Org. Behavior Chapter 6

The type of goal most relevant for knowledge work is: A. Behavioral B. Objective C. Task D. Project E. Reinforcement

A. Behavioral

Avoiding extreme judgments and rating people and objects as average or neutral is known as the _______ perceptual error. A. Halo B. Leniency C. Central tendency D. Recency E. Contrast effects

C. Central tendency

The manager of the Conquest Casino notices that the security employees at the casino are treating customers impersonally. He sets a goal that they should make better eye contact and treat customers in a friendlier manner. This is a _______ goal. A. Behavioral B. Objective C. Task D. Project E. Procedural

A. Behavioral

What kind of goals can be used in most jobs? A. Behavioral B. Objective C. Task D. Project E. Reinforcement

A. Behavioral

_________ is removing consequences from an undesirable behavior. A. Extinction B. Punishment C. Negative reinforcement D. Respondent behavior E. Operant behavior

A. Extinction

Carolyn is a very likable employee. Recently, her boss rated her at the highest level of all areas of performance, even though in some areas her performance did not warrant this judgment. This is an example of a ___________ perceptual error. A. Halo B. Leniency C. Central tendency D. Recency E. Contrast

A. Halo

Forming an overall impression about a person or object and then having that impression bias ratings about that person or object is known as the ________ perceptual error. A. Halo B. Leniency C. Central tendency D. Recency E. Contrast effects

A. Halo

The popular term for linking monetary incentives with results or accomplishments is: A. Pay for rewards B. Pay for play C. Pay for performance D. Pay for incentives E. Pay as you go

C. Pay for performance

Barry set himself a goal of bowling at least one game above 250 (out of 300 possible) before the end of the season. This is a ________ goal. A. Learning B. Procedural C. Performance D. Equity E. Project

C. Performance

The set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations is known as: A. Performance appraisal B. Performance review C. Performance management D. Goal setting E. Coaching

C. Performance management

Which forms of consequence strengthen a desired behavior? A. Positive reinforcement and extinction B. Positive reinforcement and punishment C. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement D. Extinction and punishment E. Extinction and negative reinforcement

C. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Barney was late to work one morning, so he drove over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he got pulled over by a police officer and received a ticket. This scenario is an instance of __________. A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Shaping

C. Punishment

Extrinsic rewards come from ________ and intrinsic rewards come from ________. A. The organization; coworkers B. The organization; the environment C. The environment; oneself D. The environment; society E. Oneself; the organization

C. The environment; oneself

The most effective schedules of reinforcement are: A. Continuous B. Fixed interval and fixed ratio C. Variable ratio and variable interval D. Fixed interval and variable interval E. Fixed ratio and variable ratio

C. Variable ratio and variable interval

A process that involves an individual comparing perceptions of his or her of performance with those of managers, subordinates, and peers is called: A. Performance monitoring B. Performance appraisal C. Goal monitoring D. 360-degree feedback E. Self-assessment

D. 360-degree feedback

In the leniency perceptual error, a person: A. Forms an overall impression, and then uses that impression to bias ratings B. Avoids all extreme judgments and rates everyone as average or neutral C. Evaluates people by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people D. Consistently evaluates people in an extremely positive fashion E. Relies on most recent information

D. Consistently evaluates people in an extremely positive fashion

To minimize contrast effects bias, a manager should: A. Record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year B. Be fair and realistic in evaluations C. Define an accurate profile with both high and low points D. Evaluate employees against a predetermined standard E. Provide only negative feedback

D. Evaluate employees against a predetermined standard

Allen used to make suggestions to his boss about how the department's performance could be improved. Although his boss always said they were great ideas, they were never acted upon. Allen then stopped making suggestions. This is an example of: A. Punishment B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive reinforcement D. Extinction E. The law of effect

D. Extinction

Polly worked as a bartender. A few people used to wave money at her so that she would serve them first. She found this to be rude and, hence, either ignored them or always served them last. People came to realize that she served only the people who waited politely, and much of the rude behavior stopped. Polly used the model of __________. A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Variable ratio reinforcement D. Extinction E. Shaping

D. Extinction

Which forms of consequences weaken an undesirable behavior? A. Negative reinforcement and extinction B. Negative reinforcement and punishment C. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement D. Extinction and punishment E. Extinction and negative reinforcement

D. Extinction and punishment

Josh used to run into heavy traffic every day while driving to work. One morning, he left his home earlier than usual and did not run into heavy traffic. Again the next morning, he left earlier and avoided heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving earlier enabled him to avoid heavy traffic and reach the office on time. Which of the following processes did Josh engage in? A. Positive reinforcement B. Extinction C. Punishment D. Negative reinforcement E. Intermittent reinforcement

D. Negative reinforcement

Alfredo set a goal of completing the literature review portion of his research paper by Sunday night. This is a ________ goal. A. Behavioral B. Knowledge C. Equity D. Project E. Procedural

D. Project

Unlearned reflexes are: A. Operant behavior B. Consequential behavior C. Reward behavior D. Respondent behavior E. Contingent behavior

D. Respondent behavior

In the context of goal setting, SMART stands for: A. Specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-bound B. Specific, measurable, aligned, results-oriented, time-bound C. Sequential, measurable, aligned, results-oriented, time-bound D. Specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, time-bound E. Sequential, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-bound

D. Specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, time-bound

Dr. Beswick enjoys teaching college courses. He likes the salary he receives as well as the ability to travel in summers. However, he also finds the job challenging and enjoyable. This would imply that he is working for: A. Intrinsic rewards B. Extrinsic rewards C. Alternative rewards D. Total rewards E. Justice

D. Total rewards

When monitoring performance, a manager should pay attention: A. To both progress toward goal achievement and the ultimate level of goal achievement B. Only to progress toward goal achievement C. Only to ultimate goal achievement D. Primarily to subordinates' reactions to the goal E. Primarily to the "bottom line"

A. To both progress toward goal achievement and the ultimate level of goal achievement

What kind of goals is best for jobs with clear and readily measured outcomes? A. Behavioral B. Objective C. Task D. Project E. Reinforcement

B. Objective

The type of goals that is best for jobs that are dynamic but in which nearer-term activities and milestones can be defined is: A. Behavioral B. Objective C. Task D. Learning E. Reinforcement

C. Task

A head chef of a restaurant always encouraged his subordinates to be creative in the culinary art. He did not believe in using prescribed recipes while cooking. He allowed them to create unique recipes and use different ingredients to prepare dishes. This implied that the head chef established _________ goals. A. Learning B. Procedural C. Performance D. Equity E. Project

A. Learning

Behavior that is learned when one acts on the environment to produce desired consequences is known as: A. Operant behavior B. Consequential behavior C. Reward behavior D. Respondent behavior E. Contingent behavior

A. Operant behavior

When Eileen sees that the sun is shining brightly, she puts on sunglasses. This is: A. Operant behavior B. Consequential behavior C. Reward behavior D. Respondent behavior E. Contingent behavior

A. Operant behavior

Matt completed his assignments on time as his teacher had said that she would allow extra play time to children who submit their assignments on or before time. Which of the following made Matt complete his assignments on time? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Respondent behavior D. Unlearned reflexes E. Intermittent reinforcement

A. Positive reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing is known as: A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Extinction D. Punishment E. Respondent behavior

A. Positive reinforcement

To minimize halo perceptual error, a manager should: A. Record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year B. Be fair and realistic in evaluations C. Define an accurate profile with both high and low points D. Evaluate employees against a predetermined standard E. Provide only negative feedback

A. Record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year

Anna blinks her eyes whenever she looks up at the sun. This is an example of __________. A. Respondent behavior B. A learned reaction C. Behavioral contingency D. Operant behavior E. Law of effect

A. Respondent behavior

The steps of implementing a goal-setting program are, in order: A. Set the goal, promote goal commitment, provide support and feedback, and create action plan B. Set the goal, provide support and feedback, promote goal commitment, and create the action plan C. Set the goal, provide support and feedback, create an action plan, and promote goal achievement D. Set the goal, create the action plan, promote goal commitment, and provide support and feedback E. Set the goal, create the action plan, provide support and feedback, and promote goal commitment

A. Set the goal, promote goal commitment, provide support and feedback, and create action plan

Papa Bill's, a local pizza chain, instituted a new compensation policy to increase the on-time delivery of its pizzas. Drivers were paid an extra $1.00 for each on-time delivery, payable on the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers had increased by 50 percent since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected? A. The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior B. Employees viewed the $1.00 incentive as an entitlement C. The delay was too long between the performance and the reward D. The organization placed too much emphasis on monetary rewards E. The reward lacked an "appreciation effect"

A. The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior

The "law of effect" states that: A. Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong B. Behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated C. People are motivated by punishment D. Garbage in, garbage out E. Leadership affects how people perform

B. Behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated

Dr. Davis, an accounting professor, was concerned that his classes were not engaging his students as much as he would like. He asked his boss, the department chair, and two of his colleagues to sit in on one of his classes this term, to give him comments and suggestions for improvement. He also passed out forms to his students at the end of the term, asking the same. He was __________. A. Providing positive reinforcement for himself B. Conducting a 360 degree feedback process C. Developing an action plan D. Creating a contrast effect E. Conducting research

B. Conducting a 360 degree feedback process

Organizations typically rely on __________ schedules. A. Continuous B. Fixed interval and fixed ratio C. Variable ratio and variable interval D. Fixed interval and variable interval E. Fixed ratio and variable interval

B. Fixed interval and fixed ratio

Which of the following is not a type of appropriate measure of goal achievement? A. Timeliness B. Lack of interpersonal conflict C. Quantity D. Quality E. Financial measures

B. Lack of interpersonal conflict

CRF schedules are particularly useful when an employee is: A. Missing quotas B. Learning a new skill C. Frequently absent from work D. Performing far above expectations for his or her job E. Feeling entitled to receiving a reward

B. Learning a new skill

Dr. Slotsky is a well-liked professor. Last term, no one received less than a B in any of his courses. Dr. Slotsky may be suffering from _________ perceptual error. A. Halo B. Leniency C. Central tendency D. Recency E. Contrast effects

B. Leniency

Melissa's manager set a goal that she should be able to produce 16 widgets per hour. This is a(n) ________ goal. A. Behavioral B. Objective C. Task D. Project E. Procedural

B. Objective

The sales department of a mutual fund firm set goals for the next fiscal year to sell a certain number of mutual funds each month. The firm only set targets and not anything about how they will meet this target. These goals are ________ goals. A. Behavioral B. Objective C. Task D. Project E. Procedural

B. Objective

Which of the following is not something a manager should do when giving feedback? A. Provide feedback as soon as possible B. Provide feedback about an aspect of a job that is beyond the individual's control C. Be honest D. Keep feedback relevant by relating it to existing goals E. Provide specific, descriptive feedback

B. Provide feedback about an aspect of a job that is beyond the individual's control

The general criteria used for distributing rewards are: A. Extrinsic and intrinsic B. Results, behaviors and actions, and nonperformance considerations C. Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction D. Attraction, motivation, and retention E. Financial and nonfinancial

B. Results, behaviors and actions, and nonperformance considerations

Kelly is a successful attorney specializing in corporate law. While it has nothing to do with her field of employment, Kelly has always been interested in the history of religion. Using what little free time she has, she decided to take a course in comparative religion at the local university. She thinks that the course would be interesting and enjoyable. Kelly is not pursuing a degree in the subject, nor is she taking the class for a grade. What can you say about Kelly's motivation for taking the class? A. She has a high need for power. B. She is intrinsically motivated. C. She has a high need for affiliation. D. She is not serious about her career. E. She sees the potential that a degree in religion studies can help her advance in her job.

B. She is intrinsically motivated.

Which of the following is not a tip for increasing goal commitment and success? A. Reward yourself for progress, not just for ultimate goal achievement B. Break large goals down into sub-goals C. Keep your goals to yourself D. Write goals down E. List the benefits of achieving the goal

C. Keep your goals to yourself

Janelle filled out a peer evaluation rating form for her teammates in her OB class. She rated everyone as a "3" or "4" on the 6-point scale. This is an example of ___________ perceptual error. A. Halo B. Leniency C. Central tendency D. Recency E. Contrast effects

C. Central tendency

The idea that a manager should do what the situation requires is captured by the term: A. Integrative framework B. Interactional perspective C. Contingency approach D. Performance management E. Performance appraisal

C. Contingency approach

If every instance of a target behavior is reinforced, a _________ schedule is in effect. A. Positive B. Negative C. Continuous D. Intermittent E. Variable

C. Continuous

Which of the following is not included in the monitoring step of performance management? A. Measuring performance B. Verifying progress C. Deciding how to measure performance D. Verifying achievement of goals E. Tracking performance

C. Deciding how to measure performance

To minimize central tendency bias, a manager should: A. Record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year B. Be fair and realistic in evaluations C. Define an accurate profile with both high and low points D. Evaluate employees against a predetermined standard E. Provide only negative feedback

C. Define an accurate profile with both high and low points

The first step in effective performance management is: A. Providing consequences B. Reviewing performance C. Defining performance D. Evaluating performance E. Monitoring performance

C. Defining performance

Information about performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation is known as: A. Coaching B. Instruction C. Feedback D. Monitoring E. Measurement

C. Feedback

Which of the following is not a part of effective performance management? A. Reviewing performance B. Monitoring performance C. Providing consequences D. Defining performance E. All of the above are parts of effective performance management

E. All of the above are parts of effective performance management

Barbara is training her new puppy to sit on command. Every time the puppy responds correctly, he receives a treat. Barbara is using a __________ reinforcement schedule. A. Fixed reward B. Variable ratio C. Fixed interval D. Variable interval E. Continuous

E. Continuous

Dr. Hogan carefully selected the final examinations written by her best students to read first. They all received excellent grades. After these, she read the rest of the exams and graded most of them average or worse. This is an example of _________ perceptual error. A. Halo B. Leniency C. Central tendency D. Recency E. Contrast effects

E. Contrast effects

Evaluating people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of other recently observed people or objects is known as the ________ perceptual error. A. Halo B. Leniency C. Central tendency D. Recency E. Contrast effects

E. Contrast effects

The process of comparing performance at some point in time to a previously established expectation or goal is called: A. Monitoring B. Measuring C. Giving feedback D. Coaching E. Evaluating

E. Evaluating

Jill is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Jill meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7% of her annual salary. Jill is working hard to meet the sales goal so that she can use the bonus money as a down payment on a new car for herself. Which of the following is true regarding Jill's motivation? A. It comes from a sense of competence. B. It comes from a sense of progress. C. It is a consequence of job redesign. D. It is intrinsically motivated. E. It is extrinsically motivated.

E. It is extrinsically motivated.

The two basic types of goals are: A. Learning and behavioral B. Behavioral and performance C. Performance and objective D. Project and objective E. Performance and learning

E. Performance and learning

Negative reinforcement is: A. Strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing B. Weakening a behavior by ignoring it C. Weakening a behavior through contingently presenting something displeasing D. Weakening behavior by contingently withdrawing something positive E. Strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing

E. Strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing

Philip got a mail from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This instance is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement. A. Continuous B. Fixed ratio C. Variable ratio D. Fixed interval E. Variable interval

E. Variable interval