Oral communication mid term
Because words are not the concrete or tangible phenomena to which they refer, we say that language is __________. [pp. 69-70, II]
abstract
Cognitive schemata include all of the following EXCEPT __________. [p. 45, III] a. abstractions b. stereotypes c. scripts d. personal constructs e. prototypes
A
Words are not the things they represent. In other words, words are __________. [p. 69, I] a. ambiguous b. arbitrary c. verbal d. unconscious e. abstract
E
A judgment is a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact. [p. 59, II]
False
Empathy and person-centeredness are the same. [p. 56, II]
False
Institutional facts are objective concrete phenomena and activities. [p. 71, I]
False
Language does not change over time. [pp. 66-67, II]
False
Mind reading is useful for good friends who want to communicate sincerely. [p. 58, II]
False
Self-serving bias is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience. [p. 49, II]
False
The I and ME aspects of self are opposing forces. [p. 80, II]
False
The I aspect of self is socially conscious and responsive to situational constraints. [p. 80, II]
False
The potential for confusion decreases as language becomes increasingly abstract. [p. 70, II]
False
We passively receive stimuli from around us. [p. 44, II]
False
Western cultures emphasize individualism more than other cultures, especially Eastern ones. [p. 57, II]
True
Within a culture many words have an agreed upon range of meaning. [p.68, II]
True
Because symbols are __________, their meanings are not clear-cut or fixed. [p. 68, I]
ambiguous
The study of our perception of odor and scents is known as __________. [p. 99, I] a. artifacts b. proxemics c. haptics d. olfactics e. kinesics
D
The verbal symbols we select to use are not intrinsically connected to what they represent. This is known as __________. [p. 67, I] a. ambiguity b. abstraction c. brute meaning d. arbitrariness e. institutional meaning
D
A deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact is known as __________. [p. 59, I] a. inference b. culture c. empathy d. judgment e. expectancy violation theory
A
How we perceive and use time to define identities and interaction is referred to as __________. [p. 103, II] a. chronemics b. artifacts c. proxemics d. paralanguage e. kinesics
A
Nonverbal communication involving touch is called __________. [p.96, II] a. haptics b. Gestures c. Phatics d. Kinesics e. Dianetics
A
A __________ is a predictive generalization about a person or situation. [p. 47, II]
Stereotype
Which is the most abstract term in the following words? [pp. 69-70, III] a. Tiger Woods b. golf c. physical activity d. sport e. professional athlete
C
Nonverbal physiological characteristics belong to a category called [p. 98, II] a. artifacts b. proxemics c. kinesics d. paralanguage e. physical appearance
E
__________ defines the start and stop of interpersonal communication episodes. [p. 74, I]
Punctuation
Caitlin is angry with her boyfriend, so she refuses to sit near him in the car or to let him get really close to her while they are walking. To communicate her anger, Caitlin is relying on __________. [pp. 101-102, III] a. artifacts b. chronemics c. proxemics d. paralanguage e. silence
C
A group of people who are part of an overall society but also distinct from the overall society in that they hold values, understandings, and practices that are not shared by people outside the group is called a __________. [p. 57, II] a. social community b. cultural identity c. isolated culture d. native culture e. community theatre
A
A technique developed by communication scholars to remind us that our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumstances refers to which of the following? [p. 84, I] a. indexing b. selective perception c. temporal differentiation d. ambiguity e. contextual perception
A
Assuming an attentive posture, holding eye contact, and nodding to show you understand what another person is saying are nonverbal behaviors that convey which dimension of relational level meanings? [p. 92, II] a. responsiveness b. liking c. status d. power e. control
A
Cultural influences in the United States tend to place high value on which of the following? [p. 57, II] a. individualism b. relaxation and a leisurely pace of living c. collectivist orientation d. cooperation and deference e. membership and community
A
Don goes to class on Friday but the instructor is not present. The teaching assistant announces that the instructor is ill and there will be no class that day. When Don comes to class on Monday, he notices that students are handing in an assignment to the instructor. He discovers that the TA told students that even though there was no class Friday, they had a homework assignment to complete. Don's failure to attend to that part of the TA's message reflects which aspect of the perception process? [p. 44, III] a. selection b. organization c. personal constructs d. stereotypes e. interpretation
A
Catching yourself in the process of self-serving bias is most likely the result of __________. [pp. 60-61, III] a. inference b. lower cognitive complexity c. monitoring d. scripts e. prototypes
C
Joaquin came to the United States from Mexico three months ago and he is still having trouble understanding Americans' tendency to rush all the time. He is also surprised when his teachers are irritated if he joins class a while after class has started. Joaquin's confusion about American pace of life is based on which aspect of nonverbal behavior? [pp. 103-104, III] a. chronemics b. proxemics c. kinesics d. artifacts e. none of the above
A
Nathan laughs when his grandfather describes him as a "cool cat." "That's how we used to describe someone who is neat, pleasing, good," his grandfather says. "Not anymore," Nathan replies. This exchange reminds us that language is __________. [p. 67, III] a. arbitrary b. rule bound c. totalizing d. stereotypical e. derivative
A
Negating most of a person by spotlighting a single aspect of his/her identity is known as __________. [p.76, I] a. totalizing b. punctuation c. reappropriation
A
Smiles, friendly touches, shaking hands are all signs of __________ in Western societies. [p. 93, III] a. liking b. power c. interaction d. negotiations e. awareness
A
The statement "we should not let old geezers drive" is an example of __________. [p. 87, III] a. loaded language b. hypothetical thought c. self-reflection d. responsiveness e. abstraction
A
The term referring to body position and motions is __________. [p. 95, I] a. kinesics b. olfactics c. haptics d. proxemics e. artifacts
A
Three-year-old Elena calls every adult male "Daddy" because she doesn't yet make cognitive distinctions among men. This is an example of __________. [p. 54, III] a. a simple cognitive system b. a complex cognitive system c. certainty vs. provisionalism d. focus on abstract constructs e. reliance on multiple schemata
A
To say that language is ambiguous means __________. [p. 68, II] a. it doesn't have clear-cut, precise meanings b. words can come from any where c. symbols are perceptions d. the medium is the message e. all of the above
A
Words that slant perceptions are called __________. [p. 77, II] a. loaded language b. slang c. stereotypes d. perceptual shorthands e. relational communication
A
. The technique for imagining ourselves as successful is called __________. [p. 52, I a. success reinforcement b. positive visualization c. role assumption d. cognitive reinforcement e. none of the above
B
Constitutive rules __________. [p. 72, II] a. determine who speaks first in an interaction b. define what a particular communication means or stands for c. regulate interaction d. are examples of phatic communication e. are mostly inappropriate means of starting arguments
B
Mike arrives at his class after the students and teacher have already begun discussing the topic for the day. Mike doesn't make any contributions during discussion. Based on what you know, which of the following is (are) inferences about Mike? [pp. 59-60, III] a. He was late getting to class. b. He hadn't read the assignment so he couldn't contribute. c. Jed didn't contribute to class discussion, either. d. Class began before Jed arrived. e. Both B and C are inferences
B
Nathan just moved into a new apartment and spent the first day hanging pictures, putting out souvenirs of important times, and placing favorite objects on the bookshelves. Nathan has relied on what form of nonverbal communication to personalize the new apartment? [pp. 100-101, III] a. paralanguage b. artifacts c. kinesics d. proxemics e. appearance
B
Our perception of when a given interaction begins and ends is known as __________. [p. 74, I] a. totalizing b. punctuation c. reappropriation d. hypothetical thought e. abstraction
B
Rachel is surprised when her friend Sarah consistently interrupts her while she is speaking. Rachel believes her friend should not continually disrupt her. Rachel's perception of her friend's behavior is based on a __________. [p. 73, III] a. regulative rule b. constitutive rule c. stereotype d. personal construct e. hypothetical thought
B
Research has shown that babies in dysfunctional families are touched less often and less affectionately than babies in healthy families. This type of nonverbal behavior is referred to as __________. [p. 96, II] a. kinesics b. haptics c. olfactics d. proxemics e. artifacts
B
Suzy is really upset and she feels like throwing a temper tantrum, even though she's 20 years old. Disregarding the social inappropriateness of her behavior, Suzy beats a door and then kicks it while in a public area. In this instance, Suzy's behavior was motivated by which aspect of herself? [p. 80, III] a. me b. I c. moral self d. cognitive self e. abstract self
B
The active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities is known as __________ [p. 44, II] a. prototypes b. perception c. self-serving bias d. empathy e. cognitive schemata
B
Which is not an example of nonverbal communication? [p. 66, I] a. symbols that aren't words b. words used to describe an action c. tone of voice d. facial expressions e. posture
B
Which of the following is a personal construct? [p. 46, III] a. the dictionary definition of a co-worker b. how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent c. the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you d. your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker e. your expectation of how a co-worker will behave
B
According to Wood, the ability to feel with another person is called __________. [p. 56, I] a. cognitive complexity b. mind reading c. empathy d. inference e. self-serving bias
C
Annika says, "I didn't get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day. However, Kathy didn't get an offer because she isn't qualified." This is an example of __________. [p. 49, III] a. construct differentiation b. stereotyping c. self-serving bias d. internal attributions e. scripting
C
Elements of settings that affect how we feel, think and act are __________. [p. 102, II] a. artifacts b. proxemics c. environmental factors d. paralanguage e. physical appearance
C
One day I won't have to worry about money. One day I'll make a great salary." These statements illustrate __________. [p. 79, III] a. arbitrary thought b. loaded language c. hypothetical thought d. symbolic organization e. symbolic evaluation
C
Rachel doesn't want to be interrupted while she's speaking so she avoids looking at others until she has said all she wants to say. Then she looks at the person who wants to respond. Rachel has used nonverbal behavior to __________. [p. 92, III] a. establish relational level meanings b. establish content level meanings c. regulate interaction d. define her cultural standpoint e. demonstrate warmth
C
The number of personal constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions is called __________. [pp. 53-54, II] a. interpersonal communication b. cognitive depression c. cognitive complexity d. schemata theory e. reified perception theory
C
When you are tired, stressed, or sick, you are likely to perceive things more negatively than when you are well rested. This is an example of __________. [p. 51, III] a. expectations b. social influences c. physiological influences d. self-serving bias e. attribution
C
Which of the following is a prototype? [pp. 45-46, III] a. the dictionary definition of a co-worker b. how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent c. the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you d. your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker e. your expectation of how a co-worker will behave
C
Which of the following is not a paralanguage behavior? [pp. 104-105, III] a. raising volume when speaking b. pausing between words to emphasize certain words c. refusing to speak d. lowering pitch e. lowering volume when speaking
C
__________ rules are shared understandings about what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations. [p. 72, II]
Communication
__________ define what a particular communication stands for. [p. 73, I]
Constitutive rules
__________ is a theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata. [p. 45, II]
Construction
A __________ consists of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that a number of people share. [p. 57, I]
Culture
Brute facts are __________. [p. 71, II] a. symbolic constructions b. objective phenomena and activities c. concrete phenomena and activities d. b and c e. none of the above
D
Institutional facts are the meanings we attach to brute facts based on __________. [p. 71, I] a. objective decisions b. concrete experiences c. specific activities d. human interpretation e. higher levels of abstraction
D
Nonverbal communication is estimated to account for what percentage of the total meaning of communication? [p. 90 , II] a. Less than 12% b. 16-39% c. 41-53% d. 65-93% e. 100%
D
The study of space and how people use it is known as __________. [pp. 101-102, I] a. kinesics b. olfactics c. haptics d. proxemics e. artifacts
D
Which of the following is a script? [p. 48, III] a. the dictionary definition of a co-worker b. how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent c. the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you d. your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker e. your expectation of how a co-worker will behave
D
Which of the following is not a regulative communication rule? [pp. 72-73, III] a. Children should not interrupt adults. b. We do not talk about private issues in public. c. Call out "Amen" in response to the pastor. d. Sticking your tongue out at someone is rude. e. Applaud at the end of a speech.
D
All of the following can be used to express power, except __________. [pp. 93-94, II] a. moving into someone's space b. silence c. touching someone d. gestures e. all of these can be used to express power
E
All of the following influence perceptions EXCEPT __________. [pp. 51-57, II] a. social roles b. cognitive abilities c. cultural factors d. expectations e. all of the above influence perception
E
Communication rules are __________. [p. 72, II] a. shared understandings about what communication means b. made up by older generations of people c. shared understandings about what behaviors are appropriate in various situations d. all of the above e. a and c
E
During an argument, when Lisa tells her husband Scott, "It's not what you said, it's how you said it," Lisa is upset with Scott's use of __________. [pp. 104-105, III] a. artifacts b. chronemics c. proxemics d. kinesics e. paralanguage
E
The ability to perceive another as a unique individual is called __________. [p. 55, II] a. personal construct theory b. intelligence c. visualization d. intrapersonal perception e. person-centeredness
E
Which of the following is NOT true about nonverbal communication? [pp. 91-94, II] a. it helps establish relationship-level meanings b. it is not always clear c. it interacts with verbal communication d. it reflect cultural values e. it does not vary over time
E
Which of the following is an example of tentative language? [p. 60, II] a. Lucy is mean. b. Rosie is friendly. c. Christine is neurotic. d. Lisa is nice. e. Sheryl may be upset.
E
Which of the following statements demonstrate that Adam is taking responsibility for his thoughts and feelings? [pp. 84-88, III] a. You are really irritating me. b. You are making me look foolish. c. This is the last time you are going to humiliate me. d. You really make me feel happy. e. I feel hurt by what you are saying.
E
Thinking about experiences and ideas that are not part of your concrete, daily reality is called __________ thought. [p. 79, II]
Hypothetical
A __________ is a belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are not facts. [p. 59, I]
Judgement
__________ is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them. [p. 60, I]
Monitoring
__________ __________ are mental yardsticks that allow us to measure phenomena on bi-polar dimensions. [p. 46, I]
Personal constructs
We use verbal communication to define dominance and to negotiate status and influence in the aspect of relationship-level meaning called __________. [p. 82, II]
Power
The person you think of as the ideal friend or the best example of what a friend is like, is your __________ for a friend. [p. 45, I]
Prototype
__________ happens when a group reclaims terms others use to degrade its members and treats those terms as positive self-descriptions. [p. 77, I]
Reappropriation
__________ rules specify when, how, where, and with whom to communicate about certain things. [p. 72, II]
Regulative
Your __________ for a first date describes how you and another person are supposed to act on a first date. [p. 48, I]
Script
Attribution is the act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a particular way. [p. 49, II]
True
Because language is abstract, ambiguous and arbitrary, we have to interpret it to determine what it means. [p. 71, II]
True
Cultures can be made up of social communities that have their own unique values and practices. [p. 57, II]
True
Language consists of symbols. [p. 66, II]
True
Monitoring is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them. [p. 60, II]
True
Monitoring ourselves is one aspect of self-reflection. [pp. 80-81, II]
True
Stereotypes may be accurate generalizations about groups. [p. 47, II]
True
The most basic symbolic ability is definition. [p. 76-77, I
True
We follow communication rules even when we are not consciously aware of them. [p. 72, II]
True
Perception consists of these three interrelated processes: __________ , __________ and __________. [p. 44, II]
selection; perception; interpretation
Attributing your strengths and good actions to your personal integrity while attributing your weaknesses and mistakes to external factors beyond your control is known as the __________. [p. 49, I]
self-serving bias
Referring to a person as if one word such as "conservative" or "feminist" defines them in their completeness is referred to as __________. [p. 76, III]
totalizing
