Ordinal Survey (Chapter 7)

Holometabolous Development

"Complete Metamorphosis" Insect goes through four stages of life: and embryo or egg, a larva, a pupa, then finally the imago, or adult.

Hemimetabolous Development

"Incomplete Metamorphosis" Insect goes through three stages of life: the egg, the nymph, and the imago. The nymph is sometimes aquatic.

Neoptera

'New Wings' Can fold wings over back (abdomen), the vast majority of insects are in this group. Further divided into the groups Polyneoptera, Paraneoptera, and Endopterygota

Palaeoptera

'Old Wings' Unofficial grouping of insects that cannot fold their wings over their abdomen. Hemimetabolous development pattern, nymph (naiad) is aquatic. Adult has wings, immature just has wing pads. Mouthparts: Chewing, under-tooth, mandibles point down Lack of ability to fold wings over back, held out as sides like in dragonflies, or held up vertically over the back as in mayflies and damselflies, primitive wings Two pairs of membranous wings Contains the orders Ephemeroptera and Odonata

Protura

'before tail' (have no tail or antennas) Order Within Entognatha

Polyneoptera

'many new wings' (subgroup of Neoptera) Paurometabolous development (mostly), 'unmodified' chewing mouthparts. Two pair of wings, front pair are coriaceous (leathery) and not fit for flight, meant for protection. Rear pair is membranous and used for flying. Think grasshoppers. Contains many common orders Orders: - Plecoptera - stoneflies - Dermaptera - earwigs - Embioptera - webspinners - Zoraptera - zorapterans - Orthoptera sensu strictu - grasshoppers, crickets, katydids - Phasmatodea - walkingsticks - Grylloblattodea - rock crawlers - Mantophasmatodea - heelwalkers - Mantodea - mantids - Blattodea - cockroaches - Termitoidae - termites

Diplura

'two tails' (have two tails) Order Within Entognatha

Insecta

Class consisting of all Insects Divided into the subclasses Pterygota and the somewhat informal Apterygota Hypognathous, Mouthparts outside the head

Entognatha

Class of Arthropods containing the Orders: Protura Diplura Collembola Are distinguished from insects by entognathous mouth parts, meaning the mouth parts are retracted inside the head.

Dermaptera

Earwigs Order Within Polyneoptera

Mantophasmatodea

Heelwalkers Order Within Polyneoptera Not found in PA

Paurometabolous Development

Immature insect resembles small adult, with only size and other minor changes occurring as it becomes and adult.

Collembola

springtails - means "glue peg" (have a split device called the furca that can go forward and grip the retinaculum, releasing the furca sends it into the ground and springs them into the air, ventral tube or glue peg holds them in place on water, some can spring on the surface of the water) Order Within Entognatha

Mantodea

Mantids Order Within Polyneoptera

Archaeognatha

Means "old tooth." Order of wingless insects within Apterygota with monocondylic mandibles. Examples are the jumping Bristletails (Petrobius maritima)

Blattodea

Order Blattodea within Polyneoptera within Neoptera (cockroaches) Ootheca = egg case There are some wingless roaches. Some people put termites in this group too Cockroaches - medium to large, secretive omnivores They have something called the pronotal shield. It a shield or a plate over top of their head, their head is directed downwards underneath it. Paurometabolous development, chewing/hypognathous, wing condition: 2 pair, rarely none, tegmina is a leathery but flexible forewing, hindwings are membranous

Lepidoptera

Order Within Endopterygota Butterflies, moths, skippers - medium to large; abundant; herbivorous immature; second or third largest Order Butterfly have a pair of straight antennas with knobs on the end, skippers have a bump and a hook on the end, and moths can be plain or fuzzy Unique feature: scales on wings Metamorphosis - holometabolous Adult Mouthparts - lapping-sucking (immature has chewing mouthparts) Wing condition - 2 pair, broad, with scales The whole gut has to be reworked as the food changes from green plant matter to nectar. The adults do not compete with the offspring for food.

Trichoptera

Order Within Endopterygota Caddisflies

Coleoptera

Order Within Endopterygota Coleoptera (sheath wings) Beetles - minute to huge, abundant and diverse; largest insect order Extremely hard front pair of wings, not meant for flying. Some of the smallest insects are beetles, and some of the largest insects are beetles. Unique feature: elytra Some insects within hemiptera have a hemelytron, a half hardened wing, but the elytron is a fully hardened wing But you don't get something for nothing, these wings are mostly useless for flight. The elytra give them large amounts of protection. It protects the delicate hind wings. It lets them exploit habitats that are dangerous to membranous wings while retaining flight. Can exploit physically abrasive environments. Metamorphosis: holometabolous Mouthparts: chewing Wing condition: 2 pair, forewings hardened (elytra), hindwings membranous

Diptera

Order Within Endopterygota Flies, mosquitoes - small to large; abundant, third or second largest order Unique feature: halteres, modified hindwings, vibrate and help maintain course during flight. Some are more obscure, but all flies have them Metamorphosis: holometabolous Adult Mouthparts: various modifications: piercing-sucking (for concealed liquids), lapping-sucking, sponging (for exposed liquids) Immature Mouthparts: chewing Wing condition: one pair of membranous forewings, hindwings modified into halteres

Hymenoptera

Order Within Endopterygota Hymenoptera (membranous wings) Ants, bees, wasps - minute to large; abundant; fourth largest Order Very unique, many strange features, most social insects Unique features: -ovipositor modified into sting apparatus -hamuli - on the front margin of the hind wings there are little hooks that face forward toward the front wings, that edge of the front wings are curved in a way that lets the hooks attach, allowing wing coupling -haplo-diploidy - males develop from unfertilized eggs, females come from fertilized eggs. Because males develop from unfertilized eggs, it leaves it up to the mother to decide what gender she wants. There are altered sex ratios (usually way more females than males). Many eusocial groups An ovipositor is a device some insects have to lay and egg where you want one. In hymenoptera it is modified to deliver poison instead of eggs, making it a weapon. Some will use it to inject eggs into a host.

Megaloptera

Order Within Endopterygota alderflies/dobsonflies/fishflies

Siphonaptera

Order Within Endopterygota fleas

Neuroptera

Order Within Endopterygota net-winged insects

Rhaphidioptera

Order Within Endopterygota snakeflies

Strepsiptera

Order Within Endopterygota twisted-wing parasites

Mecoptera

Order Within Endopterygota scorpionflies

Orthoptera

Order Within Polyneoptera Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets - small to large, abundant herbivores Have saltatorial hindlegs modified for jumping Paurometabolous development Mouthparts: Chewing, hypognathous Wing Condition: 2 pair Polyneopterous pattern Termina, broad, membranous hindwings

Odonata

Order of Dragonflies and Damselflies Naiads have extensible labium. They can project their mouthparts and catch other insects or small fish. They extend their mouthparts outside their body. Hemimetabolous, chewing, wings held out at sides

Ephemeroptera

Order of Mayflies Mayflies spend years as immature, but molt twice. Once into a normal winged insect, and then again into mating form. The mating form only lives a day. Mayflies have a subimago, a form that has functioning wings. Within a day it molts a second time to the imago. Naiad have powerful legs to grip the bottom of a stream and gills to breath underwater. The adult does no eat, just reproduce. Hemimetabolous, chewing, wings held vertically over back

Zygentoma

Order of wingless insects within Apterygota with dicondylic mandibles. Example is Silverfish (Lepisma saccharina)

Psocodea

Order within Paraneoptera Psocoptera - booklice, barklice Phthiraptera - chewing, sucking lice Paurometabolous

Hemiptera

Order within Paraneoptera True bugs, cicadas, hoppers, aphids, scales Small to large; common Fifth largest Order, divided into suborders homoptera and heteroptera Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Mandibles and maxillae modified as needle-like stylets, housed in a 'beak' Mostly opisthognathous orientation (pointing backwards under body) Wing condition: two pair a. Homoptera- both pair membranous; held roof-like b. Heteroptera - forewing modified, termed hemelytron (half lytron, fold wings over back)(forewing is mostly hard, but tip is membranous)

Thysanoptera

Order within Paraneoptera thrips (small insects with very thin wings covered in bristles, plant feeders, only have a left mandible, can suck out the individual cells of plants) Paurometabolous

Grylloblattodea

Rock Crawlers Order Within Polyneoptera Not found in PA

Plecoptera

Stoneflies Order Within Polyneoptera

Pterygota

Subclass of all winged insects and secondarily wingless insects (insects that have evidence of wings in their evolutionary history.) Divided into two major groups, based on wing folding ability: 'Palaeoptera' - cannot fold wings over back (dragonfly or butterfly) Division Neoptera - wings at rest folded over back (cockroach)

Apterygota

Subclass of wingless 'primitive' Insects Contains the Orders Archaeognatha and Zygentoma Have no wings, and presumably never did in their evolutionary history. Primitive, have changed little over time.

Endopterygota

Subdivision Endopterygota (within Neoptera) Undergo radical metamorphosis in the Endopterygote life cycle Holometabolous Development Internal wing development The active immature is called a larva (larvae) Includes a quiescent stage, the pupa (pupae) Consequences: More radical metamorphosis possible Immature and adult can exploit different habitats, niches, the adults are not competing with their own offspring World estimates of describes species Endopterygotes: 730,930 species All Insects: 826,108 About 88.5% of all insects are endopterygotes Contains Orders: Coleoptera (Beetles) Diptera (True Flies) Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) Hymenoptera (Ants/Bees/Wasps) Neuroptera (net-winged insects) Megaloptera (alderflies/dobsonflies/fishflies) Rhaphidioptera (snakeflies) Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) Mecoptera (scorpionflies) Siphonaptera (fleas) Trichoptera (Caddisflies)

Paraneoptera

Subdivision Paraneoptera (subgroup of Neoptera) Common Features 1. Paurometabolous development 2. Derivative features of mouthparts (mostly non chewing mouthparts, designed for piercing and sucking)(eat liquids: nectar, plants liquids, and blood) Can be vectors of plant disease 3. Wings variable, usually reduced venation (many fewer veins, hind wings are reduced - Tarsomete number less than or equal to three Contains three orders: - Psocodea Psocoptera - booklice, barklice Phthiraptera - chewing, sucking lice - Thysanoptera - thrips (small insects with very thin wings covered in bristles, plant feeders, only have a left mandible, can suck out the individual cells of plants) - Hemiptera - True bugs and allies Homoptera - cicadas, aphids, allies Heteroptera - true bugs (different wings, the basal part of the front wings are hard, but bottom is membranous, a lot of them look like beetles)

Homoptera

Suborder of Order Hemiptera Cicadas, hoppers, aphides

Heteroptera

Suborder of Order Hemiptera True Bugs Wheel bug Shield bugs Stink bugs Lace bugs

Termitoidae

Termites Order Within Polyneoptera

Phasmatodea

Walkingsticks Order Within Polyneoptera

Embioptera

Webspinners Order Within Polyneoptera Not found in PA

Zoraptera

Zorapterans Order Within Polyneoptera Not found in PA