Operant Conditioning

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Pigeon Passage

- Acquisition and Maintenance of a simple phobia - Acquisition = how the fear was acquired through classical conditioning - Maintenance = how the avoidance response is maintained through operant conditioning

The Schedule of Reinforcement: Fixed-Ratio Schedules

- Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses (every so many) - Rewards are given after a fixed number of res​ponses - Buy 10 coffee drinks, get the 11th free - Produces high rates of responding

Money is a

Conditioned reinforcer

T/F Animals learn only when rewards are given

False

T/F: Negative reinforcement is another term for punishment

False

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

responses are sometimes reinforced, sometimes not

T/F Animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it.

false

T/F Psychologists agree that punishment, regardless of its form, has little effect on behavior

false

T/F: Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them.

false

The Schedule of Reinforcement: Variable-Ratio Schedules

- Reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses (after an unpredictable number) - Rewards are given after a varying number of res​ponses - Slot machine gambling - Produces high rates of responding

The Schedule of Reinforcement: Fixed-Interval Schedules

- Reinforce first response after a fixed time period (every so often) - Rewards are given after a fixed period o​f time - Checking for snail mail, cramming for a test - Produces a choppy stop-start pattern of responding

The Schedule of Reinforcement: Variable-Interval Schedules

- Reinforce the first response after varying time intervals (unpredictably often) - Rewards are given after varying periods of ​time - Checking for email - Produces slow, steady responding

positive reinforcement

-A pleasurable stimulus follows a response and increases the chance that the response will occur again "sit" -> dog sits -> dog receives tasty treat Sr+ -> response -> positive reinforcer

negative reinforcement

-A response terminates (stops_ an unpleasant state or stimulus thereby, increasing the probability that the response occurs again in the presence of this unpleasant stimulus (i.e: the response is strengthened)

Shaping behavior

-Successive approximations -Reward behavior that approaches the desired behavior -Allows animal trainers to get animals to perform complex behaviors -Helps us understand what nonverbal organisms perceive

Reinforcer

-any stimulus (or event) that follows a response and increases the chances that the response occurs again -Positive and Negative reinforcement both lead to an increase or a strengthening of the behavior they follow

Punishment

Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment (Larzelaere & Baumrind, 2002), it usually leads to negative effects. 1. Results in unwanted fears 2. Conveys no information to the organism 3. Justifies pain to others 4. Cause unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence 5. Causes aggression toward the agent 6. Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in place of another

Your spouse nags you all the time to take out the trash and this annoys you. You take out...

Negative reinforcement

Correlational evidence suggests that there is a link between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behavior. However, it is possible that the television viewing is not causing the violence. Which of the following alternative hypotheses might explain the correlations?

Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching.

_____ include voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences.

Operant behaviors

__________________ behavior operates on the environment, whereas ________________ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Operant; voluntary

Punishment decreases the frequency of a behavior

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT - Administering an aversive stimulus - Receiving a parking ticket - Spanking NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT - Withdrawing a desirable stimulus - Revoked driver's license - Time outs

negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response (-)

The law of effect laid the foundation for:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking isn't necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which of the following arguments should she not use to support her position?

Spanking is a form of discipline that has been used for generations.

continuous reinforcement

The desired response is reinforced every time it occurs.

Extinction and Operant Conditioning

When the response occurs in the absence of reinforcement the rate of responding goes down

Reinforcer

an event that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated

Classical conditioning involves _____ while operant conditioning involves _____.

associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence

continuous reinforcement compared to intermittent reinforcement produces _______ learning and __________ extinction

both fast

During _____ an organism learns associations between events it does not control

classical conditioning

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as ______________ is to ______________.

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

During a typical morning, Daniel will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Daniel's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval

Example of shaping: animal trainers use the method of Successive Approximations

i.e., reward behaviors that increasing resemble desired behavior

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior.

increase; decrease

Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. Johnny's behavior is a clear example of:

modeling

When Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room, Nanette gave her a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

negative punishment

Debra regularly buckles her seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

negative reinforcement

Michael is busy with project work that he brought home. His son, Stephen, wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. Michael's son's whining best illustrates:

negative reinforcement

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physically abusive acts on her mother. Later, when she's in her room playing with her toys, she begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning

There is a vending machine at work that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. Your action best illustrates:

operant conditioning

____________reinforcement involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

positive

T/F Research indicates that televised violence leads to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch the programs

true

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement in their respective areas.

variable-interval

Carl is a professional baseball player. Swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.

variable-ratio


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