Organizational Behavior Exam 1

Interactional psychology says that________: A. Behavior is a function of person and environment B. Environment is a function of person and behavior C. Behavior has nothing to do with environment D. Behavior is a function of person and mood

A. Behavior is a function of person and environment

Janet works in customer service. When a customer smiles at Janet, Janet automatically smiles back and feels a little bit happier. What is happening to Janet? A. Emotional contagion B. Surface acting C. Emotional labor D. Deep acting

A. Emotional contagion

A social exchange process approach to motivation that focuses on the interaction between the individual and the environment is: A. Equity theory B. Maslow's need hierarchy C. Expectancy theory D. Theory X

A. Equity theory

Psychology is the science of ________: A. Human behavior B. Society C. Human learned behavior D. Healing or treating diseases

A. Human behavior

Which theory of motivation says that people are naturally lazy and self-centered? A. Theory X B. Maslow's need hierarchy C. Equity theory D. Theory Y

A. Theory X

Which of the following is NOT part of the attitude ABC model? A. Affect B. Communication C. Cognition D. Behavioral intent

B. Communication

We will learn about the ________ concepts, approaches, and processes of OB. A. Team, management, and operational B. Individual, interpersonal, and organizational C. Group, organization, and industry D. Individual, personal, and professional

B. Individual, interpersonal, and organizational

If Michael is late to work, they need to make up the time by working during their lunch break. In reinforcement theory, this is an example of: A. A conditioned stimulus B. Negative consequences C. Positive consequences D. Extinction

B. Negative consequences

The study of individual behavior and group dynamics in organizations is ________: A. Anthropology B. Organizational behavior C. Sociology D. Management

B. Organizational behavior

________ are classified as positive or negative and made up of various emotions. A. Intentions B. Counterproductive work behaviors C. Attitudes D. Moods

C. Attitudes ?

Which of the following is NOT a classification of motivation theories? A. Process B. Attribution C. External D. Internal

C. External

In which theory do person, environment, and behavior triadically reciprocally interact? A. Interactional psychology B. Trait theory C. Social cognitive theory D. Attribution theory

C. Social cognitive theory

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major categories of characteristics that influence social perception? A. The situation B. The impression C. The target D. The perceiver

C. The target?

Janet has worked in a high-turnover, entry-level position for six months. Should Janet be evaluated using 360-degree feedback? A. Yes, it is possible and ideal for all positions B. No, it is not possible or ideal for all positions C. Yes, it is labor-intensive but worth it D. No, it should never be used

C. Yes, it is labor-intensive but worth it ?

Which of the following is NOT a type of problem in performance appraisal? A. Halo error B. Leniency C. Recency D. Attribution

D. Attribution

Valence, expectancy, and instrumentality are all part of ________ theory of motivation. A. Need B. Equity C. Herzberg's two-factor D. Expectancy

D. Expectancy

Amber is often late to work and blames it on traffic. According to attribution theory, what source of responsibility is Amber blaming? A. Environmental B. Internal C. Fundamental D. External

D. External

Which of the following is NOT an interdisciplinary influence on OB? A. Engineering B. Medicine C. Sociology D. Mathematics

D. Mathematics

The strength of an individual's identification with an organization is ________: A. Job satisfaction B. Organizational citizenship behavior C. Job loyalty D. Organizational commitment

D. Organizational commitment

The process of defining, measuring, appraising, providing feedback on, and improving performance is ________: A. Performance measurement B. Management C. 360-degree feedback D. Performance management

D. Performance management

Most motivation theories in use today have been developed by and about a. Americans. b. Western Europeans. c. Eastern Europeans. d. Asians.

a. Americans.

Which of the following statements accurately describes ethical behavior at work? a. Ethical behavior requires actions consistent with one's own values, those of society, and those of the company. b. Ethical behavior can hurt companies but rarely affects them positively. c. The court system ruled that employees have the right to expect privacy at work, so companies are limited in their abilities to monitor employee e-mails. d. Organizations cannot depend on individuals to act ethically.

a. Ethical behavior requires actions consistent with one's own values, those of society, and those of the company.

What is a benefit of 360-degree feedback in performance appraisals? a. It improves the accuracy of performance appraisals. b. It does not include a self-evaluation. c. It is less cumbersome than all other appraisal systems. d. It takes less time than other appraisal formats.

a. It improves the accuracy of performance appraisals.

All of the following statements accurately describe motivation factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory EXCEPT a. The absence of motivation factors leads to dissatisfaction. b. Motivation factors lead to positive mental health. c. Motivation factors are the more important of the two sets of factors. d. Job enrichment creates job satisfaction.

a. The absence of motivation factors leads to dissatisfaction.

Cultural researchers have found that expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that are a. collectivist. b. masculine. c. feminine. d. future oriented in time.

a. collectivist.

To affect both job satisfaction and performance, rewards must be a. contingent on individual performance. b. valued by relevant coworkers. c. contingent on company performance. d. valued by society.

a. contingent on individual performance.

Sydney is a single mother with two children, one of whom has a chronic medical condition. Sydney says she stays at her job because it provides medical benefits she likely would not receive at other companies. This is an example of ________ organizational commitment. a. continuance b. normative c. counterproductive d. affective

a. continuance

To master basic objective knowledge, students must engage in a. critical thinking. b. group projects. c. rote memorization. d. technology use.

a. critical thinking.

Which of the following terms in Kelley's attribution theory refers to the cue indicating the degree to which an individual behaves the same way in other situations? a. distinctiveness b. validity c. consistency d. consensus

a. distinctiveness

What is the single best predictor of work performance across many occupations and across different cultures? a. general mental ability b. conscientiousness c. attribution d. core self-evaluation

a. general mental ability

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that performance is related to rewards? a. instrumentality b. valence c. moral maturity d. expectancy

a. instrumentality

David McClelland's needs theory involves three ________ needs. a. manifest b. ambiguous c. equivocal d. innate

a. manifest

Aaron knows he works much harder than Byron, has a more advanced university degree, but makes about one-third less money. According to Adams's theory, Aaron is perceiving a situation of a. negative inequity. b. positive inequity. c. equity. d. multiculturism.

a. negative inequity.

Which of the following is an environmental variable in interactional psychology? a. personal life b. values c. ethics d. attitudes

a. personal life

Which of the following is a terminal value? a. pleasure b. independence c. honesty d. ambition

a. pleasure

Which motivational theory classification emphasizes the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment? a. process theories b. internal theories c. external theories d. sustained theories

a. process theories

Which theory of learning asserts that learning occurs when we observe other people and model their behavior? a. social learning b. machine learning c. cognitive learning d. behavioral learning

a. social learning

Eighty percent of employers seek which of the following skills in their recruits? a. teamwork and collaboration b. technology troubleshooting c. data interpretation d. time management

a. teamwork and collaboration

All of the following will affect how people perceive you EXCEPT a. your positive self-concept b. how you dress c. your facial expressions d. what topics you discuss

a. your positive self-concept

What does Kurt Lewin's equation B = ƒ (P, E) mean? a. Behavior is a function of perceptions and expectations. b. Behavior is a function of the person and the environment. c. Business is a function of profits and expenses. d. Brainstorming is a function of personality and the environment.

b. Behavior is a function of the person and the environment.

Which statement accurately describes the difference between classical and operant conditioning? a. Classical conditioning works only with voluntary behaviors, whereas operant conditioning works only with involuntary behaviors. b. Classical conditioning involves two paired stimuli, whereas operant conditioning pairs behavior and response. c. Classical conditioning rewards the learner with incentives, whereas operant conditioning offers no rewards. d. Classical conditioning has only been studied with animals, whereas operant conditioning has been studied with humans.

b. Classical conditioning involves two paired stimuli, whereas operant conditioning pairs behavior and response.

Which of the following is an example of a SMART goal? a. We will increase our brand's social media following by 1 billion followers. b. I will increase my sales revenues by 20% by the end of the calendar year. c. I will improve customer relations by the end of the fiscal year. d. We will lower our carbon footprint to save the planet.

b. I will increase my sales revenues by 20% by the end of the calendar year.

All of the following statements accurately describe goal setting EXCEPT a. It improves the accuracy and validity of performance evaluation. b. It is most useful in small, unpredictable organizations. c. It reduces stress. d. It increases task performance and work motivation.

b. It is most useful in small, unpredictable organizations.

Why are ethical dilemmas so prevalent in business? a. Most companies are apathetic about the ethics involved in decision making. b. Since few ethical issues are clear-cut, they require individual interpretation. c. Unethical decision making rarely affects company finances. d. Few employees are aware of their own values. Hide Feedback

b. Since few ethical issues are clear-cut, they require individual interpretation.

According to research, how do most individuals respond to changes in their environment? a. They become open and responsive. b. They become rigid and reactive. c. They have a positive attitude. d. They demonstrate a commitment to success.

b. They become rigid and reactive

All of the following statements accurately describe attribution theory EXCEPT a. Many attributions are made during employment interviews when candidates explain the causes of previous performance situations. b. Women managers are more likely to attribute their successes to their own abilities. c. The way you explain your own behavior affects your motivation. d. Attribution patterns differ among individuals.

b. Women managers are more likely to attribute their successes to their own abilities.

Which discipline is defined as the science of human learned behavior and studies how organizational culture affects performance? a. engineering b. anthropology c. sociology d. psychology

b. anthropology

What is the first step in performance management? a. address emotions and defenses b. define performance in behavioral terms c. provide feedback d. measure performance against quantifiable data

b. define performance in behavioral terms

Which term refers to the assumption that an individual's behavior is accounted for by the situation? a. cognitive structure b. discounting principle c. selective perception d. projection

b. discounting principle

Which of the following is a powerful force and causes the biggest changes in the workplace? a. part-time professionals b. global competition c. corporate competition d. workforce diversity

b. global competition

Sumi is known for her inability to be on time for group meetings. When she is late, her boss nags her about it. When she is on time, her boss says nothing. This is an example of a. extinction. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. punishment.

b. negative reinforcement.

Madison sent a video to a small group of her coworkers. She assumed each would appreciate the video's political humor, but several vehemently complained and asked her never to send anything like that again. Which barrier to social perception is at play here? a. stereotype b. projection c. self-fulfilling prophecies d. first impression

b. projection

While participating in a psychological study on her university campus, Yael was asked to play a word association game. The researcher said a word and Yael had to respond with another, related word as quickly as she could. The researcher summarized her personality based on the results. To measure Yael's personality, the researcher used a a. personality type indicator. b. projective test. c. self-report questionnaire. d. behavioral measure.

b. projective test.

Drew is committed to his work because of the excellent retirement plan. Which need in Maslow's hierarchy is fulfilled in this example? a. social b. safety and security c. physiological d. esteem

b. safety and security

In America, self-actualization is the pinnacle need on Maslow's hierarchy. When studying cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty, researchers found workers' pinnacle need to be a. physiological. b. safety and security. c. esteem. d. social.

b. safety and security.

Which term refers to the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes? a. impression management b. self-serving bias c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. fundamental attribution error

b. self-serving bias

All of the following are reliability problems in performance appraisal systems EXCEPT a. the ill health of the employee being evaluated b. the poorly defined task performance c. the mood of the evaluator d. the timing of the evaluation

b. the poorly defined task performance

Which of the following studies was conducted in the 1920s and 1930s and suggested the importance of the informal organization? a. Time and motion b. Maslow's hierarchical needs c. Hawthorne d. Deming

c. Hawthorne

Which of the following examples evaluates human behavior from an internal perspective? a. Megan is always late for work because she encounters heavy traffic. b. Megan is always early for work because she lives nearby. c. Megan is always late for work because she is lazy and unmotivated. d. Megan is always early for work because her supervisor requested it.

c. Megan is always late for work because she is lazy and unmotivated.

All of the following statements about the study of organizational behavior are true EXCEPT a. Students of organizational behavior must master basic objective knowledge, develop specific skills, and apply these learnings in real-world settings. b. Structured learning requires that students accept responsibility for their actions and actively participate in group activities. c. Organizational behavior is an applied discipline, so students are essentially trained in organizational behavior. d. An advantage of experiential learning is that students can explore new behaviors in a comparatively safe environment.

c. Organizational behavior is an applied discipline, so students are essentially trained in organizational behavior.

Goran secured three bids for a project at work. He was about to award the job to the lowest bidder when his boss demanded he award the job to the highest bidder—a friend of hers from college. Goran feels torn between his strong sense of fairness and his boss' demand. He is experiencing a. emotional contagion. b. organizational citizenship behavior. c. cognitive dissonance. d. social learning.

c. cognitive dissonance.

One benefit of individual reward systems over team reward systems is that they encourage a. the sharing of information and expertise. b. joint efforts. c. competition. d. educational advancement.

c. competition.

Which of the Big Five personality traits refers to a person who is hardworking, organized, and dependable? a. openness to experience b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

c. conscientiousness

Personality researchers are most concerned with the set of characteristics that lend ________ to behavior. a. positivity b. flexibility c. consistency d. projection

c. consistency

What is the best way to gain a competitive edge, especially against international competition? a. create a system of constant change and innovation b. restructure the company to match international competitors c. develop a system focusing on total quality d. increase the diversity of the workforce

c. develop a system focusing on total quality

Which characteristic of effective performance appraisal systems refers to the fair evaluation against established criteria, regardless of individual differences? a. validity b. reliability c. equitability d. flexibility

c. equitability

Clients, unions, and federal regulators are part of an organization's a. outputs. b. internal task environment. c. external task environment. d. inputs.

c. external task environment.

Which of the following is an element of the informal organization? a. financial resources b. goals c. group norms d. job descriptions

c. group norms

Expectancy theory assumes that a. high effort correlates to strong performance but does not result in a reward. b. there is no correlation between effort, performance, and reward. c. high effort correlates to strong performance, which results in a coveted reward. d. there is no correlation between effort and performance but a strong one between performance and reward.

c. high effort correlates to strong performance, which results in a coveted reward.

Which of the following is a self-enhancing impression management technique? a. agreeing with someone's opinion b. flattery c. name-dropping d. favors

c. name-dropping

The power of earning rests on a direct link between a. merit raises and length of service. b. entitlement and rewards. c. performance and rewards. d. performance and motivation.

c. performance and rewards.

Which of the following is a hygiene factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation? a. advancement b. recognition of achievement c. supervision d. work itself

c. supervision

Organizational behavior is defined as a. the study of overseeing activities and supervising people in organizations. b. the science of society. c. the study of individual behavior and group dynamics in institutions. d. the modification of an institution or its stakeholders.

c. the study of individual behavior and group dynamics in institutions.

People are more likely to be persuaded into an attitude change when a. they are in a bad mood. b. they have high self-esteem. c. the tone of the message matches their mood. d. their freedom is threatened.

c. the tone of the message matches their mood.

Which term refers to materials and resources as they are transformed by the organization's technology component? a. outputs b. capital c. throughputs d. inputs

c. throughputs

The intersection of actual performance and measured performance is called a. unreliability. b. organizational citizenship behavior. c. true assessment. d. a deficiency problem.

c. true assessment.

All of the following statements about behavior in times of change are true EXCEPT a. Change carries both the risk of failure and opportunity for success. b. Human behavior often determines the positive or negative outcome of environmental change. c. During stressful times, our brains reduce information intake. d. It is important to ignore failures and focus all energies on new opportunities for success.

d. It is important to ignore failures and focus all energies on new opportunities for success.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the formal organization? a. Its study originated the snake pit metaphor. b. It is the unofficial part of the organization. c. It is less visible than the informal organization. d. It is influenced by the informal organization.

d. It is influenced by the informal organization.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mentoring relationship? a. Research has found that mentoring leads to OCBs that directly benefit the organization as a whole. b. Counseling, coaching, and mentoring are three unique functions of management. c. To play a role in employee problem solving, supervisors must accept responsibility for the employee's problems. d. Mentor relationships go through four phases: initiation, cultivation, separation, and redefinition.

d. Mentor relationships go through four phases: initiation, cultivation, separation, and redefinition.

Which of the following is an example of counterproductive work behavior (CWB)? a. Jackson shares the news of a coworker's promotion with others in his workgroup. b. Derek has the flu and calls in sick, which means he misses an important client meeting. c. Kendall gets stuck in heavy traffic and is late to work. d. Natalia discovers a shortcut that saves her hours of time on routine projects and keeps the discovery to herself.

d. Natalia discovers a shortcut that saves her hours of time on routine projects and keeps the discovery to herself.

All of the following statements accurately describe organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) EXCEPT a. Satisfied workers are more likely to engage in OCBs than those unsatisfied with their jobs. b. OCBs are especially important to organizations using teams. c. The impact of one worker's OCBs can spread throughout an entire department. d. OCBs must be carefully managed since each behavior significantly depletes employee energy.

d. OCBs must be carefully managed since each behavior significantly depletes employee energy.

Which of the following statements best represents a Theory Y assumption? a. People lack ambition. b. People dislike change, and since they lack responsibility, they prefer to be led. c. People are not very bright. d. People resist organizational needs because of prior experiences.

d. People resist organizational needs because of prior experiences.

All of the following statements accurately describe work attitudes EXCEPT a. Attitudes directly affect work behavior. b. Demanding jobs over which employees have little control negatively affect work attitudes. c. Attitudes indirectly affect work behavior. d. Positive psychological climates are not enough to generate positive attitudes or good performance.

d. Positive psychological climates are not enough to generate positive attitudes or good performance.

Which of the following examples attributes success to an internal source? a. Diego won the sales contract since his father is friends with the CEO. b. Braden got an A on his essay because he's such a flatterer. c. Alexis has a GPA of 4.0 because coursework for her major is so easy. d. Satya's bonus was the result of many long days doing research.

d. Satya's bonus was the result of many long days doing research.

Genevieve is overjoyed to have been chosen to work on her company's most prestigious and challenging project. She asks her supervisor to set up weekly progress meetings, so she can receive timely feedback and to permit her to work from home two days per week, so she can avoid distractions. According to McClelland's Need Theory, Genevieve has a high need for a. power. b. affiliation. c. security. d. achievement.

d. achievement.

Claire and Raj work similar jobs for the same company. Since Raj has more experience than Claire, he earns a higher salary. Claire reacts to this realization by putting in less effort. She now believes she makes more money per hour of "real" work than Raj, which makes her happy. Claire would be considered a. a benevolent. b. an equity sensitive. c. a critic. d. an entitled.

d. an entitled.

While in group meetings, Josef tends to daydream and ignore the business at hand. When Josef does participate, his supervisor compliments his ideas and thanks him. When Josef daydreams, his supervisor says nothing. This is an example of a. punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. extinction.

d. extinction.

All of the following are major characteristics of a persuasive source EXCEPT a. trustworthiness b. attractiveness c. expertise d. intelligence

d. intelligence

To understand altruistic, fair, and equitable behavior, we must understand an individual's a. expectancy. b. valence. c. motivational problems. d. moral maturity.

d. moral maturity.

Attitudes are best defined as a. mental states that include feelings, psychological changes, and the inclination to act. b. actions consistent with one's own values and those of the organization and society. c. enduring feeling states with no clear cause. d. psychological tendencies expressed by evaluating something with a degree of favor or disfavor.

d. psychological tendencies expressed by evaluating something with a degree of favor or disfavor.

You are a student in the College of Business at Citywide University, which recently announced that all fees for students in the College of Engineering will double beginning next semester. You believe in quality education at an affordable price and would like to attend the protest rally with your best friends on Saturday, but you decide to attend a family wedding instead. Your decision was likely based on which factor in the attitude-behavior link? a. social constraints b. low self-monitoring c. timing of the attitude measurement d. relevance

d. relevance

A target uses the peripheral route to persuasion when a. only quality arguments will change her attitude. b. the information must be carefully processed. c. a great deal of persuasion is needed. d. she is distracted.

d. she is distracted.

Trevon interviewed dozens of candidates for a sales job with his company and now must select one of them. He decides to hire Natalie because she graduated from an Ivy League college. He assumes anyone from such a prestigious school is smart and hardworking. Which barrier to social perception is at play here? a. selective perception b. self-fulfilling prophecies c. first impression d. stereotype

d. stereotype

A perceiver will have a positive social perception of the target when a. the perceiver is in a bad mood. b. the perceiver has a negative self-concept. c. the target seems superior to the perceiver. d. the target matches the perceiver's attitude.

d. the target matches the perceiver's attitude.

A B Corp is a company that a. monitors the ethical behavior of business. b. strives to be the second-best company in the related field. c. experiences five years of slow sales following an ethical scandal. d. uses the power of business as a force for good.

d. uses the power of business as a force for good.