whether it will be repeated thereafter

Effects of hypnosis

-no effect on strength/ make best effort -can enhance memory but also create false ones brief memory loss occurs and may forget something if told to forget it -can relieve pain -may regress to childhood or it could be acting a suggested role -aler color vision, smell, time sense, illusion, and many other sensory responses -can help with realization, less pain, therapy -better at changing subjective experience rather than modifying behaviors (smoking/meditation)

What are some research ethics

-no harm -describe risk potential -participation is voluntary -minimize discomfort -do not unnecessarily invade privacy -use deception only when necessary -remove any misconceptions caused by deception -provides results and interpretation to participants -Treat with dignity and respect

How to become a better eyewitness

-perceptions are contractions of reality (ask questions) -Break perceptual habits and interrupt habituations (do activities in a new way) -seek out the ordinary experiences -beware of perceptual sets (labels/ stereotypes) -be aware of the ways motives and mentions influence perceptions (try to see with through others eyes -make a habit of engaging in reality testing (check accuracy of perceptions) -Pay attention (list with full concentration)

Right Brain

-perceptual skills, patterns, faces, melodies, emotions, and detecting emotion -context of how something is said -process information simultaneously and holistically, overall patterns and connections HEMISPHERES SHARE the work

Using punishment Wisely

-reinforcements strengthens responses -non reinforcement causes responses to extinguish -punishment suppresses responses -very important to strengthen and encourage desirable behavior rather than punish 1. Avoid Harsh Punishment -negative emotional reactions, avoidance and escape behaviors , and increased aggression -avoid spanking if at all possible 2. Use the minimum amount of punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior -verbal scolding is normally enough -for older kids taking things away 3. Apply punishment during or immediately after misbehavior (if not immediate wait for the next time) 4. Be consistent 5. Use Counter conditioning -reward an alternate, desired response 6. Expect anger from a punished person -don't reinforce anger 7. Punish with kindness and respect -allow punished person to retain self respect -behave well to get praise not because the fear punishment Punishing often allows for the adult to continue punishing all the time which is a negative reinforcer when it gets rid of the irritation of the punisher

To learn her psychology terms, Felesia just repeats the terms' definitions over and over again. This illustrates

rote rehearsal

Social Desirability

-replies to surveys are not always accurate or truthful -many show a distinct courtesy bias (a tendency to give polite or socially desirable answers)

REM rebound

-the occurrence of extra rapid eye movement in sleep following REM deprivation -memory lapses, poor consternation, and anxiety from not having REM sleep

what happens during reflect

-two ways to do this self reference and critical thinking -the more mindfulness and genuine interest you can bring to your reading the more you will learn -use study guide at end of chapter to help you check understanding

Which of the following coefficients of correlation indicates the weakest relationship between two sets of variables? a) .08 b) -0.29 c) .48 d) -1.00

.08

When is the most optimal development

roughly the 1st year

Self Management

1. Choose target behavior 2. Record a baseline- current time spent 3. establish goals principle of realistic goals 4. Choose reinforcers- reward for daily goal 5. Record your progress 6. Reward Successes- collect the reward only if actually completed the goal 7. Adjust your plan as you learn about your behavior

condensation

several people, objects, events, combined into single dream image

What are the strict guidelines clinical and Counseling Psychologist must follow

1. High levels of competence, integrity and responsibility 2. Respect for people's rights to privacy, dignity, confidentially, and personal freedom 3. Protection of the client's welfare

Stages of Creative thought

1. Orientation 2. Preparation 3. incubation 4. illumination 5. verification

Retrieval Strateies

1. Rely on Retrieval practice -best when feedback allows you to check your progress -recitation summarize when you are reading allowed 2. Use strategy to aid recall -usually the result of planned search of memory -try to go through the alphabet to see if you can think of the word 3.say or write everything 4. recall events or information in diff orders 5. Recall from diff viewpoints 6. Mentally put yourself back in situation learn info 7. extend how long you remember -practice retrieval repeatedly 8. Mind your sleep -sleep after you study to reduce interference 9. Mind your hunger -studying before eating -good meal to start the day 10. people who have good memory excel at organizing meaningful information

How to change Passive studying into reflective learning

1. Set specific objective learning goals 2. Plan a learning strategy 3. Be your own teacher 4. Monitor your progress (quiz yourself/keep up with goals and if you complete them) 5. Reward themselves 6. Evaluate your progress and goals 7. Take Corrective Action

How to do hypnosis

1. encourage you to focus attention on what is being said 2. relax and feel tired 3. Let go and accept suggestions easily 4. vivid imagination

Causes of handedness

1. it is inherited from parents (left hand more common in men) 2. handedness cannot be dictated (environmental factors can force people to use other hand)

Problems with astrolgy

1. theory of astrology is unconvincing - zodiacs have shifted but is ignored completely 2. The evidence against astrology is convincing - very vague statements, only small percentage is accurate

Psychology in the media

1.be skeptical - definite bias 2.consider the source of information -info used to sell product is profit rather than objective truth -psychological services may be sold as well- many unsupported claims -psychic claims should be taken with extreme caution -Barnum Effect is used 3. beware of oversimplifications (especially for monetary gains) - newly discovered secret of the mind or universe 4. Remember for example is no proof -anecdotes, single cases, testimonials 5. Ask yourself i there was a control group 6. Look for errors in distinguishing between correlation and causation -dangerous to assume one thing caused another just because of correlation 7. Be sure to distinguish between observation and inference -often go far beyond the available facts in their claims could be correct but make sure to distinguish between fact or opinion

Keri is beginning to respond to real words, such as "no" and "hi,"addresses her parents as "Mama" and "Dada," and is making her first connections between words and objects. Kerri is most likely __________ months old.

12

how many pairs of cranial nerves

12

According to an experiment in which subjects were required to count backwards after hearing a nonsense syllable, it was found that, without rehearsal, information in short-term memory will fade to zero after a delay of __________ seconds.

12 to 18

Mentally gifted 130 140 or above

130 gifted 140 or above- genius but psychologist reserve this term or even highers cores exceptionally creative people -the correlation between the IQ scores and school grades is .5 and not at all good for predicting success in certain fields

Inez Beverly Prosser

1st African American female psych awarded PhD

cerebral cortex consists of

2 large hemispheres and these hemispheres are divided into lobes

Ways to improve learning can be combined into the reflective SQ4R Method which stands for

stands for survey Question Read Recite Reflect Review

how many chromosomes in sperm cells and ovas

23 chromosomes

how many pairs of spinal nerves

31

Mindfullness

state of open nonjudgmental awareness of current experience -self knowledge and well being

Most people dream _________ or ________ times a night, don't remember the dream usually

4 or 5 times

Human DNA is organized into ___________ chromosomes that are

46 chromosomes threadlike structures that hold the coded instructions of heredity

Personal experiences differ while being hypnotized Basic suggestion effect

A tendency of hypnotized person's to carry out suggested actions and as if they were voluntary

polyabuse

the abuse of more than drug at the same time

Mental age

the average mental ability displayed by people of a given age -need to compare to chronological age

Humanistic Psychology was created by who

Abraham Maslow

Allan Hudson and Robert McCarley are responsible for what hypothesis

Activation synthesis Hypothese

When you are traveling in a wide open space with clean air, very distant mountains often appear to be closer than they really are. This occurrence is due to a decrease in

Aerial Perspective

Observational Learning is from who

Albert Bandura

Sleep a. is an innate biological rhythm. b. is necessary for life. c. may give way temporarily in times of great danger. d. is characterized by all of these.

All of these

In a study of how language affects one's thoughts, individuals who spoke different languages were asked to arrange a set of cards that depicted a series of events, such as a meal being cooked and eaten. Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the findings of this study? a. The subjects who spoke Hebrew usually arranged the cards from right to left. b. Speakers of Kuuk Thaayorre, the language of the Cape York Australian aboriginals, used a temporal sequence from east to west in arranging the cards. c. All the subjects regardless of the language they spoke arranged the cards from left to right. d. The findings of this study lend support to the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

All the subjects regardless of the language they spoke arranged the cards from left to right.

Good ways to break habits

Alternate responses -get same reinforcement with different response Extinction -try to discover what is reinforcing an unwanted response and remove, avoid, or delay the reinforcement Response Chains -break up response chains by scrambling the chain of events that leads to undesired responses Cues and Antecedents -try to avoid, narrow down, or remove stimuli that elicit the bad habit

Research ethics

American Psychological Association guidelines "carry out investigations with respect for the people who participate and with concern fro their dignity and respect"

Stage two 1-3 years (Erikson)

Autonomy or shame and doubt: a conflict created when growing self-control (autonomy) is pitted against feelings of shame or doubt

State Dependent Learning

the bodily state that exists during learning also can be a strong retrieval cue -also emotional cues can be retrieval cues

senses and selective attention together reduce the amount of information

the brain must process

Brightness constancy

the brightness of an object appears to stay the same as lighting conditions change

Radical Behaviorism

B.F. Skinner- believed our actions are controlled by rewards and punishments Skinner box to observe mainly rats and pigeons covert mental events, thinking, are not needed to explain behavior

Downers

Barbiturates and Tranquilizers are sometimes referred to as "solid alcohol"

Which of the following is NOT good advice when visiting a person who is dying? a. Be lively and keep the conversation going at all times. b.Be aware of feelings and nonverbal cues displayed by the person who is dying. c. Be yourself and relate person to person. d. Be ready to listen and be respectful.

Be lively and keep the conversation going at all times.

Network Model

Best explains the structure or organization of memories and refers to patterns of association among items if information (LTM organized linked ideas) -when ideas are farther apart it takes a longer chain of associations to connect them -system of linked marriages

Three Prospectives

Biological Perspective psychological perspective sociocutural persepctive

Procrastination

Blame poor work on late start Time management

Sleep stages Stage 2:

Body temperature further drops, sleep spindles-short bursts of distinctive brain wave activity generated by thalamus, now officially asleep

Neuroscience

the broader field of bio-psychologist and others who study the brain and nervous system- such as biologist and biochemists

Neuroplasticity

the capacity of the brain to change in response to an experience

Priming

activated hidden memories which influences answers -maybe give someone first letters of words -not aware you remember something but can somehow recall it

Hebb rule

the repeated activities of synapses between two neurons strengthens the connection between them

independent variable

condition altered or varied by the experimenter who sets its size, amount, or value -suspect causes for difference in behavior

Extinction

Classical Conditioning can weaken by removing the connection between the conditioned and the unconditioned response -it may take several extinction sessions to reverse conditioning

Extraneous variable

condition that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcome of the experiment

soma

does the same -sends it own messages (via nerve impulses) down a thin fiber called an axon

Too little ____ can cause the shaking and muscle tremors of Parkinson's disease, while too much of this neurotransmitter can cause schizophrenia.

dopamine

Sleep stages Stage 3:

Delta waves- large and slow, move to deeper slow wave sleep, further loss of consciousness

Ernest Hartmann

dreams arise as our brains seek to make creative connections -emotional tone is important (telling dreams to others can help)

Marijuana

Dried leaves and flowers of hemp plants, THC main active chemical -perceptual distortions and euphoria but hallucinations can occur at high doses -THC binds to surface of brain and has man effects -very difficult to quit.. psychological dependence -mental health issues and problem arise from marijuana but if you quit it tends to come back Problem: cancer causing, interfere with menstrual cycles and ovulation, suppress body's immune system, develop psychosis, impairs memory, activity levels in cerebellum lower

Regarding electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and consolidation, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The part of the brain known as the hippocampus plays an important role in consolidation. b. Recent memories are more easily disrupted by ECS than older memories. c. ECS will cause amnesia for memories that occur up to a day after the ECS is administered. d. If enough time is allowed to pass between learning and ECS, the memory will be unaffected because consolidation is already complete.

ECS will cause amnesia for memories that occur up to a day after the ECS is administered.

Distinct state theory Who? What experiment?

Ernest Hillgard-causes a dissociative state or split in behavior Ex: ice bath one part says it hurts other part (hidden observer)does not

Regarding fluid abilities, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Fluid abilities include vocabulary and stored-up facts. b. Fluid abilities can offset declines in crystallized abilities. c. Fluid abilities may actually improve into one's 60s. d. Fluid abilities require speed or rapid learning.

Fluid abilities require speed or rapid learning.

phrenology

Franz Gall- shape of skull reveal personality traits

Purpose and meaning are important source of well being at every point in life, a good life is one that is

HAPPY and MEANINGFUL

Which of the following psychologists pioneered the scientific study of forgetting using nonsense syllables and plotted the curve of forgetting?

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Day care.... is it good? does it matter?

High quality day care doesn't affect attachment to parents (improve social and mental skills) -low quality may damage or weaken attachment (create behavior problems) Look for: -responsive and sensitive care providers who offer plenty of attention and verbal and cognitive stimulation -small number of children per caregiver -trained care, minimal staff turnover, and stable consistent care

Multiple intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual disabilities

Providing African America childre with same environment experiences to European children erased the

IQ difference

Stage five Adolescents (Erikson)

Identity vs Role Confusion: a conflict involving the need to establish a personal identity

Regarding the use of hypnosis, which of the following statements is/are TRUE? a. In one classic experiment, hypnotized participants showed significant memory improvement with only 20 percent of their new memories being incorrect. b. Information gained through hypnosis is more likely to be true if the hypnotized person seems very confident than if he or she expresses any degree of uncertainty. c. If a questioner asks misleading or suggestive questions, a hypnotized person tends to weave this information into his or her memories. d. All of these statements are true.

If a questioner asks misleading or suggestive questions, a hypnotized person tends to weave this information into his or her memories.

Regarding the research on happiness, which of the following statements is FALSE? a.Subjective well-being is affected by one's goals, choices, emotions, values, and personality. b.Happiness is related to good and bad life events, but the impact is smaller than expected. c.In determining one's happiness, the nature of an event is more important than the way you perceive or interpret this event. d.People who are good at dodging life's hard knocks tend to create their own "luck" and tend to be happier.

In determining one's happiness, the nature of an event is more important than the way you perceive or interpret this event.

Neurocognitive dream theory

dreams that have much in common with waking thoughts and emotions -many brain areas that are used when awake remain awake when sleeping

Operational learning only prepares a person to

duplicate a response

Steps to scientific method

Make observation Define a problem Propose a hypothesis gather evidence/ test hypothesis Build a theory publish results

Psychokinesis

exert influence over inanimate objects by will power (not an ExtraSensory Perception but studied)

Causes the small bones, auditory ossicles, vibrate

Malleus, incas, stapes (hammer, anvil, stirrup) links eardrum with cochlea

Accomadations

existing ideas are modified to fit new requirements

Regarding the relationship of wealth to happiness, which of the following statements is/are TRUE? a. More resources can bring happiness to people living in poverty. b. The overall association between money and happiness is quite strong. c.The positive effects of wealth tend to cancel out the new life stresses that instant riches usually bring into a person's life. d. All of these statements are true.

More resources can bring happiness to people living in poverty.

Regarding Terman's study of the 1,500 intellectually gifted he called the "Termites," which of the following statements is FALSE? a. A majority of the "Termites" finished college, earned advanced degrees, or held professional positions. b. Many of the "Termites" had written books or scientific articles. c. Terman found that the gifted tend to be well adjusted psychologically. d. Most of the "Termites" had committed crimes, were unemployable, or were unhappy misfits.

Most of the "Termites" had committed crimes, were unemployable, or were unhappy misfits.

Regarding ethnic groups and IQs, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Historically, African-American children in the United States scored an average of about 15 points lower on standardized IQ tests than European-American children. b. Most psychologists have concluded there is significant scientific evidence that group differences in average IQ are based on genetics. c. As a group, Japanese-American children scored above average in IQ. d. One study found that placing poor African-American children into European-American adoptive families increased the children's IQs an average of 13 points.

Most psychologists have concluded there is significant scientific evidence that group differences in average IQ are based on genetics

negative correlation

higher scores on one measure are associated with lower scores on the other

Damage to which part of the limbic system would most likely impair memory?

hippocampus

Midlife crisis

Only a quarter of the people feel like they have faced a midlife crisis -midlife transition means making new identities adn preparing for old age

____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement.

Operant Stimulus generalization

The key to dishabituation is

Paying close attention

Sound travels as a series of invisible wave of compression (______________________) and rarefaction (___________________) in the air

Peaks, valleys

Hallucination

People perceive objects or event shot have external reality

Hearing involves a chain of events

Pinna ear canal eardrum Malleus, incas, stapes oval window cochlea hair cells

Top Down processing

Preexisting knowledge is used to rapidly organize features into a meaningful whole -putting together a puzzle you have already done, once you get a couple pieces preexisting knowledge kicks in

Herbert Benson

Relaxation response core of meditation

Narcotics

Raw opium, made by poppy seeds, have been used for pain relief -morphine and codeine -heroin is said to be the most addictive drug of all time -powerful feeling of euphoria and a reduction of anxiety and pain relief -oxycodone is a new drug being used -Methadone: often treated with this for narcotics making it easier for withdrawal --freely given for harm: reduction strategy reducing the negative consequences of addition without requiring drug abstinence -very controversial because people believe they are supporting drug abusers in their addiction

Cognitive Learning

Refers to understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise making use of information, rich higher mental processes -learning from written language is unique to humans

Objective Test Taking

Relate the question to see if it matches your own questions, red all choices, read and skip and later questions may help, eliminate some choices, be sure to answer any skipped items, search for the best answer

According to the ____, learning is strengthened each time a response is followed by a satisfying state of affairs.

law of effect

____ is given only when a particular response is made.

Response Contingent Reinforcement

Third Memory step

Retrieved: or located and taken out of storage

allow time for incubation

Revise or embellish initial solutions even those based on raped insight -incubation is useful when you are exposed to external cues that relate to problems

Encoding Strategy Consider whole vs part learning

learn from beginning to end in small paragraph -practice whole learning if small amount of information

The pain gate was who

Ronald Melzack

From encoding to retrieval in long term memory Rote learning makes memories

Rote learning makes memories very sparse (memories will be weaker and may not understand the concepts)

Escape learning

learn to make a response in order to end aversive stimulus -based on negative reinforcement

Latoya is using a reading strategy that has been shown to improve learning and grades because it promotes active learning and information processing. Latoya is using the _____ method.

SQ4R

If two brain cells become more active at the same time, the connections between them grow stronger. This process is called

long term potentiation

What are the 3 abilities

Selective encoding Selective combination selective comparison

Feedback

a key element that underlies cognitive learning -responsiveness motivates a person -readily learn responses that merely have a desired effect or that bring a goal closer

Massed practice

long, uninterrupted study sessions (cramming is hard for memory)

Visible Light Short Wavelength Long Wavelength

Short: 400 nanometers, purple or violet Long: (700 nanometers) (blue, green, yellow, red, and orange)

2 major categories of the Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

How to help Insomnia

Stimulus control- regular schedule sleep restriction- don't sleep late take naps in afternoon instead paradoxical intention relaxation-meditation, muscle relaxation exercise food intake- starchy food, increases serotonin stimulant avoidance-coffee, cigarettes, alchol

hypnosis test is called

Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibilty scale

Second memory step

Stored: held in the memory system

Autonomic Nervous System splits into 2 categories

Sympathetic branch Parasympathetic branch

Sex hormones

Testosterone- male sex hormones secreted by adrenal glands -steroids: blindness in women, increases in hostility and aggression, heart attack, stroke (behavior and personality are linked to the flow of hormones in the body)

what happens during read

look for answers to the questions you asked, read in short sections and break between

Thalamus

acts as a final "switching situation" for sensory messages on their way to the cortex -injury can cause deafness, blindness, and or loss of sense

The functionalists were interested in how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and habits help people and animals

adapt and survive

Regarding the grasping reflex, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The grasping reflex is considered an adaptive infant reflex. b. The grasping reflex aids survival by helping infants avoid falling. c.The grasping reflex is elicited for the first time as a baby attempts to stand by holding onto objects. d.The grasping reflex can be so strong that many infants can hang from a raised bar, like little trapeze artists.

The grasping reflex is elicited for the first time as a baby attempts to stand by holding onto objects.

Functionalism What is it who

The school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments (William James)

four dream processes what are they

condensation displacement symbolization secondary elaboration

Regarding the ways to improve memory, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Most super memorizers use encoding and retrieval strategies to augment whatever natural talents they have. b. There is very little you can do to improve your brain's ability to store long-term memories. c. Research has shown that taking herbs, such as Ginkgo biloba or taking large doses of vitamin E will significantly improve one's memory. d. The use of mnemonics have been shown to improve one's memory.

There is very little you can do to improve your brain's ability to store long-term memories.

Evolutionary psychology

looks at how human evolution an genetics might explain our current behavior

Secondary Reinforcer

a learned reinforced, often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer -ones that can be exchanged for primary reinforcers gain their values more directly

Conditioned Response

a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

Response Chain

a linked series of actions that leads to reinforcement

Stage one- first year of life (Erikson)

Trust or mistrust: a conflict early in life about learning to trust others and the world -trust is established when babies are given warmth, touch, and loving care -mistrust is from inadequate or unpredictable care by the parents who are cold and rejoicing

Cultural Barriers

Values that hold the fantasy us a waste of time that playfulness is for children only, that reason, logic, and numbers are good feeling intuitions, pleasure, and humor are bad or have no value in the serious business of problem solving

Primary Motor cortex what is it? Contains what?

a brain area associated with control of movement (direct's body muscles) Contains mirror neurons- become active when we perform an action when we merely observe someone else carrying out the same action

Echoic Memory

a brief flurry of activity in the auditory system and stores for up to seconds -selectively attending or focusing on a selected portion of sensor input they will most likely be retrieved fr sensory memory/ encoded in short term memory

Recall

a direct retrieval of fats or information -the order in which information is memorized has an interesting effect on recall

Inattentinal Blindness

a failure to notice a stimulus because is attention is focused elsewhere -might think of it as bottleneck- narrows the information channel linking the sense to perception

If only one answer choice looks correct it can produce

a false sense of recognition may occur for the information

Classical Conditioning definition

a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli -first began by ringing the bell then met powder to the dogs would salivate and eventually led to them salivating hen they heard the bell from conditioning -you can condition eye blinking and it will help us tell apart the locked in individual from the severe brain damage and those with severe damage and minimal consciousness -those minimally conscious normally can be conditioned and may recover some mental functions

Psychiatrist

a medical doctor who treats mental disorders, often by doing psychotherapy - CAN prescribe drugs which psychologist can not do

False Memory

a memory that can seem accurate but is not -can seem accurate but never really happened -used to deliberately manipulate memory -thoughts, inferences, and mental associations may be mistaken for true memories

When a neuron hits its threshold an action potential which is

a nerve impulse that sweeps down the axon at up to 200 miles per hour -takes a split second to react (why its difficult to hit 100 mph baseball pitch)

Reticular formation

a network of fibers and cell bodies lies inside the medulla and brainstem -give priority to some messages in the brain (influences attention) -also modifies outgoing commands -RF control reflexes -keeps us vigilant, alert, and wake so incoming messages for the sense organs branch into the reticular activating system

motor neuron

a neuron that carries commands from the CNS to muscle/ glands

sensory neuron

a neuron that carries messages from the senses toward the CNS

Reticular Activating System

a part of the reticular formation that activates the cerebral cortex

A hallucination is

a perception of objects or events that have no external reality.

incubation

a period when all attempted solutions are futile, any process on a subconscious level

Lucid dreaming

a person feels as if he or she is fully aware within the dream would and cable of normal thought and action -real and occur in REM -can partially overcome paralysis -can learn to become a lucid dreamer -tool for understanding a dream -can convert dreams to emotional worth tend to have a sense of emotional well being

contact comfort

a pleasant and reassuring feeling human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually ther mother

Encoding Strategy Massed practice

a practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods of time without interruption (schedule your time)

Encoding Strategy Space Practice

a practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests

handedness

a preference for the right or left hand in most activities -your hands have no real difference in dexterity its your motor control on one side of the brain

Perceptual expectancy

a readiness to perceive in a particular manner, induced by strong expectations -frequently created by suggestion

Primary Somatosensory Area

a receiving area for body sensations touch, temperature, pressure, and other somatic sensations flow into this

Continuous Reinforcement

a reinforcer follows every correct responses -useful for learning new respoinses

Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Punishments follows

a response with aversive, unpleasant consequences -initiates discomfort DOES NOT increase responding like negative reinforcement -reinforcer or positive state of affairs is removed, such as losing privileges

Dishabituation

a reversal of habituation -key is to PAY ATTENTION

Fixed Ratio Schedule

a set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer (FR3-every 3rd response is reinforced) -very high response rates (fixed number of products have to be produced for pay high work output)

Emerging adulthood

a socially accepted period of extended adolescence -unstable in between self focused period for time to explore identities and life possibilities -sociocultural factors also play a role in when we become adults -one important aspect of this period is the struggle of right and wrong the need to develop moral values

Computed Tomographic scanner (CT scan)

a specialized X-ray that does much better of making the brain visible -many angles of pictures are taken and then put together to show the brain - can reveal structure as well as the locations of strokes, injuries, tumors, etc...

Broca's area (type of aphasia)

a speech center that is part of the left frontal association area... aphasia to this area would cause difficulty in speaking or writing

Waking Consciousness(most of our lives)

a state of clear, organized alertness -perceive times, places, and events as real, meaningful, and familiar -altered state

Run of luck

a statistically unusual outcome that occurs by chance alone -if a person has a good short turn of guess it is assumed that the person has precognition

Unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus innately capable of producing a response -did not have to larn to respond to the US (naturally trigger reflexes or emotional reactions)

Neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not evoke a response

Conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Psychoactive drug

a substance capable of altering attention, emotion, judgement, memory, time sense, self control, or perception (caffeine, alcohol, nicotine) -alters consciousness by directly influencing the brain activity

Common sense answers can go unchallenged for lack of suitable research method which is

a systematic approach to answering a particular question (study behavior by systematically collecting data)

Dominant hemisphere

a term usually applied to the side of the person's brain that produces language

Regarding culture and perception, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Western cultures have a broader focus of attention, while Eastern cultures have a relatively narrow focus of attention. b. East Asians tend to explain a person's actions in terms of the social context, while European Americans perceive actions in terms of internal factors. c. The differences in perceptual style influence the artistic and esthetic preferences expressed in Eastern and Western art. d. The society we live in can influence our most basic perceptual habits.

a. Western cultures have a broader focus of attention, while Eastern cultures have a relatively narrow focus of attention.

Depth perception

abaility to see space and accurately judge distances -begin to develop as early as 2 weeks of age (basic level of depth perception is innate) -not complete until 6 months so depends on brain maturate and individual experience

Prediction of goal

ability to forecast behavior accurately

Psychoactive drugs are easy to

abuse and known as controlled substances

NeoFreudians

accept much of Freud's theory but revise parts of it less emphasis on sex and aggression and more on social motives and relationships

what happens during recite

after reading pause and recite and rehearse, mentally answer questions, brief notes to summarize (reveal what you do and dont know)

Stanford Binet Intelligence scales

age ranked questions that increase in difficulty as age goes up -measure 5 cognitive factors, (fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, (solve problems w/ numbers) visual spatial processing, (good at putting pictures/puzzles together) and working memory (use STM)

smell receptors respond to

airborne molecules

Most common abused drugs are

alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, codeine, heroin, morphine, methadone, nicotine -also taking drugs intravenously are high risk for development of hepatitis and aids

The use of cocaine produces feelings of

alertness, euphoria, and well-being

Hypnosis has been shown to be very useful a. in helping people make better progress during therapy. b. as a way of controlling pain. c. as a tool for inducing relaxation. d. for all of these.

all of these

Serious problems related to MDMA use include a. heart arrhythmias. b. fatal heat exhaustion. c. severe liver damage. d. all of these.

all of these

Smoking leads to an increased risk of a. several types of cancer. b. cardiovascular diseases. c. reproductive disorders. d. all of these.

all of these

The mental exercise known as meditation a. focuses attention. b. interrupts the typical flow of thoughts, worries, and analysis. c. reduces physical tension and anxiety. d. is characterized by all of these.

all of these

Most stage hypnotists get people to do strange things because a. the "hypnotized" volunteers don't want to "spoil the act" while on stage. b. the volunteers can act silly without fear or embarrassment since they are "hypnotized." c. the audience response tends to bring out the "ham" in the volunteers. d. all of these factors are involved.

all of these factors are involved

Rods contain Rhodopsin

allows them to see in black and white

Digital Media What is a psycoinfo

allows you to be more reflective psychinfo- a searchable, online database that provides brief summarized of the scientific literature of psychology

Brightness corresponds to

amplitude, height, or light waves

Megan suffers from a phobia of kittens and cats. Even though she consciously understands that she does not have to be afraid of such small creatures, she still exhibits nervousness as she watches her daughter petting a neighbor's gentle cat. Which part of the limbic system causes this fear response that Megan does not understand?

amygdala

Counselor

an adviser who helps solve problems with marriage, career, school, work, etc -master's degree plus one or two years of full time supervised counseling experience -don't treat serious mental disorders

You are asked to multiply a three-digit number and a two-digit number. You follow the steps you were taught in fifth grade, and you correctly answer the problem. You utilized

an algorithm

Operate Conditioning chamber (Skinner Box)

an apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals -reinforcement alters how frequently the rat presses the lever he didn't learn anything new -new behavior patterns are molded by changing the probability that various responses will be made

Artificial intelligence

an artificial system often a computer program that is capable of human like problem solving or intelligence responding -computers aren't very smart except for expert systems that can predict and already knows stuff/ they can switch from conversation to conversion (will get better over time)

Population

an entire group of animals or people belonging to a particular category

Concept

an idea that represents a category of objects or events -if you are knowledgeable about a topic you see things differently than beginners

Cognitive Map

an internal representation of an area, such as a maze, city, or campus -overall picture of how the town is laid out

there are however programs begging to try

and set the record straight

Experimental Subjects

animals or people whose behavior is investigated

Advertisers take advantage of two emotions

anxiety and sex

Electrode

any device (such as wire, needles, or metal plate) used to electrically stimulate or destroy nerve tissue or to record its activity

Punishment

any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again, the process of suppressing a response

Mnemonic

any kind of memory system or aid -generate sentences or short little things to help remember -make things meaningful -give them something that will help you remember and mean something -informational pictures -bizarre, unusual, or exaggerated mental associations (more distinctive and better for simple info)

response

any muscular or glandular activity or other identifiable aspect of behavior

stimuli

any physical energy that affects a person and evokes a response

Biological rhythm

any repeating cycle of biological activity such as sleeping wake cycles to changes in body temperature -four days or more without sleep is hell for a person -good leap will help you remember things from the day before -you are not tally unresponsive while asleep

Psuedopsychologies

any unfounded system that resembles psychology - false sciences -superstition -changes little over time

Teratogen

anything capable of disturbing normal development in the womb -drugs, radiation, pesticides -DRUGS AND ALCOHOL are the number one risk factor affecting unborn children -drug users can cause their baby to be addicted, smoking causes less oxygen for the baby

One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both

are less effective if they are delayed

Information Chunks

are made up of bits of information grouped into larger units -some letters can be grouped or chunked together -chunking recodes or organizes information into units that are already in LTM -combine several into one stack of information -creating information chunks is the key to making good use of short term memory

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

areas on the left and right cortex bordered by major fissures or defined by their function

Advantage Left

artists have been lefties, 5/7 last presidents, visualizing 3 dimensional objects, and done well in many sports

Frequency theory

as pitch rises, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency are fed into the auditory nerve

Rapid Eye Movements

associated with dreaming -marked by return of fast, irregular EEG patterns similar to stage 1 sleep

epinephrine

associated with fear

Frontal lobes

associated with higher mental abilities and play a role in sense of self (movement) primary motor cortex association areas broca's area prefrontal area

Disjunctive concepts

at least one of several possible features -either or concepts baseball- strike is either a swing or a miss

Computer stimulation

attempts to duplicate human behavior

The digit-span test is a common measure of

attention and short term memory

very intense stimuli (loud or bright tend to capture

attention or repetitive stimuli

Anthropomorphic Error

attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals especially as a way to explain their behavior -can lead to false conclusions

Cochlear implants that bypass hair cells and stimulate

auditory nerves directly -Latest implants used place the higher and lower tones into separate channels allowing deaf people to actually hear some things -still not amazing but they are getting better

In which parental style do parents enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority?

authoritarian

Reflex

automatic, unlearned response

When you see an attractive person sit down next to you on the bus, the mad pounding of your heart is under the influence of the

autonomic nervous system

Sudden Infant death syndrome

baby is deprived of air and will struggle to breathe gain -leading cause of death in 1 month to 1 year of age (crib death) -often premature babies, shrill pitch cry, and breath holding -babies are best sleeping on their backs, those who vomit often or respiratory probe sometimes may need to sleep face down

nearby objects rush_____________ , distant objects move very little, remote objects appear to move _________________________________________________________________.

backward, the same direction you are traveling

Neonites will eventually die if not cared for but are born with

basic surviving skills, and the capacity to continue to mature at breakneck speeds -grasping, rooting, moro reflex (startled he will make hugging notion) and sucking reflex

Terrible twos

become independent and begin to understand commands but sometimes don't do them -mischief and temper tantrums -after 2 their words and comprehension take a huge leap forwards

Edward Tolman

began to argue that associate learning did not require thought so he came up with LATENT learning

Stimuli, responses, conditioning, and learning are key concepts in the thinking of

behaviorists

How accurate is the survey method

biased sample- doe snot accurately reflect the population from which it was drawn -go to great lengths to make sure the groups represent everyone

Congenital Problems

birth defects -affect the developing fetus and become apparent at birth

Astrology is the most popular

birth determines traits and affects behaviors

The afterimages you have seen after looking at a flashbulb are a result of the visual pigments in the retina

bleaching

State-dependent learning is a term which refers to the fact that

bodily states can be strong cues for later memory

Together the spinal nerves and cranial nerves keep your body in communication with the

brain

every new experience you have is reflected in changes to your

brain

Learning alters the activity, structure, and chemistry of

brain cells

Sleep Apnea

breathing stops for periods of twenty seconds to two minutes -may wake up gulping for air for oxygen and then go right back to bed -brain stops sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing -obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome: best way to fix it CPAP mask to aid in breathing

Microsleeps

brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep -driving while being sleepy has caused 15% of accidents

Light waves of greater amplitude cause colors to appear

brighter

Selective Combination

bringing together seemingly unrelated bits of useful information

Erikson's Psychosocial theory

broad similarities can be found between people in the life stages -each stage confronts a person with developmental tasks -psychosocial dilemma

William James

broadened psychology to animal, religious, and abnormal behavior -principles of psycho established separate disciplines -consciousness as an ever changing stream or flow of images and sensation not a set of lifeless building blocks -Admired Charles Darwin Natural selection- evolution favors those plants or animals best suited for living conditions -study of animals -educational psychology- study of learning, classroom -industrial psychology- study of people at work

Edward Titchener

brought Wundt's ideas to the US -tried mental chemistry by using introspection but its a poor way to answer most questions because when you disagree there is no way to settle the difference -looking inwards is still one source in studies of hypnotics, mediation, and problem solving

Giftedness`

can be either possession of a high iQ or of special talents or aptitudes - goes beyond just academic intelligence

Short term memory encoded

can be encoded as images more likely phonetically (by sound) especially words or letters

Color Blindness

cannot perceive colors -either lacks cones or functioning cones

reminding system

carrie by small nerve fibers, sower, nagging, aching, and very unpleasant -can cause agony long after injury has healed

Somatic Nervous system

carries messages to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles -controls VOLUNTARY behavior

Spinal Nerves

carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord

Injury to spinal cord has started to make progress if they are damaged to be fixed by

cellular bridges grafting nerve cells injecting stem cells (immature cells that can mature to a variety of specialized cells)

Activity levels in the ____ are lower than normal in marijuana abusers, which may explain why chronic marijuana users tend to show some loss of coordination.

cerebellum

Weeks after an automobile accident, a friend continues to have difficulty maintaining balance and movements. You should suspect that damage may have occurred to the

cerebellum

Long-term procedural memories are stored in which part(s) of the brain?

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Frame Problems broadly

change the problem to get more general answers that ultimately can lead to a new invention of something think of the bigger picture

Placebo Effect

changes in behavior of research participants caused by belief that one has taken a drug or recieved some other treatment

Memory Traces

changes in nerve cells or brain activity decay over time

Perceptual learning

changes in the brain that alter how we construct sensory information into perception -learn to focus on one part of a group of stimuli learning creates perceptual habits- ingrained patterns of organization and attention -when a face is inverted we have to look at the individual details excuse it is not normal to us

olfaction and gustation are considered

chemical sense

Today is Emil's birthday, and he is seven years old. Thus, seven would be Emil's

chronological age

Learning to Chunk

chunking things into little groups to help remember things -based on learning strategy exceptional memory is often a learned extension of normal memory

Encoding Strategy Organize

chunks organizing class notes summarize modules or chapter

If one hunch turns out correct it may be reinterpreted as

clairvoyance (people ignore the false premonitions only the correct ones) -even experimental "successes" are weak -improved research methods usually result in fewer positive results

Involuntary responses are to ____ conditioning as voluntary responses are to ____ conditioning.

classical operant

Higher Order Conditioning

classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning- that is a CS is used as if it were a US -my advertises use this effect by pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products -many psychologists believes that classical conditioning involves cognitive origins because it is related to information that might aid survival

one of the advantages of the experimental method is that

clear cause and effect relationships can be identified

Amphetamine is very similar in its effects to

cocaine

Perception, thinking, language, problem-solving, and creativity are topics of investigation for those interested in

cognitive psychology

Trichromatic Theory

color vision hold that there are three types of cons, each most sensitive to either red, green, or blue

Management techniques

combine praise, recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning to enforce child discipline

Many jobs can cause noise induced hearing loss

common form of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs when very loud sounds damage fragile hair cells -85 decibles (measure of sound intensity) causes damage to hearing

telepathy

communicate directly with another person's mind

Twin studies

compare IQ of twins who were raised together and separated at birth

selective comparison

compare new problems with old information to the problems already solved

value independence and prefer

complexity -more creative by divergent thinking

Pain control ___________________ is one widely used pain control technique (electrical mild current to the skin) more pain can be directly placed on spinal cord

counterirritation -can use to control your own pain focus attention on pain you create instead of other -unpleasant emotions like fear and anxiety increase pain -more control you feel over situation the less pain you will fee and distractions help with pain

use your dreams to enhance

creativity

little correlation between IQ tests and

creativity test

Preparation

creativity thinking saturate themselves with as much information about The problem as possible

7 months the baby prefers mother 8-12 emotional bond Separation Anxiety is

crying or signs of fear when he is left alone or with a stranger

From encoding to retrieval in long term memory More elaborative processing results in elaborate memory networks and means more retrieval

cues to help with redintegration

Which of the following types of intelligence tests minimizes language skills and consists mainly of items that require the student to match patterns or choose the figure that completes a sequence?

culture fair tests

parenting can only be judged if we know the ______________ or __________________________ a child is being prepared to enter.

culture or ethnic community

Taking your clients cultural beliefs and values into account when making diagnoses and before beginning therapy illustrates the importance of

culture relativity

childs intellect depends on accommodation so only aim teaching efforts they beyond the

current level of comprehension -should avoid forced teaching and respect child's interests

A person's developmental level refers to that person's

current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development.

Split brain operation

cutting the corpus callosum -2 brains in their body, one hemisphere may not know what is happening in the other hemisphere

Brains lose cells ____________ it simultaneously grows new neurons to replace them

daily

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

damage to the inner ear hair cells or auditory nerve

Hypnosis relied on

deception -is a real phenomenon (name from English surgeon James Braid) -greek word hypnos means sleep but it isn't really sleep at all

Fraud especially if there is money to be made by pacha abilities based on

deception and tricks

Scientists destroyed a tiny area of a cat's limbic system by inserting a tiny electrode into this target area and then passing an electric current through the electrode. The technique used is known as

deep lesioning

Understanding

deeper comprehension of a problem and occurs when cannot be solved mechanically

Astigmatism

defects in the cornea, lens, or eyes that cause some areas of vision to be out of focus -all can be fixed with contact lenses

Fluency

defined as the total number of suggestions you are able to make

Conjunctive concepts

defined by the presence of two or more features -motorcycle must have two wheels and an engine and handlebars

orientation

defines the problem and identified the most important decisions

General Solution

defines the requirements for success but not in enough detail to guide further action

What are the 4 basic parts of neurons

dendrites soma axon axon terminals

Anosmia

loss of smell -receptors for specific odors -floral, camphoric, musky, minty, or etherish 400 receptors are expressed (10,000 different odors)

Sensory location refers to the types of sensation you experience

depends on which brain area is activated -making it possible to artificially restore sight, hearing, other senses

Alcohol

depressant, impairs performance, some drink for pleasure other drink to cope with negative emotions -those who run to receive bad feeling are at great risk of becoming alcohols -alcohol myopia- thinking and precept becomes dulled or short sighted -biggest drug problem -Binge drinking -can cause memory loss, absorbed faster and metabolized slowly, many addiction signs 0kee track of how much you drink, eat, limit drinking first hour, refuse drinks -Detoxification AA Alcoholics anonymous, meditation, and individual therapy

Alcohol, barbiturates, GHB, and benzodiazepine tranquilizers are all classified as

depressants

Parallax is present we almost always perceive

depth

Superstitious Behavior

describe a behavior that appears to produce reinforcement even though it is unnecessary

Goals are to

describe, understand, predict, and control behavior

Hidden observer

detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events

If you read an article comparing the value of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on the physical growth of infants, the psychologist who would have written this article is proably

developmental psychologist

Insomnia

difficulty in falling asleep, forewent nighttime awakenings, waking too early, or a combination of these problems -hard work, health, relationships -worry, stress, and excitement can cause temporary insomnia -get up and do something satisfying when you can't sleep

A person suffering from insomnia has a sleep problem characterized by

difficulty in going and staying asleep

relative size

distant object seems smaller so the pics will look equal in size

Ariel perspective

distant objects tend to be hazy, washed out incisor, and lacking in detail

Pain receptors vary in

distribution

Seek Varied Input

divergent thinking -attempt to shift your thinking to new areas -one way is to open textbook or newspaper and see what trigger or starts new thoughts

Sensory Conflict Theory

dizziness and nausea occur when sensations from the vestibular system don't match sensation from the eyes and body

You discuss your feelings of loneliness wit the psychologist, who responds by having you consider how your own behaviors contribute and reinforce your loneliness, how your early childhood relationship with your parents influences current relationships, and how your distorted self image may inhibit you from seeking new relationships. This psychologists is most likely

eclectic

Remembering your locker combination by relating it to your parents' and sister's birth dates illustrates the use of

elaborative processing

The result of reflectively learning is

elaborative processing

Elaborating false memories

elaborative processing is helpful when your making meaningful connections between new information and what you already know, it can also lead to memories of things that never happened -gaps can lead you to fill them with logic, guessing, or new information

The nerve impulse is mainly __________________________________ Communication between neurons is ___________________

electrical chemical

eyes transduce ears transduce

electromagnetic radiation sound waves

When making decisions, emotions, such as fear, hope, anxiety, liking, or disgust can

eliminate possibilities from consideration and promote possibilities to the top of the list.

Your professor poses a question to your class about information in your assigned reading. Although you think you might know the answer, you don't raise your hand to answer because you're afraid that if you're wrong, the other students might laugh at you. You are experiencing which barrier to problem-solving?

emotional

Connotative meaning

emotional or personal meaning of words -can be measured with a technique called semantic differential -can have different connotations but similar denotative meanings

Eleven-year-old Jason wants to go to the movies with his friends, but his parents say that he can't. When he asks why, his parents respond that as long as he's living under their roof, he will do what he's told and not ask any questions. This style of parenting will most likely lead Jason to be a(n)

emotionally stiff, withdrawn, and apprehensive child, lacking in curiosity.

Psychodynamic Theories

emphasize internal conflicts and unconscious forces -Sigmund Freuds book said dreams are based on wish fulfillment or unconscious desires Dream symbols Manifest Content Latent Content

First memory step

encoded: changed into usable form

Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. If you buy her a toy you are

encouraging more tantrums

Hormones

endocrine system -carried throughout the body where they affect both internal activities and visible behavior -neurotransmitters that activate cells in the body

Amplitude or height is sound waves that tell how much

energy it contains (senses loudness or sound intensity)

Authoritarian Parents

enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority -tend to discipline through power assertion -Withdrawal of love tend to have low self esteems

Which of the following skills would be most difficult for an expert computer system to do?

engage in a believable free-flowing conversation with a person

MSG is a flavor

enhancer

Based on culture and _______________________________ as much as hereditary

environmental diversity

Front of our cortex for _________________ memories Back areas for ___________________ memory

episodic semantic

Which type of memory is about the "what," "where," and "when" of our lives and makes it possible for us to mentally travel back in time and re-experience events?

episodic memory

Implications Positive ESP- tend to mean

error in some places

Operational Definition

exact procedures used to represent a concept - unobservable ideas to be tested -covert behavior are defined in terms of overt behaviors so they can be observed and studied scientifically

can be done through Clinical Case Studies

examines changes in personality, behavior, or sensory capacity caused by brain diseases or injuries Localized: if damage to the particular area leads to a particular loss of function

Hypersomnia

excessive daytime sleepiness, even after a few hours of sleep loss -adolescence because they are not getting enough sleep - 2 days without sleep you can still do mental tasks but have trouble focusing or staying alert

Social smile

excited by social stimuli, is especially rewarding to parents

Enrichment

exists when an environment is deliberately made more stimulating, loving, etc... - enriched environments improve abilities and enhance development -parents can encourage exploration and stimulating play by paying attention to baby

Correlation

exists when two observations or events are linked together in an orderly way

Involves more experiential, automatic processing or fast fairly effortless thinking based on

experience with similar problems -frees space in short term memory

wide variety of experiences, more unusual state of consciousness such as vivid dreams and mystical

experiences

IBM's Watson supercomputer, which outperformed even expert humans at playing the television game Jeopardy, and the computer Deep Blue that beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 are examples of

expert systems

control group

exposed to all other variables except the independent variable -provides a point of reference for comparison

Sleep patterns

external time markers especially light and dark help times our sleep rhythms to days that are 24 hours long -some sleep 1 to 2 hours, 9 or more, 7-8 is majority -as you get older you need less sleep (6 hours) and everyone should try and take afternoon nap to help with sleep cycles -ratio of 2 to 1 for time awake and asleep (16 awake, 8 sleep)

Myopia (nearsightedness)

eyes is too long so image can;t focus on retina and you can't see far away objects

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

eyes is too short so nearby objects are blurred

Poorly designed experiments cards that showed the symbols through and gave cues about the cards by

facia expression -so it did not help eliminate the possibility of deliberate fraud or the accidental leakage or helpful information -security and accuracy in record keeping, meticulous control, and repeatability of experiments

Memory Decay

factor in the loss of sensory memories and short term memory -new info continuously pours in and rapidly fades away and is replaced with even newer information

Adolescents are more likely to deal with drug abuse if they are maladjusted, alienated, impulsive, emotionally distressed, antisocial behavior, school-

failure

Encoding Failure

failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory -dividing your attention increases the likelihood of encoding failure -Actively focus on the information you are learning -categorizing strangers we have a tendency to better identify members of their own ethnic group than persons from other groups

Becoming a problem-solving expert in any particular field involves, at a minimum, becoming

familiar with the algorithms available in the field

Keyword Method

familiar words or image is used to link two other words or items -work best fr short run (initial stages of learning) -remembering things in order form a story/chain mental walk use a system

Presbyopia

farsightedness due to aging -if you know you ear glasses or nearsightedness you may need bifocals which cot near vision and distant vision

William Wundt experiment on observed what

father of psychology set up a laboratory to study conscious experience -experimented on how e experience sensations, images, and feelings -he systematically observed stimuli- any physical energy that affects a person and evokes a response

Myelin

fatty layer coating some axons -small gaps in the myelin help nerve impulses move faster

Pictorial depth cues

features found in paintings, drawings, photographs that import information about space, depth, and distance

depth cues

features of environment and messages from the body that supply information about distance and and space

Psychological dependence

feel that a drug is necessary to maintain their comfort or well being -addiction- any compulsive habit patterns -soem drugs have a worse effect than others

Deja Vu

feeling that you have already experienced a situation that you are experiencing for the first time may be another partial memory -new experiences seem familiar even though the older memory us too weak to rise to the level of awareness

Axon

fibers that carry information away from the cell body of a neuron -range from .1 mm to the width of a meter -carry messages through the brain and nervous system -bundles of axons comprise most of the spinal cord and PNS

No matter how real a recovered memory may seem, it must be verified by

medical or police evidence

to develop expertise requires us to learn available heuristic solution strategies as well as develop deeper general understanding of the

field -thousands of patterns and practicing solving many problems and years of hard work to be an exert in something

closure

figure is complete so that is has a constant overall form -illusory figures- implied shapes that are not bounded by an edge or outline

Verification

final step is to test and critically evaluate the solution obtained during the illumination stage -truly exceptional creativity requires a rare combination of thinking skills, personality, and a supportive social environment

Middle and Late Adulthood characteristics that cause issues

financial issues, legal obligations, and personal tragedies health, marriage, children, and parents

Robert Franz created a looking chamber to

find out what infants could see (can secondly close up) 1 year olds will be able to see like an adult

Francis Cecil Summer

first African American man to earn a doctorate degree in psychology

Margaret Washburn

first woman awarded a PhD in Psychology 1/10 were women by the year 1906

Compared to routine problem solving, creative thinking involves

fluency, flexibility, and originality

Lens

focus images on light sensitive layer at the back of an enclosed space

Knowing how to learn can be key

for personal empowerment

Limbic system is in which part of brain

forebrain

Retrograde Amnesia

forgetting events that occurred before an injury or trauma (can be explained by consolidation)

Scientific Method

form of critical thinking based on careful collection of evidence, accurate description and measurement precise definition, controlled observation and repeatable results

Common region

found within a common area tend to be grouped

Decision-making often can be influenced by the way that a problem is stated or structured, which is referred to as

framing

It would take a set of instruction that would allow an unbiased observer to produce a psi event under standardized conceptions that rule out any possibility of

fraud or chance -they are skeptical which means unconvinced

The skin receptors that sense warmth, cold, and pain are

free nerve endings

After Phineas Gage experienced serious damage to the ____ lobe, he underwent dramatic personality

frontal

The rods of the retina

function best in dim light

A common barrier to problem solving

functional fixedness

Parental styles of mother and fathers have a major impact on children's

gender role development

Subjective well being

general life satisfaction combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions

Experts are better able to see the true nature of problems and to define them more flexible in terms of

general principles

Lexigrams

geometric symbols that allow you to communicate

Overly Permissive Parents

give little guidance, allow much freedom, or don;t hold children accountable for their actions -little rules, feel like they are entitled -high level of self esteem and very spoiled and lack of self control

Selective Attention

giving priority to a particular incoming sensory information

deductive

going from general principles to specific situations

Extroverted, optimistic, tend to be

happier

satisfied with their job tend to be

happier

more educated people tend to be

happier -higher education= higher income= more social status

Women are found to either be really

happy or unhappy

Response contingent- it must be given only ater a desired response

has occured

Secure Attachment

have a stable and positive emotional bond -seek to be near when the mother returns

Teens who take pride in their ethnic heritage are more likely to

have a stronger sense of personal identity

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

have an anxious emotional bond -turn away from mother when she returns

Memory Champions

have superior memory abilities, don't have superior intellectual abilities, specialized interests and knowledge that makes certain types of info easier to encode and recall, and use memory strategies and techniques -based on natural ability/ learned strategy -most good memorizers have learned strategies for remembering

Two way bilingual education

helps children benefit from bilingualism and avoids its drawbacks

Cornea

helps with focusing of the eye and is a clear membrane that bends light inward

Margo dreams of stealing her friends' wedding ring and placing it on her hand. According to Freud, Margo's dream probably represents

her sexual attraction to her friend's husband

Biological Prediposition

heredity readiness to develop language -use patterns -- identification, nonexistence, possession, agent action, negation, question

Latent Content

hidden symbolic meaning

Those who grow up in high socioeconomic status have

higher IQ

Place Theory

higher and lower ones excite specific areas of the cochlea -high tones- base of cochlea -lower tones- move hair cells near the tip of the cochlea -sometimes hunters lose hearing in a narrow pitch range (gunfire)

Positive Correlation

higher scores in one measure are matched by higher scores in the other

Sensory memory

hold an exact copy of what you are seeing for a few seconds or less -normally unaware because it happens very quickly to hold information just long enough for it to be retrieved or encoded into short term memory

Sensory memory is the stage of memory that

holds and exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less

Puberty

hormonal changes promote rapid physical growth and sexual maturity -biological event not a social status -early maturing of boys is good for being popular and promoting self image but does make them more likely to have sex and drug problems earlier -early maturing girls tend to date sooner and are more independent (more likely to get in trouble)

Hypnotic Susceptibility

how easily a person can be hypnotized -measured by giving suggestions and counting how many times they respond

Participants

humans whose behavior is investigated in an experiment -one group is the experimental the other is the control (same except for the condition or variable you intentionally vary)

prototypes

ideal models to identify concepts using inaccurate concepts often lead to thinking errors -social stereotypes are oversimplified concepts of groups of people -all or nothing thinking thinking this prevents us from appreciating the subtleties of most lie problems

Twins who grew up together and identical and have the same environment are likely to have

identical iQs

The highest positive correlation between the IQ scores of relatives would be observed between

identical twins reared apart

Do remain aware that they control your behavior -4/10 would be good hypnotic participants but 6/10 can be hypnotized -people that are what tend to be better at hypnosis

imaginative and prone to fantasy -depends more on effort and abilities of the hypnotized person than the skills of the hypnotist

After memorization, most forgetting tends to occur

immediately

Displacement

important emotions or actions of a dream to be redirected toward safe or unseeingly important images

Hippocampus

important for forming lasting memories (temporal lobes) -several areas act as a reward or pleasure pathways

Psychiatric Social Worker

important role in many mental health problems by applying social science principles to help patients in clinics and hospitals -master of social work degree -assist psychiatrist and psychologists as part of a team -evaluating patients and families, conducting group therapy, to visiting a patient's home school or job to alleviate problems

Braisntorm ideas and dont turn them down until you try to

improve some of the okay ones -genius and eminence owe as much to persistence ad dedication as they do to inspiration

The basic tools available to control simple learning work best when used

in combination

Case study

in depth focus on a single participant- may be the best source of information -clinical psychologists rely on this for studies of mental disorders -natural clinical tests- accidents or natural events that provide psychological data

Electronically charged molecules called ions are found

in each neurons and outside the neurons

Working Memory

in which we do much of our thinking -hold info while we solve problems on thinking (puzzle, plan a meal, math)

Divergent thinking

in winch many possibilities are developed form one starting point

Visual Agnosia (blindness)

inability to idenitfy seen objects (damage to the association areas on occipital lobes)

Facial Agnosia

inability to perceive familiar faces -arts on the occipital lobes and frontal lobes are devoted to facial recognition

Functional fixedness (unnecessary restriction)

inability to see new uses (functions) for famliar objects or for things that were used in a particular way

When our attention is narrowly focused, we may experience

inattentional blindness

Figure ground organization

inborn because it is the first perceptual ability to appear after catacrts patients regain sight

Procedural Memory

includes basic conditioned responses and learned actions, such as those involved typing, driving, or swinging a golf club -expressed as actions -skill memories register in the lower brain areas -more basic automatic elements of conditioning, learning, and memory

Humans are more intelligent than animals because of corticalization which is

increase in size and wrinkling of the cortex

To determine whether attendance at sports events is an operant reinforcer for a teenager, such attendance would have to

increase the probability of the behavior it followed.

Whenever you are trying to learn a complex skill, ____ will improve learning

increased feedback

Intelligence quotient

index of intelligence defined as MA/CA x 100

Conditioning can occur

indirectly

Bits of information grouped into larger units make up

information chiunks

Knowledge of results

informational feedback -almost always improves learning and performance

It is important to become critical, selective, and an

informed consumer of information

New born babies differ in Temperamant which is

inherited, physical core of personality -40 percent easy, ten percent difficult, 15 slow to warm up, rest don't fit categories

Emotional barriers

inhibition and fear of making a fool of oneself, fear of making a mistake, inability to tolerate ambiguity, excessive self criticism

Perceptual hypothesis

initial plan or guess about how to organize sensations -preexisitn gideas and expectations actively guide our interpretation of sensation -we construct meaningful perceptions; we do not passively record the events and stimuli around us -impossible figure would be something like the 3 pronged widget

Relaxation Response

innate psychological patterns hat oppresses your body's fight or flight mechanisms -stress control technique, lowered heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, improved immune system -Mental Wellbeing and positive mental skills such as clarity, concentration, maturity, self-awareness, and calm (can reduce the use of drugs)

adrenal medulla

inner core, source of epinephrine and norepinephrine

CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) or drill and practce are

instructions presented via computers -serious games: have game formats such as stories and competition with a partner, sound effects, and rich computer graphics -educational stimulants, most complex serious games allows students to explore and imaginary situation to solve real world problems

there is another test that measures memory, reasoning, and verbal fluency that offers a different definition of

intelligence

Perception Visual perception

involves finding meaningful patterns in complex stimuli -creates perception by using our preexisting knowledge such as principles of perceptual grouping and constancies to help us make sense of sensations

Anterograde Amnesia

involves forgetting events that follow an injury or trauma

in any situation having doubt or uncertainty, Reality testing

involves obtaining additional information to check your perceptions

Mnemonic

is a memory aid -links new information to ideas or images that are easy to remember -make the image exaggerated and bizarre and its easier to remember

representative sample

is a small group that accurately reflects a larger population -good sample must include all types of people -randomly selected group

Episodic Memory

is an autobiographical record of personal experience -life, events, years -what, when, where of our lives -store information and allow us to mentally travel back in time and re-experience events -easily forgotten if not important, forgetting of these memories result in information of semantic memories

sympathetic branch

is an emergency situation -fight or flight in times of danger or high emotion

A substance capable of altering attention, judgment, perception, and emotions

is classified as a psychoactive drug

Binge drinking (test)

is defined as downing five or more drinks in a short period of time for men and four or more drinks for women.

psychologist

is highly trained in the methods of knowledge , and theories of psychology Master's/ Doctorate Less than 60% are clinical and counseling psychol 29% employed at a college or university the rest business or military Do applied research- solve immediate practical problems Basic research- seek knowledge for its own sake

Endocrine system

is me up of glands that secrete chemicals directly into bloodstream or lymph systems

Peripheral Nervous System

is the intricate network of nerves that carries information between the CNS and the rest of the body

Concept formation

is the process of classifying information into meaningful categorizes -based on experience with positive and negative instances -we learn concepts by learning or forming conceptual rules, guidelines for deciding whether objects or events belong to the concept class

Sweet and bitter are lock and

key

In most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is in charge of

language

Nerves are

large bundle of many neuron fibers (called axons) and can see easily

Group tests

large number of people with little supervision -read, follow instructions, and to solve problems SAT is an intelligence test

In Electroencephalogram Alpha Waves

larger and slower waves right before sleep or relaxed thought drifts -breathing becomes slower, heart rate decreases, and body temps drop when begin to go to bed

chronic insomnia-

last for more than 3 weeks

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

learn to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another person's emotional reactions -as children grow up the emotions of parent, friends, and relatives undoubtedly ass to fears and of snakes, caves, spiders, heights, and other terrors -the emotional attitudes we develop toward, food, politics, and ethnic groups are conditioned not only by direct experience but vicariously

Many phobias (fear that persists when no realistic danger is created) begin with conditioned emotional responses

learned emotional reaction to previously neutral stimulus -one bad experience can create a phobia -stimulus generalizations and higher order conditioning can spread (CERs to other stimuli and cause a disabling phobia)

Operant Extinction

learned responses that are not reinforced fade away gradually -the brief return of an operant response after extinction is an ex of spontaneous recovery -recovery is very adaptive -Marked change in behavior occur when reinforcement and extinction are combined

psycholingusitics (specialist in the field of learning) show that imitation of adults and rewards are an important part of

learning -when babies make an error the adults normally correct it helping them with understanding

Most of the focusing is done at the front of the eye by the cornea, with additional, smaller adjustments being made by the

lens

those who will perform well on difficult test actually use ________ energy

less (intelligence is related to brain efficiency- less efficient brains work harder and still accomplish less)

Sleep Stages

levels of sleep identified by brain wave patterns and behavioral changes

Subcortex

lies immediately below the cerebral hemispheres -divided into the brainstem (hindbrain), the midbrain, and the forebrain (contains the cerebral cortex)

implicit memory

lies outside of awareness -even though you know you cant remember it -limited cues such as first letters or words or partial drawings of objects -they believe they are saying whatever come to mind by they are actually using previously seen or hear information to affect their answers

People seek drugs for many different reasons but many result in using them to cope with

life which causes abuse

Eye has photoreceptors which are

light sensitive cells in the retina

Each color contains Iodopsin

light sensitive pigment that breaks down when struck by light -red, green, and blue are the most sensitive so they combine and other colors result from the combination of these three

Sleep stages stage 1:

light sleep your heart rate slows, breathing irregular, hypnic-jerk of muscles relaxing, small irregular waves with few alpha waves

Skin receptors produce five sensations

light touch, pressure, cold, warmth, and pain -free nerve endings can produce all 5 sensations -200,000 nerve endings for temperature/ 500,000 for touch and pressure/ 3 million for pain -sensitivity normally matches the number of receptors in a given area

Encoding Strategy Be selective

limit it to a couple term or ideas (manageable)

psychology is vague and inconsistent often depends on

limited personal observation (someone had a bad encounter and it doesn't really say anything about people in general)

Convert thinking

lines of thought converge on the answer

Palmistry

lines on hand reveal characteristics/ personality traits

norepinephrine

linked with anger

Stimulus control

linking a response with specific stimuli, only seep in bed so sleeping and relaxation become associated

Localize Functions

linking psychological or behavioral capacities with particular brain structures

Parietal Lobes

located above the occipital lobe and includes the sites in which body sensations register

Temproal Lobes

located on each side of the brain and includes the sites in which hearing registers in the brain -primary auditory area -wernicke's area

DNA

long ladder of chemical molecules (orders acts as a code for genetic information needed to make a human)

Tranquilizers

lower anxiety and reduce tension -alleviate nervousness and stress -Valium, Xanax, Halcion -drowsiness, shakiness, and confusion -date rape is used to cause unconsciousness -dangerous and very addictive (depression can lead to suicide)

repair restorative theories of sleep

lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life

3 levels of moral development

lowest is preconventional moral reasoning conventional moral reasoning highest postconventional moral reasoning

Nicotine

mainly in tobacco -large doses can cause muscle tremors, dizziness, sweats, and stomach pain )later convulsions) -pack of cigarets can be lethal f you don't smoke a lot very addictive, younger kids easier to get addicted than adults -withdrawal- headache, fatigue, cramps, sweating (patches, therapy, do it in small doses) -leading cause of preventable deaths -cigs produce carcinogens-cancer causing, cardiovascular disease, respiratory doses, reproductive disorders -chewing tobaccos is just as bad as smoking and adds in oral cancer -second hand smoke is also very bad -behavioral self management can be very beneficial for breaking habits

Limbic system

major role in producing emotion and motivated behavior -amygdala -hippocampus

Avoidance learning

making a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort

Elaborate Processing

making new memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrieval

Eliminate the extraneous solutions by

making sure everything is exactly alike for both groups

Token economy is a system of

managing and altering behavior through reinforcement of selected responses -provide an immediate reward for learning -tokens greatly reduce discipline problems with younger children

Gerontologist studies what

many elderly are as capable as adults Gerontologist- a psychologists who studies aging and the aged -stay sharp if you remain healthy, favorable environment, intellectually stimulating activities, flexible personality, marred to an intellectual spouse, staying active, satisfied with your accomplishments in life

Look for analolgies

many new problems are old problems tweaked a bit

White light is a mixture of

many wavelengths

hypothalamus

master control center for emotion and many basic motives -connects many parts of the brain (temp control, hormones, emotions, etc..) -final pathway for many emotions

Early emotional development follows a pattern closely tied to

maturation

Since even the basic human emotions of anger, fear, and joy appear to be unlearned and take time to develop, early emotional development must follow a pattern closely tied to

maturation

Mechanical solution

may be adequate for routine problems -rial and error/rote

Psychologists

may be scientists, practitioners, and or teachers

Function of NREM sleep

may help us recover from body fatigue, calm brain, begin memory consolidation during the earlier part of a night's sleep -slow wave sleep early in the night brings overall brain activation levels back down, allowing a fresh approach -less important memories may fade away and be forgotten

Long Term Memory is encoded on the basis of

meaning -seeing the title sometimes helps -Link information currently in STM to knowledge already stored in LTM

The reflex control centers for vital life functions like heart rate and breathing are found in the

medulla

Sleeping and dreaming help us form

memories

Sensory memory and short-term memory operate like "leaky buckets" with new information constantly pouring in, but also rapidly fading away and being replaced by still newer information. Thus, much of the forgetting that takes place in these two stages of memory occurs due to

memory decay

Cognitive learning extends beyond the basic conditioning into the realm of

memory, thinking, problem solving, and language

Stanford Binet formula for intelligence quotient

mental age/ chronological age x 100 -score of 100 is average IQ scores below means age in years exceeds his or her mental age

Semantic memory

mental dictionary or encyclopedia of basic knowledge -basic facts, simple math skills, words and language, the seasons, and other general facts -no connection to time or place

Meditation

mental exercise used to alter consciousness -focuses attention and interrupts the typical flow of thoughts, worries, and analysis -brain scans: changes during meditation in the activity of the frontal lobe (could be distinct state of consciousness)

mental images

mental pictures -many memories are processed and stored as mental images

Electrocompulsive shock (ECS) is a

mild electric shock to the brain (destroys memories being formed) -if given too long after something is learning it already be consolidated so ECS wont affect it

Hallucinogen

mild stimulant its main effect is to alter sensory impressions -marijuana is the most popular illicit drug used in US -LSD, PCP, Mescaline, Psilocybin (shrooms) -LSD is the best known hallucinogen -can produce hallucinations and disturbances in thinking and perception -PCP is a stimulant or depressant -affect neurotransmitter systems that carry messages between brain cells

Andrew Meltzoff found that babies are born

mimics can intimate and remember actions a day after seeing them

Readiness

minimum level of maturation must occur before many skills can be learned -maturation tends to dictate when something will successfully be completed -don't try too early and don't wait too long (both have negative)

Key to healthy drug use is

moderation and are used to mental illness or insight

Two eyes- binocular depth cues one eye

monocular depth cues

Postconventional moral reasoning

moral behavior is directed by self chosen ethical principles that tend to be general, comprehensive, or universal -20 percent of adults

Partial reinforcement effect

more resistant to extinction -harder to distinguish between reward and extinction

Voluntary muscle movement originates in an area of the cortex called the ____, which is located on the ____ lobe.

motor cortext, frontal

the oval window

moves back and forth and makes waves in a fluid outside the cochlea

Drugs produce the immediate feelings of pleasure and negative consequences follow

much later

Modeling and the Media

much of what we learn comes from the media -media violence is a huge problem -watching more violence leads to aggressive behavior -imitate what they observe -repeated exposure may desensitize people, among them less likely to react negatively so more prone to engage in it -Christopher Ferguson- does not cause aggression just more likely -family conflict, depression, etc other factors -younger generation of crimes has actually gone down (and this should not influence real behavior)

Mental language, language, logic and math, visual and spatial, music, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, and naturalist are all examples of

multiple intelligence

convergence

muscles attached to the eye feed information on eye position to the brain to help it judge distance

Kinesthetic motor images are created from

muscular sensation -movements and actions

Recessive Gene

must be paired with a second recessive gene before its effect will be expressed

Scientific research

must be planned and systematic

1 year they begin to be able to

name objects with one word and begin to use 2 words (telegraphic speech)

Description of goal is

naming and classifying the goal, is typically based on making a detailed record of scientific observations

Ashley seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing. She is likely to suffer from the sleep disturbance referred to as

narcolepsy

relative motion

nearby objects have sizable distance as your head moves

Contiguity

nearness in time and space (one thing has caused another)

Affectional needs

need for love and affection

what charge do ions have

negative and positive - when it is inactive more of these plus or positive charges exist outside the neuron and more minus charge inside

Decrease in one measure are matched by increases in the other measure in a

negative correlation

Double Blind Experiment

neither participants nor researchers know who is in the experimental group or control group (including who received the drug vs placebo) -controls research participant bias but also keeps researchers from influencing the participants -to keep the researchers blind they hire research assistants to collect data -research assistants still don't know who has placebo or pill or who is in control vs experimental group

Large bundles of axons and dendrites visible to the unaided eye are

nerves

-sensitivity to perceptual features is an innate characteristic of the _________________________, it is influenced by experiences early in life

nervous system

The power of the brain arises from the cooperation of large numbers of neurons connected together into

neural networks

___________________ in the brain perform much more complex calculations

neural networks -five neuron synapses with a single neuron that connects with three more neurons -messages are combined before a neuron decides to fire its all or nothing action potential -each neuron functions as a tiny computer

Nerves in the PNS can regrow if they are damaged -The axons of most neurons in nerves outside the brain and spinal cord are covered by thin layer of cells called

neurilemma forms a tunnel that damaged fibers can follow as they repair themselves

Nerves are not the same as

neurons

Adult brains are less ________________________, can still be changed with persistence and patience

neuroplastic

Which of the following is not one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers a) accurately describe risks to potential participants b) never use deception c) provides results and interpretations to participants d) ensure that participation is voluntary

never use deception

More complex emotional or gut responses also may be associated with

new stimuli

Other brain disorders arise from impaired neurogensis

new therapies may hold the key to treating schizophrenia one of the most devastating mental illnesses

Stage 4 includes what major conditions

nightmares and night terrors

Hermann Ebbinghaus memorized

nonsense syllables (relating new information to what you already know can improve memory) -forgetting is rapid at first than it declines at a slower rate -recent events are recalled more accurately than those from remote past -short delay btw studying and taking test -meaningful info is not lost so rapidly -forgetting can be due to the failure of encoding, storage, or retrieval

___ theorists believe that hypnosis involves a blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, and role-playing.

nonstate

Jay is 26 months old, and his favorite word is "No." Although he knows what his parents want him to do (or not do), Jay seems to take delight in doing the opposite. Jay is exhibiting

normal independent behavior for a child of this age

Developmental Milestones are

notable events, markers, or turning points in personal development

Latent Learning

occurring without obvious reinforcement and remaining hidden until reinforcement was provided -related to cognitive abilities, such as anticipating future reward -many people learn from curiosity instead of just for reward

Negative After potential

occurs because potassium ions flow out of the neuron while the membrane gates are open -after both flow into and out of the axon recharging it for more action

Eidetic imagery

occurs when a person has visual images clear enough to be scanned or retained for at least 30 seconds -projected in front of a person (like seeing it on a blank piece of paper -more common in childhood

Positive Reinforcement

occurs when a pleasant or desirable event follows a response

The simplest network, reflex arc is

occurs when a stimulus provokes an automatic response -arise within spinal cord without any help from the brain

Negative Reinforcement

occurs when making a response removes and unpleasant event -increases responding but does this by ending discomfort

Source confusion

occurs when origin of a memory are misremembered -memories based on personality, emotions, judgements, and what you pay attention to is what you remember

Proactive interference

occurs when prior learning inhibits recall of later learning -interference applies primarily to memories of verbal information

Reflectively Learning

occurs when you engage in deliberatly reflective and active self guided study -learn more if you reflectively think on what you experience

Associative Learning

occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple association among various stimuli and or behaviors -little awareness or thought (no subjective thinking was thought to be required))

Religion may add feelings

of purpose and meaning in life -church may offer social support

sidedness

often measured by aseeing hand, foot eye, and ear preference

Receptor Sites

on the cell membrane are sensitive to neurotransmitters (found in large numbers of neuron bodies and dendrites. Muscles and glands have receptor sites)

The safest sleep position for most infants in order to prevent SIDS is

on their backs

Drug interaction

one drug enhance the effect of another (responsible for the majority of overdoses)

overlap

one object partially blocks another

Covert behavior is

only those things which are not observable by others

Which theory of color vision explains what happens in the optic pathways and in the brain after information leaves the eye?

opponent-process

Successful Aging

optimism, hope and interest in the future -gratitude and forgiveness- good in life -empathy- share feelings of others and see world through their eyes -connection with others- give and receive social support

depressant

or downer, is a substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system

Stimulant

or upper, is a substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system

Problem solving expertise is based on acquired strategies (heuristics) and specific

organized knowledge (systematic information)

On a creativity test, you are asked to list all the uses of a paper clip. The more unusual or novel your answers the higher will be your __________ score.

originality

Stimulus Generalization

other stimuli similar to the CS may also trigger a response -extends learning to similar situations but has limits -why many stores carry limitations of naturally known products because positive attitudes are conditioned to the original products which generalizes the cheaper products

The vestibular system have fluid filled sacs called and they do what

otilths and they are sensitive to movement, acceleration, gravity -contain tiny crystals in a soft, gelatin like mass

Regarding inattentional blindness, we are more likely not to perceive something when

our attention is narrowly focused

psychology goals are a natural outgrowth of

our desire to understand behavior - rely on critical thinking (collecting empirical evidence to evaluate theories as guided by the scientific method)

Intelligence

overall capacity to act purposefully to think rationally adapt to one's surrounding

Short answer test

overlearn the detail and pay attention to related items Ones you know, then kind of know, then dont know

Smelling apple pie causes you to have vivid and detailed memories of the happy times that you spent in your grandmother's kitchen. This process is called

redintegration

Gate control theory

pain messages from the different nerve fibers pass through same neural gate in the spinal cord -if closed other messages may not be able to get through -if it is closed messages carried by large fast nerve fibers seem to close spinal cord gate directly -slow fibers pass through gate and then go to central biasing system in the brain (acupuncture activates small pain fibers)

Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by

pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.

The concept that best explains persistence at gambling is

partial reinforcement

Retins has a hole known as th blind spot where no receptor are present and the optic nerve

passes out of the eye and blood vessels enter

Explicit memory

past experience that is consciously brought to mind -recall, recognition, and the tests you take rely on this

ambiguous stimuli

patterns allowing more than one interpretation

Pituitary gland

pea sized globe hanging from the base of the brain -directed by the hypothalamus -regulates GROWTH -- if too little Growth hormones is released they remain smaller than average (hypopituitary- dwarfism) --too much causes acromelagy- arms, hands, and feet became enlarged (gigantism- excessively body growth)

precognition

perceive or accurately predict future events

Sensory information can be interpreted and misinterpreted in many way

perception

stereoscopic vision

perception of space and depth as a result of the eyes receiving different images

continuation/ continuity

perception tends to toward simple and continuity

clairvoyance

percive eevents or gain infomration in ways that appear unaffected by disaffect or normal physical barriers

Physical dependence

person compulsively uses a drug to maintain bodily comfort (addiction)

night terror

person suffers from panics and suffers from hallucinate frightening dream images in the bedroom NREM sleep so you may jump out of bed... but will remember vey little

Live words comes from : Dead words are about a

personal experience subject

Tend to be happy if you are meeting your

personal goals -especially if you feel you are making progress day by day on small goals that lead to the big goal -married, comfortable with work, extroverted, religious, optimistic, satisfied with lie, and progress towards goal

Organizing memories may be organized due to rules, images, categorizes, symbols, similarities, formal meaning or

personal meaning

Graphology

personality traits based on handwriting -jobs use to hire based on this and it was very harmful because it isn't accurate at all

Redintegration

process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one another and then following chains of association to others, related memories -one memory serves as a cue to trigger another -an entire past experience may be reconstructed from one small recollections -helps improve the memory of witnesses and can be past odors

Positron Emission Tomography

proves much more detailed images of activity both near the surface and below the surface of the brain -detects positrons (subatomic particles) emitted bu weakly radioactive glucose (sugar which the brain runs on) as it is consumed by the brain -higher energy=higher activity

Theory formation is important because it

provides explanations and guides future research

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic psychology mental life is like an iceberg, only a small part exposed

Twenty extremely accurate clocks are locked in two bank vaults (ten in each). A subject who claims to have paranormal powers concentrates on the clocks in one of the vaults, attempting to make them run faster. If she succeeds, she will have demonstrated

psychokinesis

Which of the following cannot be classified as a type of ESP but is considered a psi ability and is studied by parapsychologists?

psychokinesis

Survey

public polling technique are often used to answer psychological questions

After receiving a ticket for speeding, you stop speeding. The reason you stop speeding is due to

punishment

each neurons _______________ messages from many others and ___________ its own message to many others

receives sends

Electroencephalogram

records the changes in electrical signals the brain generates

Ageism

refers to discrimination or prejudice based on age, can oppress the young as well as the old -patronizing language- stereotypes are misleading -wisdom and expertise can usually more than compensate for the loss of mental quickness

Lateralization

refers to specialization in the abilities of the brain hemispheres -left are less lateralized than righties -lefty have less lopsided brains/ more symmetrical on everything --- helps with pitch memory

Retroactive Interference

refers to the tendency for new learning to inhibit retrieval of old learning -avoiding new learning prevents this

Interference

refers to the tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories and the reverse -for both short term and long term

Assimilation

refers to using existing mental patterns in the situations

Which of the following is not a good test taking suggestion for taking an objective test? a) reading all the choices for each question before you make a decision b) reading rapidly and skipping items you are unsure about c) refusing to change an answer on a multiple choice test d) remembering that answers that include superlatives, such as most, least, best, worst, largest, or smallest are often false

refusing to change an answer on a multiple choice test

Correlational studies help us discover

relationships ad make prediction NOT causation (cause and effect) - just because one thing appears to be directly related doesn't mean that a cause and effect situation effect exists (Controlled experiment for causation effect)

Negative Punishment (response cost)

removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made -ending or taking away something pleasant/ decrease responding -time out is an example

A linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement is the definition of which of the following concepts?

response chaining

Restate the problem

restate by thinking about how someone else would view it -you must find ways to jog yourself out of mental sets and habitual modes of thought

In the nervous system, the inactive neuron is said to be in a(n)

resting potential

Constraint induced Movement therapy helps with neurogensis and involves

restraining his good arm and forcing his bad arm to be more active -drugs speed up neurogensis could be injected

A sleepy driver rounds a bend and sees a deer standing in the road. The driver snaps to attention and applies the brakes because his ____ aroused the rest of his brain and helped him avert an accident.

reticular activating system

The ____ is a network of fibers and cell bodies that lie inside the medulla and brainstem and is associated with attention, alertness, and some reflexes, such as sneezing and coughing.

reticular formation

basic source of depth perception is

retinal disparity- a discrepancy in the images that reach the left and right eye

There are meaning based strategies to improve memory encoding and memory

retrieval

more elaborates encoded memories are more likely to be remembered because they have more _______________________ associated with them

retrieval cues

Even if memories are available you still have to

retrieve them

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

reversibility Conservation begin to use time and space and number

Positive reinforcement is no the same as ____________ because what is reinforcing for one person may not be for another

reward

____ involves repetition and memorization, while ____ involves insight and understanding.

rote learning discovery learning

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to ____ to a new stimulus.

salivate

The direct flow of charged atoms into the tips of the taste buds explains which two tastes?

salt and sour

Children raised by same mother no matter if adopted or not share her IQ in the _______ degree

same

Pyschology is both a

science and a profession -use it to research to discover new knowledge -solve problems in all fields -all rely on critical thinking and especially information gained from scientific researc

Newborns can

see, hear, smell, taste, and touch (less acute but are very responsive) -

the brain further filters sensory information through

selective attention

Facing the Challenges of Adulthood

self acceptance, positive relation with others, autonomy (personal freedom, environmental mastery, a purpose in life, and continues personal growth) -middle age and beyond can be rich period of life in which people feel secure, happy, and self confident

The first step is

sensing the world (sensation)

If you work in a noisy environment or enjoy loud music, motorcycling, snowmobiling, hunting, or similar pursuits, you may be at risk for developing which type of hearing loss?

sensorineural

Sensory Adaptation

sensory receptors respond less to unchanging stimuli -the olfactory receptors adapt quickly because they send fewer and fewer nerve impulses to the brain until the odor is no longer noticed

Sensory Analysis

separation of sensory information into important elements

Autonomic Nervous System

serves the internal organs and glands -automatic: means self governing -Heart Rate, digestion, and perspiration

grammar

set of rules for makign sounds into words and words into sentences

Cold readings

set of techniques that are used to lead people to believe in the truth of he a psychic or medium is saying about them -psychic beings by asking broad questions and getting to know the person based on reactions in facial expression and tone

George Miller said there is a magic number for short term memory

seven plus or minus 2

MDMA (ecstacy)

similar to methamphetamine, energy and heightens sensory experiences -brain cells to release extra amounts of serotonin, blood pressure increases, dilated pupils and jaw clenching -diminishes sexual performance -many cases and deaths eery year, elevated body temperature and cause of many hear arrhythmia is another -severe liver damage (abuse alcohol and other drugs) anxiety and depression if used for a long time, fail tests and presence decreases and brain damage

Gestalt organizing principle

simplest organization involves grouping some sensations into an object to figure, that stands out on a planar background -figure ground organization -reversible figures -nearness -similarity -continuation -closure -common region -contuity

Concentrative Meditation

single focal point such as an object, thought, or on your own breathing -focus on a thought or a single repeatable word that is smooth such as (om)

Discovery Learning

skills are gained by insight and understanding instead of by rote -discovering things for yourself can help you solve unusual problems instead of just memorizing formulas that only work sometimes -best teaching strategy is guided discovery when they given freedom to actively think about problem and enough guidance so that they gain useful knowledge

Dual Process Hypothesis of Sleep

sleep also helps calm the brain and store important memories -balance between sleeping and waking

Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations are characteristic of

sleep deprivation psychosis

Sleep deprivation

sleep loss -slurred speech, irritation, increased pain sensitivity, and general discomfort

fovea

small cup shaped area in the middle of the retina containing only cones (sharpest images) -20/20 normal vision; 20/ 200 bad; 20/12 amazing

Gene

small segments of DNA that affect a particular process or personal characteristic -sometimes responsible for an inherited feature

G-factor

small set of general mental abilities -reasoning, problem solving, knowledge, and memory

In Electroencephalogram Beta waves

small, fast waves, (when you are awake and alert)

Cochlea

snail shaped organ that makes up the inner ear

Neurotranmitters

some neurotransmitters excite the next neuron and some inhibit it (making less likely) -100 chemical neurons are Acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, serotonin... -slight variations can be related to temperate differences in infancy and personality differences in adulthood -many drugs mimic, duplicate, or block neurotransmitters -- addiction occurs when you overuse drugs that overstimulate the reward system

Developmental tasks

specific challenges that must be mastered for optimal development (read, sexual maturity, and vocation)

Morphemes

speech sounds collected into meaningful units such as syllables or words

brain carries out most of the computing in the nervous system and communicates with the rest of the body through the nerves called

spinal cord

Cerebral covers a majority of ht ebrain with a mantle of gray matter which is

spongy tissue made up of mostly cell bodies

Carla's sleep is being monitored in a research lab. The assistant notices that Carla's EEG shows a high presence of sleep spindles. It can be concluded that Carla is in

stage 2 of NREM

happy people are more likely to get married and

stay married

Non REM Sleep REM

steps 1,2,3,4 dreaming -both together help calm the brain and sharpen important memories

The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

stimulus discrimination

Short term Memory

stores small amounts of information -what you are aware of right now or consciously aware of -acts as a mental scratchpad

Declarative memory

stores specific factual information, such as names, faces, words, dates, and ideas -words or symbols -can be further divided into semantic memory and episodic memory Ex: Knowing apple is a fruit and a company

Heuristic

strategy for identifying and evaluating problem solutions -reduce the number of alternative thinkers must consider -identify how the current state is verse goal, try working backward, identify intermediate goal, represent problem in other ways, generate a possible solution and test it

Eyewitness errors are very common especially under times of

stress -also a lot of times they don't pay attention to details because they are too worried about the weapon that the attacker has

Marriage, Children, and Parents in Adulthood

stresses of child bearing, empty nesters, marital strife or divorce, parents grow old

Socioculture psychology

stresses the impact that social and cultural contexts have on behavior - most of what we think and do is influenced in one way or another by the social and cultural worlds in which we live

Hispanic Families

strict standards of discipline familoso- centrality of family family pride, values, loyalty affection toward younger children but as you grow up you are expected to be very respectful and obedient cooperation more than competition

Amygdala

strongly related to fear -may be why some suffer from phobias and anxiety

Deep Lesioning

structures below the surface of the brain can also be removed -an electrode is lowered and into the targeted area and a strong electrical current destroys a small amount of brain tissue

Gestalt Psychology

studied thinking, learning, and perception as whole units, not by analyzing experiences into parts (Max Wertheimer)

Biopsychology

study of how biological processes, especially those occurring in the nervous system, relate to behavior -try and learn where functions are in the brain

Surrogate mother

subsitutiate mother

Neurological Soft Signs

subtle behavior signs of nervous system dysfunction, including clumsiness, an awkward gait, poor hand eye coordination, and other perceptual and motor problems -soft because they aren't direct tests of the brain

cataplexy

sudden temporary paralysis of the muscles, leading to complete body collapse -occur when REM sleep intrude in the waking state

Narcolepsy

sudden, irritable sleep attacks, is one of the most dramatic sleep problems -may fall asleep anywhere for few minutes to half an hour; emotional laughter trigger -hereditary and rare -sleep attacks occur when REM sleep intrude in the waking state

Authoritative parents

supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection -management techniques -produce resilient children (good at bouncing back after a bad experience) know how to manage emotions and use positive coping skills

Extrasensory Perception

supported ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by known sensory capacities

the town of Indianola, Mississippi wants to know what the community thinks about building a high-tech movie theater. Increased taxes will be used to pay for the new theater, Therefore, elected officials are mailing out questionnaires to determine public opinion about the theater and the use of increased taxes to pay for it, Why type of research methods are they using?

survey

If Katherine is like most people, she is least senstive to which taste?

sweet

what are the 5 tastes and flavors

sweet salt sour bitter umami- savory Bitter most sensitive to, then sour, salt, sweet

Taste Buds

taste receptor cells are located mainly on top side of tongue specially on edges

A psychologist may

teach, do therapy, or conduct research have a doctorate or a master's degree serve as a consultant to business, schools, and social agencies

Programmed instruction

teaches students in a format that present information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners -keeps learners from practicing errors and student work at their own pace

Barnum Effect

tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if they are stated in general terms

Secondary elaboration

tendency to make a dream more logical and to add details when remembering

mental set

tendency to perceive a problem in a way that blinds us to possible solutions -barrier to creative thinking

Operant stimulus generalization

tendency to respond in the presence of a stimuli similar to those that precede operant reinforcement- reinforced response tends to be made again when similar antecedents are present

You are standing in the middle of a field of long, tall grass and flowers. When you look at your feet and at the area immediately around you, you can see great detail and pick out all the individual pieces of foliage. However, when you look up in the distance, the grass and flowers lose detail and begin to merge together. This phenomenon involves the pictorial depth cue of

texture gradients

Kubler Ross thanatologist

thanatologist- specialists who studies emotional and behavioral reactions to death and dying 1. Denial and Isolation 2. Anger 3. Bargaining- with themselves or God 4. Depression 5. Anxiety (Not all shown not right order either)

Bilinguality

the ability to speak two languages

A dog whistle can be heard by dogs but not by humans. This whistle takes advantage of a characteristic of sensory systems known as

the absolute threshold

Tip of the Tongue state

the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable -memory is available- stored in memory- and yet cannot access-locate or retrieve the complete memory -gave words that sound like or meant th same thing as the defined word -feeling of knowing -deja vu -recall, recognition, relearning

Fixed Interval Schedule

the first correct response made after the times period has passed is reinforced (FI30 means wait 30 seconds before reinforced) -Moderate response rates, few responses occur right after the reinforcement is delivered any spurts happen right before the next reinforcement

Midbrain is a link between

the forebrain and the brainstem

Culture Relativity

the idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs- an greatly affect our understanding of others including in diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

the idea that the words we use not only reflect out thoughts but can shape them as well

Difference threshold

the minimal difference between two stimuli that is detectable to an observer -phosphenes --also important in this effect is sensory localization in the brain

Naturalistic Observation

the observation of behavior in a natural setting (typical environment in which a person or animal lives) -Provide ONLY descriptions of behavior (that have not been tempered with or altered by outside influence) -to explain observations we may need another research method

statistically significant

the obtained results would occur rarely by chance alone

Habituation

the of learning basically we learn to cease align attention to familiar stimuli

Opponent process theory better explains

the optic pathway and the brain after information leaves the eye

Primary Visual area

the part of the cortex that first receives input from the eyes, experience blind spots in their vision -images are mapped onto the cortex but they are distorted and stretched

Size constancy

the perceived size of an object remains the same, even though the size of its image on the retina changes -empirical-past knowledge

maturation

the physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system

new stresses that instant riches bring usually cancel out

the positive effects of wealth

Limitations of naturalistic observation include

the potential for observer effects the potential for observer bias that the data collected provides a description but not an explanation

Salutatory Conduction

the process by which nerve impulses conducted down the axons of neurons coated with myelin jump from gap to gap in the myelin layer -when the myelin layer is damaged a person may suffer from numbness, weakness, or paralysis -what happens with multiple sclerosis

Scaffolding

the process of adjusting instruction so that it is responsive to a beginner's behavior and supports the beginners efforts to understand a problem or gain a mental skill -must be responsive to a child's needs

Neurogenesis

the production of new brain cells -learning, memory, and our ability to adapt to changing circumstances

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

the stages that children go through until they fully learn and understand things

Paternal Influences

the sum of all effects a father has on his child -fathers are more likely to play with their children and tell them stories -fathers can be as affectionate, sensitive, and responsive as mothers but are viewed differently than the mother

uncritical acceptance

the tendency to believe claims because they seem true or it would be nice if they were - flattering traits that are very vague

Fixation

the tendency to get hung up on wrogn solutions or to become blind to alternatives - unnecessary restrictions

Operant stimulus discrimination

the tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with non-reward are present

Serial Position Effect

the tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list -last items are still in STM -first are entered into "empty" STM

Visible specturm

the tiny fraction of electromagnetic energies we transduce

Prefrontal area

the very front of the frontal lobes, involved in sense of self, reasoning, and planning -damage causes huge change to personality and emotion

pinna

the visible external part of ear

Disuse

theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved -doesn't account for our ability to recover seemingly forgotten memories -Alzaheimer's and other dementia-slowly strangle the brain's ability to process and store information

We learn moral values from

thinking and reasoning

Conventional moral reasoning

thinking is based on desires to please others to follow accepted authority, rules, and values -other children and adult

Formal Operational stage (11 years and up)

thinking is more based on abstract thought -become self reflective and less egocentric... hypothetical possibilities -after late adolescence, improvements in intellect are based on gaining specific knowledge, experience, and wisdom rather than on any leaps in basic thinking capacity

The term "cognition" includes

thinking, problem solving, reasoning, and daydreaming

Reflective processing

thought hat is ative, effortful, controlled

Expectancies

thoughts about how events are interconnected -CS predicts the US -the brain prepares the body to respond to the US

skin senses

touch

The somesthetic senses include

touch, the vestibular sense, and the kinesthetic sense.

Conductive Hearing Loss

transfer of vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear weakens -can be fixed with hearing aid

Detoxification

treatment of alcoholism, the withdrawal of a patient from alcohol

Counseling Psychologist

treats milder problems, such as troubles at work or school -full time therapists -license by state examinee board (beware of people with self titles bc little training)

Clinical Psychologist

treats psychological problems or does research on therapies and mental disorders -doctorate and PhD degree and can do research or therapy -PsyD- emphasize therapy skills rather than research

Muller Lyer Illusion

two equal lengths tipped with inward and outward pointing vs appear to be different lengths -cues that suggest a 3D space alter our perception of a 2D design

Correlation Study

two factors are measured and a statistical technique is used to find their degree of correlation

Base Rate

underlying portability of an event -in many high risk situations ignoring base rate is the same as thinking you are an exception to the rule

Superstition

unfounded belief held without evidence or in the face of falsifying evidence

Functional MRI

uses MRI technology to make brain activity visible -provides images of activity in the brain -can use to tell if someone is lying -researchers are beginning to create 3 dimensional maps called atlases to show structure and psychological functions

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

uses a strong magnetic field, rather than X-rays, to produce an image of the body's interior -person is placed inside a magnetic field, then it creates a 3 dimensional model and any 2 dimensional plane can be selected -produces more detailed images, allowing us to peer into the brain (like its transparent)

Receptor proteins on the surface of the fibers are sensitive to

various airborne molecules

Methamphetamine- has created the largest drug problem it is a drug that is

very abused and fuels violent criminal subculture -a smokable form of meth (ice) is used and causes a huge dependence today

Many poisons disturb the _______________, vision, body and therefore motion sickness causes you to vomit to expel the poison

vestibular system

Psychological Perspective

views behavior as the result of psychological processes within each person -cognitive psychology which seeks to explain how mental processes such as thoughts and feelings influence our behavior -continues to trace our behavior o mental unconscious behavior and seek therapies to help people lead happier lives

Iconic Memory

visual sensory images are stored for about half a second

Through games, adults and ababies come to understand similar rhyths and expectations. soon this shared signal are created including

vocalizing, touching, gazing, and smiling

Operant condition is based on learning_____________ _________________; classical conditioning is _____________.

voluntary responses passive