Oral Com (Midterms | L01 - L04)

Noise

* Disruptions which prevents messages from being interpreted.

Context

* Environment that surrounds the communication.

Participants

* Refers to both the speaker and listener.

Channels

* The instrument or method used in delivering a message. * ex: television, radio, | internet, printed materials

Feedback

* The response of the receiver to the information transmitted. * May come in verbal forms or nonverbal forms.

Message

* The speaker's meaning, ideas, and feelings. * Can be delivered verbally or nonverbally.

Verbal Communication

- Deals with any form of communication involving words, spoken, signed, or written.

Nonverbal Communication

- Includes hand gestures, facial expressions, body movements, eye contact, and etc...

Interactive Model

- Messages originates from two sources. - Message fron the sender and feedback from the receiver. - Give - take - give interaction

Linear Model

- Straight path of relaying information, proposed by Aristotle. - One-directional model. - Delivering a speech in front of audiences is the best example.

K - Key (how formal / informal)

- The formality / informality of the speech occasion is considered.

P - Participants (who)

- The interlocutors take part in a speaking activity, they are both speakers and listeners.

I - Instrument (medium)

- The most basic instrument used in human communication is the voice.

Speaker - Sender - Encoder

- The one that decides on information to transmit.

Listener - Receiver - Decoder

- The person or group of people to whom the information is transmitted

S - Setting (where and when)

- The speaker must consider the time and place.

E - End (why)

- The speaker must have a single purpose in mind, preparing the speech he will present.

A - Act (how)

- The speaker needs to determine how he delivers his speech.

N - Norm (what)

- The speaker's primary concern is the topic or the subject of his speech.

G - Genres (what kind)

- The speech may fall under any of the four genres according to the purpose of the oral discourse.

Transactional Model

- Two-way process - It shows rules of a speaker and listener. - It shows the interplay of different elements.

Paralanguage Facial Expressions Body Movements / Posture Gestures Eye messages / contacts Touch Voice Space and Distance

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Semantic Noise

Unintentional misunderstanding

Pause Loudness / Softness Rhythm Repetition / Rephrasing Tone Appropriate form of language

Verbal Elements

Psychological Noise

When you talk to a person w/ physical condition.

Exposition, Description, Narration, and Argumentation

4 types of Genres

Participants, Context, Message, Channels, Noise, and Feedback

6 Elements of Communication

Internal, External, Semantic, Syntactic, Environmental, Organizational, Psychological, and Cultural Noise

8 types of Noise

Communication

A process of expressing and exchanging information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings.

Argumentation

Argumentative

Historical

Background by previous interactions

Cultural

Beliefs, values, and norms

Linear, Interactive, and Transactional model of communication

Communication Models

Communication

Derived from the latin word "communis" and communicare" which denotes commonality common or sharing and to make common share.

Description

Describe | Sense

Syntactic Noise

Destructure of your sentence.

External Noise

Distractions in the physical environment.

Internal Noise

Distractions within the communicator.

Exposition

Explanation

Organizational Noise

Field of instruction, wrong instruction.

Social

Formality among others

Psychological

Mood and feelings

Narration

Narrative

Environmental Noise

Outside noises such as human activities.

Cultural Noise

Person w/ a barrier or different culture

Sender Encoding Message Encoding Receiver [Feedback]

Stages of Communication

Physical

Temperature, lighting, and noise

Dell Hymes' SPEAKING Paradigm

To attain proficiency in oral communication, a speaker should consider in every speaking situation the element that make up the SPEAKING paradigm devised by Dell Hymes.

Visual and Auditory

Types of Channels

Physical, Social, Psychological, Cultural, and Historical.

Types of Context

Visual

sight

Auditory

sound

Nature of Communication

• Communication is a dynamic process. - It is not constant, but it changes. • In communication, messages are sent, not meanings. • Communication takes many forms • Communication is an interactive process. • In communication, context should be given emphasis.

Process of Communication

• Communication is a process, as such it comes in stages.

Elements of Communication

• The communication process includes understanding, sharing, and meaning, and it consists of essential elements.